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Locally Confined Territorial Stigmatization: The Case of “Gypsy” Stigma

Yıl 2019, , 214 - 253, 14.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.431380

Öz

Wacquant (2008) argues that the city has become
the scene of novel patterns of segregating and stigmatizing ethnic or class
groups on a territorial basis in developed countries in the post-industrial
era. Drawing on the insights he offers, this study examined the existence of a
similar mechanism of urban territorial stigmatization in Turkey, yet as a
“developing country.” It compared the cases of territorial stigmatization in
two urban quarters of İstanbul: Nişantaşı Teneke and Rumelikavağı Kayadere. A
secondary analysis of the available data about these quarters collected by the
authors during their recent field studies and also during some archive
research, albeit to a more limited degree, revealed that the “Gypsy” stigma
attached to them has largely determined their formation and trajectory in
interaction with their socio-historical contingencies. It also showed that
unlike the cases reported by Wacquant (2008) as regards to developed countries,
these stigmatized urban districts in Turkey are not simply the outcome of the
process of deindustrialization that accompanies neoliberalism but that their
history goes back to the late 19th century. Accordingly, the authors
introduced a more nuanced sub-term to handle the aforementioned socio-spatial
phenomenon: locally confined territorial stigmatization.

Kaynakça

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Yerel Düzeyle Sınırlı Mekânsal Damgalama: “Çingene” Damgası Örneği

Yıl 2019, , 214 - 253, 14.05.2019
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.431380

Öz

Wacquant’a göre (2008) post-endüstriyel
dönemde gelişmiş ülkelerin kentlerinde, etnik ya da sınıfsal grupların mekânsal
temelde ayrıştırılmaları ve damgalanmalarının yeni örüntüleri ortaya çıkmıştır.
Onun öngörülerinden hareketle, bu çalışmada bu kez “gelişmekte olan bir ülke”
olarak Türkiye’de kentsel mekânsal damgalama olgusu ile benzerlik gösteren bir
mekanizmanın varlığı inceleme konusu yapılmıştır. Çalışma kapsamında
İstanbul’un iki mahallesindeki mekânsal damgalama örnekleri
karşılaştırılmıştır: Nişantaşı Teneke ve Rumelikavağı Kayadere. Yazarların
yakın dönemlerde gerçekleştirdikleri saha çalışmalarında ve daha kısıtlı bir
düzeyde olsa da bazı arşiv araştırmalarında mahalleler hakkında topladıkları
verilerin ikincil analizi, bu mahallelerin “Çingenelik”le damgalanmasının,
oluşumlarını ve yörüngelerini sosyo-tarihsel olumsallıklarıyla etkileşim içinde
büyük ölçüde belirlemiş olduğunu açığa çıkarmıştır. Aynı zamanda çalışmada
ortaya konulan bulgular, Wacquant’ın (2008) ele aldığı gelişmiş ülkelerdeki
örneklerden farklı olarak, Türkiye’deki bu damgalanmış kentsel yerleşim
alanlarının basitçe neoliberalizme eşlik eden sanayisizleşme sürecinin bir
sonucu olarak ortaya çıkmadıklarını ve bu mahallelerin tarihinin geç 19.
yüzyıla uzandığını göstermiştir. Sonuç olarak yazarlar, söz konusu
sosyo-mekânsal fenomenin ele alınabileceği daha nüanslı bir alt-terim
önermişlerdir: yerel düzeyle sınırlı mekânsal damgalama.

