Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Projections on the Physical and Conceptual Transformation of the Built Environment in Post COVID-19 Era

Yıl 2021, , 10 - 45, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.871661

Öz

The COVID-19 epidemic, which emerged by the end of 2019 and affected the whole world in the first quarter of 2020, transformed both social life and the use of built environment in an unprecedented way. This transformation and the change of living habits will cause the destruction of some stereotypes that have been ongoing until now, and the determination of environmental standards and approaches suitable for new conditions. Within the scope of this article the effects of the COVID-19 epidemic on social life and the built environment are determined in the process we are going through. Based on the analysis of these detections, some projections are made on what kind of transformations will occur in design approaches in order to have a healthier built environment in the future. These approaches, which are predicted to emerge after the epidemic, will make the built environment better equipped not only against viral-origin outbreaks such as COVID-19, but also against all crises that have aroused and also will arise as a result of the ecological balance deteriorating due to anthropogenic reasons.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M., Larcom, S., Keil, R., Ghojeh, M., Lindsay, T., Camponeschi, C. Ve Parnell, S. (2020). Seeing covid-19 through an urban lens. Nature Sustainabi-lity. V:3, 977-978. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00620-3
  • Agamben, G. (2020, 27 Şubat). Covid-19: Gerekçesiz bir acil durumun yarattığı istisna hali. Erişim Adresi: https://terrabayt.com/covid19/covid-19-gerekcesiz-bir-acil-durumun-yarattigi-istisna-hali/
  • Ak, Ö. (2020a). Soğuk algınlığından ölümcül salgına! Küresel kabus. Bilim ve Teknik, 53(628), 12-27.
  • Ak. Ö. (2020b). Pandemi mimarisi: Yeni normal evler, ofisler. Bilim ve Teknik, 53(633), 32-45.
  • Alter, L. (2020). Architecture after the coronavirus. Erişim Adresi: https://www.treehugger.com/green- architecture/architecture-after-coronavirus.html
  • Arın Ensarioğlu, S. (2020). Pandemi sürecinin "evrensel tasarım" ilkelerine etkileri. International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR). 7(55):1673-1680; doi: 10.26450/jshsr.1913
  • Ayseli, Y.İ., Aytekin, N., Buyukkayhan, D., Aslan, İ. ve Ayseli, M.T. (2020). Food policy, nutrition and nutraceuticals in the prevention and manage-ment of COVID-19: Advice for healthcare professionals, Trends in Food Sci-ence & Technology, 105, 186-199, Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.001.
  • Bal, G. (2021, 27 Ocak). Koç holding, 35 bin ofis çalışanı için evden çalışmanın kalıcı hale geldiğini duyurdu. Cumhuriyet. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/koc-holding-35-bin-ofis-calisani-icin- evden-calismanin-kalici-hale-geldigini-duyurdu-1809111
  • Beard, J. A., Bearden, A. ve Striker, R. (2011). Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. Journal of Clinical Virology, 50(3), 194–200.
  • Belfiglio, V.J. (2017). Control of epidemics in the Roman army: 27 B.C.–A.D. 476. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health, 4, 1387.
  • Bereitschaft, B., Scheller, D. (2020). How might the covid-19 pandemic affect 21st century urban design, planning and developement. Urban Science. 4 (0056), Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4040056
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. (2017). Yeni kentsel gündem. Erişim Adresi: https://uploads.habitat3.org/hb3/NUA- Turkish.pdf?v=2
  • Booth, W., Spolar, C., Rolfe, P. (2020, 31 Mart). Vast coronavirus ‘field hospi-tals’’ fill spaces that hosted wedding expos and dog shows. The Washing-ton Post. Erişim Adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe /coronavirus-field-hospitals/2020/03/31/3a05ba28-6f0f-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html
  • Brownell, B. (2020, 26 Mart). Materials and coatings that reduce surface transmis-sion of bacteria and viruses. Erişim Adresi: https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/materials-and-coatings-that-reduce- surface-transmission-of-bacteria-and-viruses_o
  • Bruun, C. (1991). The water supply of ancient Rome: A study of roman imperial administration. Helsinki, Finland: Societas scientiarum Fennica
  • Budds, D. (2020). Design in the age of pandemics. Erişim Adresi: https://www.curbed.com/2020/3/17/21178962 /design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine
  • Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP. (2020). (Indoor) isolation, stress, and phy-sical inactivity: Vicious circles accelerated by COVID-19? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 30(8):1544-1545. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1111/sms.13706.
  • Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Buffoli, M., Appolloni, L., Signorelli, C., Fara, G.M., D’Alessandro, D. (2020). Covıd-19 and cities: From urban health stra-tegies to the pandemic challenge. A decalogue of public health opportuni- ties. Acta Biomed. V:91, 13–22.
  • Ciravoğlu, A. (2019). Sıra mimarlıkta, hemen şimdi!. Mimarlık. 409(5). 37-41
  • Chen, L.K., Yuan, R.P., Ji, X.J., Lu, X.Y., Xiao, J., Tao, J.B., …, Jiang, L.Z. (2021). Modular composite building in urgent emergency engineering projects: A case study of accelerated design and construction of Wuhan thunder god mountain /l eishenshan hospital to covıd-19 pandemic. Automation in Construction. 124 (103555), Erişim Adresi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580521000066
  • Cutieru, A. (2020, 18 Aralık). How has public space changed in 2020? Erişim Ad-resi: https://www.archdaily.com /953517/how-has-public-space-changed-in-2020?ad_medium=gallery
  • Çevik, M., Kuppalli, K., Kindrachuk, J., Peiris M. (2020). Virology, transmis-sion, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ, 371:m3862. Erişim Adresi: doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3862
