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Düşük Trafikli Mahalle Tasarımı İçin Planlanmış Davranış Teorisi’nin ve Zaman Coğrafyası ile Sentezinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2022, , 599 - 621, 02.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1061226

Öz

Bu makale Planlanmış Davranış Teorisi’nin (PDT) ve Zaman Coğrafyası ile sentezinin Düşük Trafikli Mahalle tasarımı aşamalarına sağlayabileceği katkılara dair bir değerlendirme sunmaktadır. Trafik hacimlerindeki olumsuzluğu gidermek amacıyla geliştirilmiş olan Düşük Trafikli Mahalle tasarım şemasında insan faktörünün değerlendirilmesi tasarımın tüm aşamalarında öneme sahiptir. Ancak güncel durumda Düşük Trafikli Mahalle tasarımı genel olarak paydaşlarla yapılan toplantılar, sözel bildirimler ve paydaşlarla beraber oluşturulan haritalara dayanmaktadır. İnsanların karmaşık davranışlarını anlamaya yönelik kavram ve teorileri içeren sosyal psikoloji ise birçok ulaşım çalışmasında kullanılmıştır. Makale kapsamında bu konudaki en bilindik teorilerden olan PDT’nin özellikleri, ulaşım çalışmalarına yaptığı katkılar ve temel eksiklikleri belirlenmiştir. Bu temel eksikliklerin başında yer alan mekânsal ve zamansal kapsam eksikliğinin ise Zaman Coğrafyası yaklaşımı ile yapılan sentezle ne düzeyde giderilebileceği değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuç olarak Düşük Trafikli Mahalle tasarımının geleneksel aşamaları olan sokak sınıflandırması, mahalle sınırlarının belirlenmesi, mahallelerin önceliklendirilmesi ve önlemlerin belirlenmesi aşamalarının her birine insanların davranışlarını yönlendirmeye yönelik altlık sağlama potansiyeli olan PDT ve bunun mekânsal ve zamansal izdüşümünü yansıtabilecek Zaman Coğrafyası’nın entegre edilmesi ile tasarımın etkilerinin artırılma potansiyeli olduğuna ulaşılmıştır.

