Viyana ve İstanbul’daki Kent Bostanları: Bir Değerlendirme

Öz

Gerek Michelle Obama’nın Beyaz Saray’daki sebze bahçesi, gerek dünyanın bir çok kentinde sade vatandaşların “Community Gardens”, “City Farms” veya “hobi bahçeleri” adı altında birer kent bostanına sahip olup, kendi bahçelerinin bahçıvanı olarak “sağlıklı” üretilmiş gıdalarını garanti altına almak istemeleri, kentte farklı bir yaşam biçiminin habercisidirler. New York, Londra ve Berlin gibi bir çok kentte görülen bu akımın uzantıları “ortak bahçeler” veya “kent bostanları” tanımlamalarıyla Viyana ve Istanbul’da da başlatılmış ve kamu oyunun ilgisini kazanmıştır. Bu eğilim geçici bir moda olarak algılanmaması, ister ekonomik amaçla ister kentsel tasarımda söz sahibi olmak, isterse de ekolojik farkındalığın artışı için olsun, kent sakinlerinin çevreleriyle bağlantı kurma isteği olarak görülmesi gerekir. Bu çalışmada hayata geçirilişi bulundukları yerin toplumsal dinamiklerine bağlı olarak, farklılıklar gösterse de, ortak paydaları insanların ortak ihtiyacı olan ve aynı zamanda kent tarımcılığının bir boyutu olan, “ortak bahçe” veya “hobi bahçesi” olarak adlandırılan “kent bostanları”nın Avusturya’nın başkenti Viyana’da ve Türkiye’nin en büyük kenti İstanbul’daki oluşumları ile uygulamalarındaki ortak, benzer veya farklı boyutları araştırılmıştır. Hem yapılaşmanın çok yoğun olduğu İstanbul’da, hem de yeşil alanları azınsanmayacak ölçeklere sahip Viyana’da, özellikle şehir içinde, üretken peyzajlar, bostanlar, balkon bahçeleri yapmak giderek daha çok insanın ilgisini çekmektedir. Yeşilsiz yapılaşmanın hakim olduğu İstanbul coğrafyasında giderek azalan üretken, tarihi peyzajları bir yandan tarihsel kimliği ve kültürel birikimi günümüze taşırken, diğer yandan yeni üretken alanlara ilham kaynağı olmakta ve halihazırda sahip olunanların önemini yeniden hatırlatmaktadırlar.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hobi bahçeleri,İstanbul kent bostanları,Viyana kent bostanları,Yerel yönetimler,Kentsel tarım

Urban Gardens in Vienna and Istanbul: A Review

Öz

The vegetable garden of Michelle Obama in The White House, as well as the ‘community gardens’, ‘city farms’ or ‘hobby gardens’ owned by city-dwellers all around the world, herald a new urban lifestyle in the pursuit of healthy food cultivated in personal gardens. Repercussions of this current, seen primarily in New York, London and Berlin among others, also began in Vienna and Istanbul and grabbed public attention. This tendency should be considered not as a temporary trend, but a desire of inhabitants to establish a connection with their environment, even if it is only for economic purposes, to have a say in urban design or to raise ecologic awareness. The objective of this study was to analyze common, similar or different aspects of community gardens in Vienna, the Austrian capital and Istanbul, the most important city in Turkey, with respect to formation and implementation; these gardens are called ‘common gardens’ or ‘hobby gardens’ as an aspect of urban agriculture needed by people with common grounds despite certain differences in realization with regard to social dynamics of relevant place. Istanbul is known for dense housing, while Vienna is famous for its wide green spaces; nevertheless, productive landscaping, gardens and balcony gardening are gradually becoming more popular among inhabitants in both cities, especially in central areas. Fertile, historical landscaping keeps diminishing in Istanbul where green-less housing dominates; therefore, these applications bring the historical identity and cultural richness into our day; besides, they inspire new productive spaces and remind the importance of present ones.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Hobby gardens,Istanbul urban gardens,Viennese urban gardens,Local government,Urban Farming