Kaynakça

  • List of sources Archival Sources BOA, DH, MKT, 632.19.1.2.30.
  • BOA, DH, MKT, 137.31.8.1.25.
  • BOA, İŞE, 2.30.1.13.
  • BOA, ŞD, 609.40.4.1.17.
  • BOA, ŞD, 695.29.8.3.3.
  • BOA, ŞD, 2749.40.1.20.
  • BOA, Y, PRK, KOM, 4.20.5.1.15.
  • Secondary Sources Akkan, B. E., Deniz, M. B. & Ertan, M. (2017). The Romanization of poverty: spatial stigmatization of Roma neighborhoods in Turkey. Romani Studies. 27(1), 73-93.
  • Akkan, B. E., Deniz, M. B. & Ertan, M. (2011). Poverty and social exclusion of Roma in Turkey. İstanbul: Edirne Roma Association, Bogazici University Social Policy Forum, Anadolu Kültür.
  • Akkaya, Ö. (2011). Çingeneler: Başka bir dünyanın insanları. Global Media Journal Turkish Edition. 1(2), 121-136. Accessed on June 6, 2018 from http://globalmediajournaltr.yeditepe.edu.tr/makaleler/GMJ_2._sayi_Bahar_2011/pdf/Akkaya.pdf
  • Anon (2008). Eşitsiz vatandaşlık: Türkiye Çingenelerinin karşılaştığı hak ih-lalleri. In E. Uzpeder, S. Danova / Roussinova, S. Özçelik & S. Gökçen (Eds.), Biz buradayız: Türkiye’de Romanlar, ayrımcı uygulamalar ve hak mücadelesi (pp. 53 - 108). İstanbul: Helsinki Citizens Assembly, Europe-an Roma Rights Center, EDROM.
  • Arslan, S. (2008). Balkan Savaşları sonrası Rumeli’den Türk göçleri ve Osmanlı Devleti’nde iskânları (Unpublished MA thesis), Trakya University Insti-tute of Social Sciences, Edirne.
  • Balcı, İ. (2006). Sarıyer: Aşiyan’dan Kısırkaya’ya. İstanbul: İlkbiz Yayınevi.
  • Balcı, İ. (1999). Simas’tan Sarıyer’e. İstanbul: Günlük Ticaret Matbaası.
  • Batur, A. (1999). Akaretler. In N. Akbayar (Ed.), Beşiktaş past and present (pp. 119-121). İstanbul: Beşiktaş Belediyesi.
  • Bozkurt, T. (2006). Poşalar örneğinde etnisite ve toplumsal cinsiyet ilişkisi. In C. Suvari, A. Yıldırım, T. Bozkurt & M. İlker (Eds.), Artakanlar (pp. 283-355). İstanbul: E.
  • Buğra, A. & Keyder, Ç. (2003). New poverty and changing welfare regime of Turkey: Report prepared for the United Nations Development Program. Ankara: UNDP.
  • Caferoğlu, A. (1954). Pallacı, Tahtacı ve Çepni dillerine dair. Türkiyat Mecmuası. 11, 41-56.
  • Caferoğlu, A. (1950). Eskişehir ağızları üzerine bir deneme. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi. 4(1-2), 15-33.
  • Caferoğlu, A. (1946). Kırşehir vilayetinin bugünkü etnik teşekkülüne dair notlar. İstanbul Üniversitesi Edebiyat Fakültesi Türk Dili ve Edebiyatı Dergisi. 2(1-2), 79-96.
  • Cames, R. (2013). Government by expulsion: The Roma camp, citizenship, and the state. Paper presented at Resourceful Cities Research Commit-tee, Sociology of Urban and Regional Development, International Socio-logical Association, Berlin, August 29-31, 2013. Accessed on November 10, 2018 from https://www.academia.edu/5618161/Government_by_Expulsion_The_Roma_Camp_Citizenship_and_the_State
  • Castells, M. & Portes, A. (1991). World underneath: The origins, dynamics, and effects of informal economy. In A. Portes, M. Castells & L. A. Benton (Eds.), The informal economy studies in advanced and less developed countries (pp. 11-40). Baltimore and London: The John Hopkins University Press.
  • Chen, M. A. (2012). The informal economy: Definitions, theories and policies. Cam-bridge: WIEGO.
  • De Goeje, M. J. (1886). A contribution to the history of the Gypsies. In D. MacRitchie (Ed.), Accounts of the Gypsies of India (pp. 1-60). London: Kegan Paul, Trench & Co.
  • Ergin, O. N. (1995). Mecelle-i umur-ı belediyye. İstanbul: İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür İşleri Daire Başkanlığı.
  • Erkan, S. (2011). Köçek tipinin uluslararası kökeni üzerine bir deneme. Ankara Üniversitesi Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya Fakültesi Türkoloji Dergisi. 18(1), 223-240.
  • Fleeming, M. H, Roman, J. & Farrell, G. (2000). The shadow economy. Journal of International Affairs Editorial Board. 53(2), 387-409.
  • Filcak, R. & Steger, T. (2014). Ghettos in Slovakia. The environmental exclusion of the Roma minority. Analyse & Kritik. 2, 1-22.
  • Gezgin, E. (2016). Damgalanan mekânda yaşam: Bir kentin “ötekisi” olmak. Ankara: Phoenix.
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  • Yılgür, E. (2017). Türkiye’de peripatetik topluluklar: Jenerik terimler ve öz-etnik kategorizasyon biçimleri. Nişantaşı Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 5(1), 1-25.
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  • Yılgür, E. (2016b). Lofça Muhacirler Mahallesi: Kentsel mekânın yeniden üretimi ekseninde peripatetik toplumsal organizasyon biçimleri. Modus Operandi. 4, 177-210.
  • Yılgür, E. (2013). Nişantaşı Teneke Mahallesi: Mekânsal dönüşümün algısal ve sosyolojik arka planı. MSGSÜ Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. 8, 31-47.
  • Yılgür, E. (2012). Nişantaşı Teneke Mahallesi: Teneke mahalle yoksulluğundan orta sınıf yerleşimine. İstanbul: İletişim.
  • Young, I. M. (1990). Justice and the politics of difference. Princeton: Princeton University.
  • Zürcher, E. J. (2004). Turkey: A modern history. New York: I.B. Tauris & Co.
Toplam 99 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Özlem Akkaya

Egemen Yılgür

Yayımlanma Tarihi 14 Mayıs 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019

Kaynak Göster

APA Akkaya, Ö., & Yılgür, E. (2019). Locally Confined Territorial Stigmatization: The Case of “Gypsy” Stigma. İDEALKENT, 10(26), 214-253. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.431380