Proje Numarası

Kentiçi Ulaşım Özel Sayısı

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Second edition. ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Aldred, R. & Goodman, A. (2020). Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: Evidence from the People and Places Survey of Outer London Active Travel Interventions. Transport Findings.
  • Aldred, R., & Goodman, A. (2021). The Impact of Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Active Travel, Car Use, and Perceptions of Local Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Findings, 21390.
  • Aldred, R., & Verlinghieri, E. (2020). LTNs for all? Mapping the extent of London’s new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods.
  • Aldred, R., Verlinghieri, E., Sharkey, M., Itova, I., & Goodman, A. (2021). Equity in new active travel infrastructure: A spatial analysis of London's new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods. Journal of Transport Geography, 96, 103194.
  • Anable, J. (2005). ‘Complacent Car Addicts’ or ‘Aspiring Environmentalists’? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory. Transport Policy, 12(1), 65-78.
  • Bamberg, S. & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, Morality, Or Habit? Predicting Students’ Car Use for University Routes with the Models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and Behavior, 35.
  • Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I. & Schmidt, P. (2003). Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(3),175-187.
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport policy, 15(2), 73-80.
  • Bird, E. L., Panter, J., Baker, G., Jones, T., Ogilvie, D., & iConnect Consortium. (2018). Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 11-27.
  • Brehn, S.S., Kassin, S.M. & Fein, S. (2005). Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Buliung, R.N. & Kanaroglou, P.S. (2007). Activity–Travel Behaviour Research: Conceptual Issues, State of the Art, and Emerging Perspectives on Behavioural Analysis and Simulation Modelling. Transport Reviews, 27(2), 151-187.
  • Conner, M. & Armitage, C.J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of applied social psychology, 28(15), 1429-1464.
  • Cycling Embassy. (2021). A Guide To Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, retrieved from web page https://www.cycling-embassy.org.uk/sites/cycling-embassy.org.uk/files/documents/A%20Guide%20to%20Low%20Traffic%20Neighbourhoods.pdf, last accessed on April 21, 2021.
  • de Bruijn, G. J., Kremers, S. P., Singh, A., Van den Putte, B., & Van Mechelen, W. (2009). Adult active transportation: adding habit strength to the theory of planned behavior. American journal of preventive medicine, 36(3), 189-194.
  • Dijst, M., Farag, S., & Schwanen, T. (2008). A comparative study of attitude theory and other theoretical models for understanding travel behaviour. Environment and Planning A, 40(4), 831-847.
  • Dijst, M., & Kwan, M. P. (2005). Accessibility and quality of life: time-geographic perspectives. Social dimensions of sustainable transport: Transatlantic perspectives, 109-126.
  • Doherty, S.T. (2000). An activity scheduling process approach to understanding travel behavior. In: 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC: Citeseer, 9-13.
  • Donald, I.J., Cooper, S.R. & Conchie, S.M. (2014). An extended theory of planned behaviour model of the psychological factors affecting commuters' transport mode use. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 39-48.
  • Drury, J. (2020). Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour. Current opinion in psychology, 35, 12-16.
  • Ellegård, K. (2018). Thinking time geography: Concepts, methods and applications. Routledge.
  • Eriksson, L. & Forward, S.E. (2011). Is the intention to travel in a pro-environmental manner and the intention to use the car determined by different factors? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16(5), 372-376.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2).
  • Forward, S. (2004). The prediction of travel behaviour using the theory of planned behaviour. Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application, 481-490.
  • Frey, L. M., & Wilhite, K. (2005). Our five basic needs: Application for understanding the function of behavior. Intervention in School and Clinic, 40(3), 156-160.
  • Fu, X., & Juan, Z. (2017). Understanding public transit use behavior: integration of the theory of planned behavior and the customer satisfaction theory. Transportation, 44(5), 1021-1042.
  • Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2008). Psychological correlates of car use: A meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(4), 300-311.