Kaynakça

1. Acton, L. (2015). Growing Space: A History of the Allotment Movement. Nottingham: Five Leaves Publications,16.
2. Ahunbay, M., Ahunbay,Z. (2000). Recent Works on the Land Walls of Istanbul: Tower 2 to Tower 5. Washington,D.C.: Dumbarton Oaks Papers 54:227.
3. Appel, I., Grebe Chr., Spitthöver,M. (2011). Current initiatives garden. Garden and new gardens in German cities. Kassel: University press, 47.
4. Arnavutkoy Municipality. (2015). Hobby gardens. Retrieved: June 25, 2016, from: http://www.arnavutkoy.bel.tr/icerik/575/1608/hobibahcesi.aspx
5. Austria national channel (ORF). (2015). Retrieved: June 30, 2015, from: http://wien.orf.at/news/stories/2677819/ Başer,B., Tunçay, H. (2010). Understanding the spatial and historical characteristics of agricultural landscapes in Istanbul, ITU A|Z, 7, 2: 106-120.
6. Beykoz Municipality. (2015). Retrieved: February 3, 2016, from: http://www.beykoz.bel.tr/proje/bag-bahce-tutkunlarina-hobi-bahceleri Beylikdüzü Municipality. (2015). Retrieved: October 26, 2015, from: http://www.beylikduzu.bel.tr/tr/content/ogrenciler-sebze-ve-meyve-tohumlarini-toprakla-bulusturdu
7. BK-This and that (BK). (2015). Brief history of allotments in England, Retrieved: November 3, 2015, from: http://bkthisandthat.org.uk/brief-history-of-allotments-in-england/
8. Bursa Municipality. (2015). Retirement Gardens, Retrieved: July 3, 2015, from: http://www.bursa.bel.tr/emekli-bahceleri/sayfa/229 Cabedoce, B., Pierson, P. (1996). One hundred years of history 1896-1996 allotment gardens. The French League patch of land and home, Editions Créaphis, Paris,46.