  • Gehlert, T., Dziekan, K., & Gärling, T. (2013). Psychology of sustainable travel behavior. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 19-24.
  • Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in Regional Science? Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24(1), 6-21.
  • Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and health, 17(2), 123-158.
  • Handy, S. (2005). Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Transportation Research Board and the Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use. Resource paper for TRB Special Report, 282(1), 1-81.
  • Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 32(10), 2154-2189.
  • Jacobs (2020). Low Traffic Neighbourhood Strategy Final Draft Strategy, retrieved from web page https://democracy.bathnes.gov.uk/documents/s61901/Appendix%20Liveable%20NeighbourhoodsFINAL%20DRAFT%20LTN%20STRATEGY%20v1.pdf restrictions last accessed on June 27 , 2022.
  • Jackson, C., Smith, A., & Conner, M. (2003). Applying an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour to physical activity. Journal of sports sciences, 21(2), 119-133.
  • Jain, J., & Lyons, G. (2008). The gift of travel time. Journal of transport geography, 16(2), 81-89.
  • Jopson, A. (2004) The Role of Norms in Mode Choice. In: The 3rd International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Psychology., 5th to 9th September 2004, Nottingham, UK. (Unpublished)
  • Kim, H., Kwon, S., Wu, S. K., & Sohn, K. (2014). Why do passengers choose a specific car of a metro train during the morning peak hours?. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 61, 249-258.
  • Koppelman, F. S., & Pas, E. I. (1980). Travel-choice behavior: models of perceptions, feelings, preference, and choice. Transportation Research Record, 765, 26-33.
  • Lewisham Council (2021). Camera-enforced Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) restrictions, retrieved from web page https://lewisham.gov.uk/myservices/roads-and-transport/camera-enforced-low-traffic-neighbourhood---or-ltn---restrictions last accessed on June 27 , 2022.
  • Lois, D., Moriano, J. A., & Rondinella, G. (2015). Cycle commuting intention: A model based on theory of planned behaviour and social identity. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 32, 101-113.
  • London Cycling Campaign and London Living Streets (2018). A Guide To Low Traffic Neighbourhoods retrieved from web page https://londonlivingstreets.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/lcc021-low-traffic-neighbourhoods-detail-v9.pdf last accessed on February 10, 2021.
  • Long, Y., & Ye, Y. (2016). Human-scale urban form: Measurements, performances, and urban planning & design interventions. South Archit, 36(5), 39-45.
  • Mandic, S., Hopkins, D., Bengoechea, E. G., Flaherty, C., Williams, J., Sloane, L., ... & Spence, J. C. (2017). Adolescents' perceptions of cycling versus walking to school: understanding the New Zealand context. Journal of Transport & Health, 4, 294-304.
  • Mehdizadeh, M., Zavareh, M. F., & Nordfjaern, T. (2022). Explaining trip generation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A psychological perspective. Journal of Transport & Health, 101390.
  • Miller, H. J. (2005). A measurement theory for time geography. Geographical analysis, 37(1), 17-45. Murtagh, S., Rowe, D. A., Elliott, M. A., McMinn, D., & Nelson, N. M. (2012). Predicting active school travel: the role of planned behavior and habit strength. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 1-9.
  • Narter, M. (2007). Recommendations On Social Concept of Social Psychology. Turkish Journal of Sociology-Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(15), 23-30.
  • Nayum, A., & Nordfjærn, T. (2021). Predictors of public transport use among university students during the winter: a MIMIC modelling approach. Travel behaviour and society, 22, 236-243.
  • Newman, P., Kosonen, L., & Kenworthy, J. (2016). Theory of urban fabrics: Planning the walking, transit/public transport and automobile/motor car cities for reduced car dependency. Town Planning Review, 87(4), 429-459.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity. Environment International, 157, 106850.
  • Redfield&Wilton Strategies. (2021). Steady Support for Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London, retrieved from web page https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/steady-support-for-for-low-traffic-neighbourhoods-in-london/ last accessed on April 21, 2021.
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Examination of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Its Synthesis with Time Geography for the Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) Design

Yıl 2022, , 599 - 621, 02.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1061226

Öz

This article presents an evaluation of the contribution of the synthesis of the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) with Time Geography to the Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) design stages. In the LTN design scheme, the evaluation of the human factor has importance at all stages of the design. However, the LTN design is currently based on stakeholder meetings, verbal statements and maps created with stakeholders in general. Social psychology, which includes concepts and theories to understand complex human behaviour, has been used in many transportation studies. TPB, one of the most well-known theories on this subject, its contributions to transportation studies and its primary deficiencies were identified within the article. It has been evaluated that the lack of spatial and temporal scope, one of these primary deficiencies, can be eliminated by synthesizing the Time Geography approach. As a result, this synthesis has the potential to increase the effects of the LTN design by integrating TPB, which has the potential to provide a basis for guiding people's behaviour, and Time Geography, which can reflect its spatial and temporal projection, in each of the stages of LTN design namely street classification, determination of neighbourhood boundaries, prioritization of neighbourhoods and determination of measures.

Proje Numarası

Kentiçi Ulaşım Özel Sayısı

Kaynakça

  • Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211.
  • Ajzen, I. (2005). Attitudes, personality and behaviour. Second edition. ed. Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Aldred, R. & Goodman, A. (2020). Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, Car Use, and Active Travel: Evidence from the People and Places Survey of Outer London Active Travel Interventions. Transport Findings.
  • Aldred, R., & Goodman, A. (2021). The Impact of Low Traffic Neighbourhoods on Active Travel, Car Use, and Perceptions of Local Environment during the COVID-19 Pandemic. Findings, 21390.
  • Aldred, R., & Verlinghieri, E. (2020). LTNs for all? Mapping the extent of London’s new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods.
  • Aldred, R., Verlinghieri, E., Sharkey, M., Itova, I., & Goodman, A. (2021). Equity in new active travel infrastructure: A spatial analysis of London's new Low Traffic Neighbourhoods. Journal of Transport Geography, 96, 103194.
  • Anable, J. (2005). ‘Complacent Car Addicts’ or ‘Aspiring Environmentalists’? Identifying travel behaviour segments using attitude theory. Transport Policy, 12(1), 65-78.
  • Bamberg, S. & Schmidt, P. (2003). Incentives, Morality, Or Habit? Predicting Students’ Car Use for University Routes with the Models of Ajzen, Schwartz, and Triandis. Environment and Behavior, 35.
  • Bamberg, S., Ajzen, I. & Schmidt, P. (2003). Choice of Travel Mode in the Theory of Planned Behavior: The Roles of Past Behavior, Habit, and Reasoned Action. Basic and Applied Social Psychology, 25(3),175-187.
  • Banister, D. (2008). The sustainable mobility paradigm. Transport policy, 15(2), 73-80.
  • Bird, E. L., Panter, J., Baker, G., Jones, T., Ogilvie, D., & iConnect Consortium. (2018). Predicting walking and cycling behaviour change using an extended Theory of Planned Behaviour. Journal of Transport & Health, 10, 11-27.
  • Brehn, S.S., Kassin, S.M. & Fein, S. (2005). Social Psychology. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Company.
  • Buliung, R.N. & Kanaroglou, P.S. (2007). Activity–Travel Behaviour Research: Conceptual Issues, State of the Art, and Emerging Perspectives on Behavioural Analysis and Simulation Modelling. Transport Reviews, 27(2), 151-187.
  • Conner, M. & Armitage, C.J. (1998). Extending the theory of planned behavior: A review and avenues for further research. Journal of applied social psychology, 28(15), 1429-1464.
  • Cycling Embassy. (2021). A Guide To Low Traffic Neighbourhoods, retrieved from web page https://www.cycling-embassy.org.uk/sites/cycling-embassy.org.uk/files/documents/A%20Guide%20to%20Low%20Traffic%20Neighbourhoods.pdf, last accessed on April 21, 2021.
  • de Bruijn, G. J., Kremers, S. P., Singh, A., Van den Putte, B., & Van Mechelen, W. (2009). Adult active transportation: adding habit strength to the theory of planned behavior. American journal of preventive medicine, 36(3), 189-194.
  • Dijst, M., Farag, S., & Schwanen, T. (2008). A comparative study of attitude theory and other theoretical models for understanding travel behaviour. Environment and Planning A, 40(4), 831-847.
  • Dijst, M., & Kwan, M. P. (2005). Accessibility and quality of life: time-geographic perspectives. Social dimensions of sustainable transport: Transatlantic perspectives, 109-126.
  • Doherty, S.T. (2000). An activity scheduling process approach to understanding travel behavior. In: 79th Annual Meeting of the Transportation Research Board, Washington, DC: Citeseer, 9-13.