9. Çorakbas, F.K., Aksoy,A., Ricci, A. (2014). Report of Concern on the Conservation Issues of the Istanbul Land Walls World Heritage Site. With A Special Focus on the Historic Yedikule Vegetable Gardens. Report Presented to the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage Center. Retrieved: December 9, 2014, from: https://oxfordbyzantinesociety.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/report_land_walls_whs.pdf
10. Community Supported Agriculture (CSA). (2015). Community supported agriculture, Retrieved: June 30, 2015, from: http://www.xn--ernhrungssouvernitt-iwbmd.at/es-wiki/images/3/32/CSA-Broschuere_AT_Kons.pdf
11. Des Jardins J-R. (2006). Environmental Ethics. Ankara: Imge Press,32.
12. Gartenpolylog. (2015). Was sind gemeinschaftsgärten?, Retrieved: June 30, 2015, from: https://gartenpolylog.org/de/gartenpolylog-gemeinschaftsgarten/was-sind-gemeinschaftsgarten
13. Hattam. J. (2016). In Istanbul’s ancient gardens, a battle for future harvest, yale environment 360, Retrieved: February 23, 2016, from: http://e360.yale.edu/feature/in_istanbuls_ancient_gardens_a_battle_for_future_harvests_yedikule/2966/
14. Hess J, Vogl R-C. (1999) Organic farming in Austria. American Journal of Alternative Agriculture 14, 3: 137-143.
15. Historical Yedikule Gardens (HYG). (2015). Initiative for preserving the historical Yedikule gardens. Retrieved: November 3, 2015, from: http://yedikulebostanlari.tumblr.com/
16. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB). (2015). Istanbul district list. Retrieved: October 26, 2015, from: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/trtr/kurumsal/pages/ilceveilk kademe.aspx
17. Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality (IBB). (2015). Parks and gardens offıce 2004 - 2010 report. Retrieved: January 3, 2016, from: http://www.ibb.gov.tr/trTR/BilgiHizmetleri/Istatistikler/Documents/bldhizmetleri/2010/parkvebahceler_mud_2004-%202010.pdf.
18. Jahnke, J. (2010). Guerrilla Gardening anhand von Beispielen in New York, London und Berlin. Tönning: Der andere Verlag, 38.
19. Karls garden. (2015). Retrieved: November 18, 2015, from: http://karlsgarten.at/
20. Kuchelmeister,G. (1998). Urban Forestry in the Asia-Pacific Region: Status and Prospects. Asia-Pacific Forestry Sector Outlook Study Working Paper Series 44, 96.
21. Kucukcekmece Municipality. (2015). Retrieved: June 25, 2015, from: http://kucukcekmece.bel.tr/projelerimiz/detay.aspx?SectionID=x2RFk5M4qYm9XWTo1fB0bw%3D%3D&ContentID=4oEu6KjEmU33gGZTiL4GkQ%3D%3D
22. Meyer-Renschhausen, E. (2004). Unter dem Müll der Acker-Community Gardens in New York City. Königstein im Taunus:Ulrike Helmer Press.
23. Müller, Chr. (2002). Take root in a foreign country. The International Gardens and its importance for integration processes. Munich: Oekom Press.
24. Müller, Chr. (2011). Urban Gardening. About the return of gardens in the city. Munich: Oekom Press,54.
25. Nebrensky,W. (2008). Educational and therapeutic aspects in a community garden on the basis of neighborhood garden Heigerleinstraße in Vienna Ottakring, Danube University, Krems.
26. Nilufer Municipality. (2015). Hobby gardens, Retrieved: July 3, 2015, from: http://www.nilufer.bel.tr/niluferbelediyesi-287-hobi_bahceleri
27. Northern Forests Defense (NFD). (2015). Northern forests defense, Retrieved: November 3, 2015, from: http://www.kuzeyormanlari.org/2015/03/11/bahce-sadece-bir-bahce-midir-kent-bahceleri-kent-bostanlari-musterek-alanlar/
28. Ozkan,B., Kaplan,A., Aslan, N., Kılıç, H. (1996). A Study on Small Garden Development of Urban Parks in Turkey, Ekoloji Environmental Journal, January February March 1996, 18:18-21.
29. Ozkan, M., Küçükberbaş, V-E., Kaplan, A., Hepcan, Ş., Malkoç Yiğit,E., Sönmez, H. (2003). Mugla Public Outdoor Master Plan Study, İzmir: Ege University Press.
30. Reynolds, R. (2010). On Guerrilla Gardening: A Handbook for Gardening Without Boundaries. Freiburg: Orange Press, 63.
31. Rosol, M. (2006). Community Garden in Berlin. A qualitative study on potential risks of civic engagement in the green area in the context of change of state and planning. PhD Thesis, Humboldt-University, Berlin.
32. Sabah daily newspaper. (2011, February 14). Retrieved: June 25, 2015, from: http://www.sabah.com.tr/yasam/2011/02/14/vatandas_universite_kampusunda_domates_yetistirecek
33. Schallmayer, M. (2006). Urban agriculture in Vienna. The practice of seasonal "self-harvest" and perennial management of arable land in the Ketzergasse. Institute for Social- and Kulturanthropology, MSc Thesis, University of Vienna, 38.
34. Schoas, B. (2013). Gardens in motion. From mobile to transitory garden. Uelvesbuell: The Other Publishers.
35. Schützenberger, I. (2014). From Communities in community gardens. Processes and structures of Commoning in urban gardens in Vienna. MSc Thesis, University of Vienna, 63.
36. Six, K-M. (2011). Social Housing Vienna. Participation as impact modified housing needs. MSc Thesis, University of Technology Faculty for Architecture and City Planning, Vienna, 83.
37. Society of allotments of Montbrison. (SAM), 2016. Society of allotments of Montbrison. Retrieved: January 16, 2016, from: http://jardinsouvriersmontbrison.asso-web.com/24+les-jardins-ouvriers-en-france.html
38. Statista. (2015). Das statistik-portal, Retrieved: June 30, 2015, from: http://de.statista.com/statistik/daten/studie/155946/umfrage/globale-bevoelkerung-stadt-und-land/
39. Stuiber, P. (2010). Customized modern Adolf Loos. Vienna: Metro Press, 39.
40. Sultangazi Municipality. (2015). Retrieved: June 25, 2015, from: http://www.sultangazi.bel.tr/7-1062-dogaya-ve-topraga-ozlem-gidermek-hayal-degil-Content.aspx
41. Tschuppik,W-M. (2001). Ways of Architecture in Garden: Strategies designing architectural studies at Vienna tribute area 'Eklw'. PhD. Thesis, University of Technology, Faculty for Environment and Design, Vienna,23.
42. Vienna Municipality. (2015). Information and services of the city of Vienna available on the web, Retrieved: June 30, 2015, from: https://www.wien.gv.at/umwelt-klimaschutz/gemeinsam-garteln.html
43. Vogl, R.C., Axmann, P. (2002). Selbsternte: A new concept of Urban Organic Farming in Austria. Urban Agriculture Magazine, 6:12-14.
44. Von der Haide, E. (2014). The new garden cities. Urban gardens, community gardens and urban gardening in urban and open space planning. International best practice examples of municipal strategies for dealing with urban gardens. City of Munich, Department of Health and Environment. Urban gardens, Munich, 81.
45. Von der Haide, E., Halder, S., Jahnke, E., Mees, C. (2011). Guerilla Gardening and other political movements Garden. A Global Perspective, in: Urban Gardening. About the return of gardens in the city. Munich: Oekom Press, 266-278.
46. Weihsmann, H. (2002). Red Vienna. Socialist architecture and municipal politics from 1919 to 1934. Vienna: Promedia printing and Verlagsges.mbH, 78.
47. White, C., Shopov,A., Casson,A. (2015). Herıtage Under Threat Saving the Ancient Gardens of Istanbul, Turkey, The SAA Archaeological Record, January 2015, 86.
48. World Cities Culture Forum (WCCF). (2015). Retrieved: November 3, 2015, from: http://www.worldcitiescultureforum.com/data/of-public-green-space-parks-and-gardens
49. Yılmaz, H., Turgut, H., Demircan, N. (2006). Erzurum city dweller’s opinion about the hobby garden. Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Forestry Journal, Series A, 1: 96-110.
50. Ziegler, R. (2010). City Fruit. Urban agriculture and gardening as a land use strategy. MSc Thesis, University of Technology Vienna, Vienna.