  • Donald, I.J., Cooper, S.R. & Conchie, S.M. (2014). An extended theory of planned behaviour model of the psychological factors affecting commuters' transport mode use. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 40, 39-48.
  • Drury, J. (2020). Recent developments in the psychology of crowds and collective behaviour. Current opinion in psychology, 35, 12-16.
  • Ellegård, K. (2018). Thinking time geography: Concepts, methods and applications. Routledge.
  • Eriksson, L. & Forward, S.E. (2011). Is the intention to travel in a pro-environmental manner and the intention to use the car determined by different factors? Transportation Research Part D: Transport and Environment, 16(5), 372-376.
  • Fishbein, M., & Ajzen, I. (1977). Belief, attitude, intention, and behavior: An introduction to theory and research. Philosophy and Rhetoric, 10(2).
  • Forward, S. (2004). The prediction of travel behaviour using the theory of planned behaviour. Traffic and transport psychology: Theory and application, 481-490.
  • Frey, L. M., & Wilhite, K. (2005). Our five basic needs: Application for understanding the function of behavior. Intervention in School and Clinic, 40(3), 156-160.
  • Fu, X., & Juan, Z. (2017). Understanding public transit use behavior: integration of the theory of planned behavior and the customer satisfaction theory. Transportation, 44(5), 1021-1042.
  • Gardner, B., & Abraham, C. (2008). Psychological correlates of car use: A meta-analysis. Transportation Research Part F: Traffic Psychology and Behaviour, 11(4), 300-311.
  • Gehlert, T., Dziekan, K., & Gärling, T. (2013). Psychology of sustainable travel behavior. Transportation Research Part A: Policy and Practice, 48, 19-24.
  • Hägerstrand, T. (1970). What about people in Regional Science? Papers of the Regional Science Association, 24(1), 6-21.
  • Hardeman, W., Johnston, M., Johnston, D., Bonetti, D., Wareham, N., & Kinmonth, A. L. (2002). Application of the theory of planned behaviour in behaviour change interventions: A systematic review. Psychology and health, 17(2), 123-158.
  • Handy, S. (2005). Critical assessment of the literature on the relationships among transportation, land use, and physical activity. Transportation Research Board and the Institute of Medicine Committee on Physical Activity, Health, Transportation, and Land Use. Resource paper for TRB Special Report, 282(1), 1-81.
  • Heath, Y., & Gifford, R. (2002). Extending the theory of planned behavior: Predicting the use of public transportation 1. Journal of applied social psychology, 32(10), 2154-2189.
  • Jacobs (2020). Low Traffic Neighbourhood Strategy Final Draft Strategy, retrieved from web page https://democracy.bathnes.gov.uk/documents/s61901/Appendix%20Liveable%20NeighbourhoodsFINAL%20DRAFT%20LTN%20STRATEGY%20v1.pdf restrictions last accessed on June 27 , 2022.
  • Jackson, C., Smith, A., & Conner, M. (2003). Applying an extended version of the theory of planned behaviour to physical activity. Journal of sports sciences, 21(2), 119-133.
  • Jain, J., & Lyons, G. (2008). The gift of travel time. Journal of transport geography, 16(2), 81-89.
  • Jopson, A. (2004) The Role of Norms in Mode Choice. In: The 3rd International Conference on Traffic and Transportation Psychology., 5th to 9th September 2004, Nottingham, UK. (Unpublished)
  • Kim, H., Kwon, S., Wu, S. K., & Sohn, K. (2014). Why do passengers choose a specific car of a metro train during the morning peak hours?. Transportation research part A: policy and practice, 61, 249-258.
  • Koppelman, F. S., & Pas, E. I. (1980). Travel-choice behavior: models of perceptions, feelings, preference, and choice. Transportation Research Record, 765, 26-33.
  • Lewisham Council (2021). Camera-enforced Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) restrictions, retrieved from web page https://lewisham.gov.uk/myservices/roads-and-transport/camera-enforced-low-traffic-neighbourhood---or-ltn---restrictions last accessed on June 27 , 2022.
  • Lois, D., Moriano, J. A., & Rondinella, G. (2015). Cycle commuting intention: A model based on theory of planned behaviour and social identity. Transportation research part F: traffic psychology and behaviour, 32, 101-113.
  • London Cycling Campaign and London Living Streets (2018). A Guide To Low Traffic Neighbourhoods retrieved from web page https://londonlivingstreets.files.wordpress.com/2018/09/lcc021-low-traffic-neighbourhoods-detail-v9.pdf last accessed on February 10, 2021.
  • Long, Y., & Ye, Y. (2016). Human-scale urban form: Measurements, performances, and urban planning & design interventions. South Archit, 36(5), 39-45.
  • Mandic, S., Hopkins, D., Bengoechea, E. G., Flaherty, C., Williams, J., Sloane, L., ... & Spence, J. C. (2017). Adolescents' perceptions of cycling versus walking to school: understanding the New Zealand context. Journal of Transport & Health, 4, 294-304.
  • Mehdizadeh, M., Zavareh, M. F., & Nordfjaern, T. (2022). Explaining trip generation during the COVID-19 pandemic: A psychological perspective. Journal of Transport & Health, 101390.
  • Miller, H. J. (2005). A measurement theory for time geography. Geographical analysis, 37(1), 17-45. Murtagh, S., Rowe, D. A., Elliott, M. A., McMinn, D., & Nelson, N. M. (2012). Predicting active school travel: the role of planned behavior and habit strength. International Journal of Behavioral Nutrition and Physical Activity, 9(1), 1-9.
  • Narter, M. (2007). Recommendations On Social Concept of Social Psychology. Turkish Journal of Sociology-Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3(15), 23-30.
  • Nayum, A., & Nordfjærn, T. (2021). Predictors of public transport use among university students during the winter: a MIMIC modelling approach. Travel behaviour and society, 22, 236-243.
  • Newman, P., Kosonen, L., & Kenworthy, J. (2016). Theory of urban fabrics: Planning the walking, transit/public transport and automobile/motor car cities for reduced car dependency. Town Planning Review, 87(4), 429-459.
  • Nieuwenhuijsen, M. J. (2021). New urban models for more sustainable, liveable and healthier cities post covid19; reducing air pollution, noise and heat island effects and increasing green space and physical activity. Environment International, 157, 106850.
  • Redfield&Wilton Strategies. (2021). Steady Support for Low Traffic Neighbourhoods in London, retrieved from web page https://redfieldandwiltonstrategies.com/steady-support-for-for-low-traffic-neighbourhoods-in-london/ last accessed on April 21, 2021.
  • Sommer, L. (2011). The theory of planned behaviour and the impact of past behaviour. International Business & Economics Research Journal (IBER), 10(1).
  • Staats, H. (2004). Pro-environmental Attitudes and Behavioral Change. In: Spielberger, C.D. ed. Encyclopedia of Applied Psychology. New York: Elsevier, 127-135.
  • Sustrans. (2020). What is a low traffic neighbourhood?, retrieved from web page https://www.sustrans.org.uk/our-blog/get-active/2020/in-your-community/what-is-a-low-traffic-neighbourhood last accessed on April 21, 2021.
  • Sustrans, (2021). An introductory guide to low traffic neighbourhood design, retrieved from web page https://www.sustrans.org.uk/for-professionals/infrastructure/an-introductory-guide-to-low-traffic-neighbourhood-design/ last accessed on April 21, 2021.
  • SWLondener (2020). ‘Oval Triangle’ low-traffic neighbourhood making life ‘impossible’ for residents, retrieved from web page https://www.swlondoner.co.uk/news/12082020-oval-triangle-low-traffic-neighbourhood-making-life-impossible-for-residents last accessed on June 27, 2022.
  • TfL (2020). Low Traffic Neighbourhoods: what, why and where?, retrieved from web page https://madeby.tfl.gov.uk/2020/12/15/low-traffic-neighbourhoods/ last accessed on June 27, 2022.
  • The Guardian (2020). So you want to set up a low-traffic neighbourhood? Here’s where to start, retrieved from web page https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2020/nov/20/so-you-want-to-set-up-a-low-traffic-neighbourhood-heres-where-to-startlast accessed on June 27, 2022.
  • Thrift, N. (1977). An introduction to time-geography. In: Geo Abstracts, University of East Anglia Norwich, UK.
  • Trope, Y (2012) Construal level theory. In: Van Lange, PK (ed) Handbook of Theories of Social Psychology. Washington, DC: Sage, 118–134.
  • Tornikoski, E., & Maalaoui, A. (2019). Critical reflections–The Theory of Planned Behaviour: An interview with Icek Ajzen with implications for entrepreneurship research. International Small Business Journal, 37(5), 536-550.
  • Van Acker, V., Van Wee, B., & Witlox, F. (2010). When transport geography meets social psychology: toward a conceptual model of travel behaviour. Transport Reviews, 30(2), 219-240.
  • Verplanken, B., Aarts, H., & Van Knippenberg, A. (1997). Habit, information acquisition, and the process of making travel mode choices. European journal of social psychology, 27(5), 539-5
  • Wang, D., & Cheng, T. (2001). A spatio-temporal data model for activity-based transport demand modelling. International Journal of Geographical Information Science, 15(6), 561-585.
  • Zhang, L., Ye, Y., Zeng, W., & Chiaradia, A. (2019). A systematic measurement of street quality through multi-sourced urban data: A human-oriented analysis. International journal of environmental research and public health, 16(10), 1782.
  • Zhao, P., & Gao, Y. (2022). Public transit travel choice in the post COVID-19 pandemic era: An application of the extended Theory of Planned behavior. Travel Behaviour and Society, 28, 181-195.
  • Zhao, X., Ke, Y., Zuo, J., Xiong, W., & Wu, P. (2020). Evaluation of sustainable transport research in 2000–2019. Journal of Cleaner Production, 256, 120404.
Toplam 67 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Tuğçe Yanar 0000-0001-7998-1793

Proje Numarası Kentiçi Ulaşım Özel Sayısı
Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022

Kaynak Göster

APA Yanar, T. (2022). Examination of Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) and Its Synthesis with Time Geography for the Low Traffic Neighbourhood (LTN) Design. İDEALKENT, 13(36), 599-621. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1061226