  • Dietz, L., Horve, P.F., Coil, D.A., Fretz, M., Eisen, J.A., Van Den Wymelenberg, K. (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus (Covıd-19) pandemic: Built environment considerations to reduce transmission. mSystems., 5(2):e00245-20. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00245-20.
  • Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Wil-liamson B.N.,…, Munster, V.J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382:1564-1567. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
  • Ebert; G. (2020, 21 Nisan). Bright tape promoting social distancing transforms public architecture in Singapore. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2020/04/tape-singapore-social-distancing/
  • Gökkoyun, S.C. (2020, 10 Mayıs). Tüketicilerin yarısı kovid-19 sonrası cadde ma-ğazalarını tercih edecek, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/tuketicilerin-yarisi-kovid-19-sonrasi-cadde-magazalarini-tercih- edecek/1835575
  • Gündoğmuş, B. (2020). Post-pandemi sürecinin şehir kurgusunda yönetişim ihtiyacı. B. Pakdemirli, Z. Bayraktar, A. N. Ünalmış ve S. Takmaz (der.). Pandemi ekseninde küresel değişim ve yeni ekonomik düzen içinde (ss. 163-178). Ankara: Akçağ Yay.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020a, 29 Nisan). The gastro safe zone: a public space proposal that considers social distancing measures. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/938599/the-gastro-safe-zone-a-public-space- proposal-respecting-social-distancing-measures
  • Harrouk, C. (2020b, 23 Haziran). Socially distant outdoor yoga domes ınvade the open spaces of Toronto. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/942247/socially-distant-outdoor-yoga-domes-invade-the-open-spaces- of-toronto
  • Harvey, D. (2020, 22 Mart). COVID-19 günlerinde antikapitalist politika. Erişim Adresi: https://www.polenekoloji.org/covid-19-gunlerinde-antikapitalist-politika/
  • Hasol, D. (2020, 30 Nisan). Ya kapatıyorlar ya da depoya çeviriyorlar. Milliyet Gazetesi, Erişim Adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/koronaya-karsi-balkona-kostuk-6202078
  • Hedlund , R., Diamond, T.K. ve Uversky, V.N. (2020) The latitude hypothesis, vitamin D, and SARS-Co-V2, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Erişim Adresi: doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1794973.
  • Hobday, R.A. ve Dancer, S.J. (2013). Roles of sunlight and natural ventilation for controlling infection: historical and current perspectives. Journal of Hospital Infection, 84(4), 271-282, Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jhin.2013.04.011.
  • Honey-Roses, J., Anguelovski, I., Bohigas, J., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Konijnen-dijk, C., … Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2020, 21 Nisan). The impact of covid-19 on public space: A review of the emerging questions. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa
  • Hosseini, M. R., Fouladi-Fard, R., & Aali, R. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and sick building syndrome. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(8), 1181–1183. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20935644
  • Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. (2021). Erişim Adresi: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Jordan, D.P. (1995). Transforming Paris: The life and labors of Baron Haussman. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA
  • Kaika, M. (2017). “Don’t call me resilient again!”: The new urban agenda as immunology …or… what happens when communities refuse to be vacci-nated with “smart cities” and indicators. Environment & Urbanization. 29(1), 89-102. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816684763
  • Keenan, J.M. (2020). Covid, resilience, and the built environment. Environment Systems and Decisions. 40, 216–221.
  • Klein, K. (2020, 13 Nisan). Woods Bagot's modular AD-APT modifies apartments for working from home. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/13/woods-bagots-modular-ad-apt-apartments-working-from- home/
  • Koca, A. ve Tutal, O. (2021). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde değişen dinamikler üzerinden yeni kamusal alan olasılıkları. The Turkish Online Journal of De-sign Art and Communication. 11(2), 360-377.
  • Kuhn, T. (1982). Bilimsel devrimlerin yapısı. N. Kuyaş (çev). İstanbul: Alan Yay.
  • Kuyaş, N. (2020). Karantina kozasında karalamalar. E. Batur (der.). 444 içinde. (ss:69-72). İstanbul: Sel Yay.
  • Lal, R. (2020). Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Sec. V:12, 871–876. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
  • Megahed, N.A., Ghoneim, E.M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, V:61, 102350. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350.
  • Moreno, C.,Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-minute city”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities, 4, 93–111. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org /10.3390/smartcities
  • Morse, S.S., Mazet, J., Woolhouse, M., Parrish, C. R., Carroll, D., Karesh, W. B., …, Daszak, P. (2012). Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoo-nosis. The Lancet, 380 (9857), 1956-1965. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org /10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5.
  • Newman, P., Soderlund, J. (2015). Biophilic architecture: a review of the ratio-nale and outcomes. AIMS Environ. Sci., 2, 950–969.
  • Noe, R. (2020, 21 Nisan). Definitely not "westworld:" conceptual design for a social distancing park: Precht's "park de la distance”. Erişim Adresi: https://www.core77.com/posts/97834/Definitely-Not-Westworld-Conceptual- Design-for-a-Social-Distancing-Park?utm_source=core77&utm_medium=from_title
  • Our World in Data. (2021). Parks and outdoor spaces: How did the number of visi-tors change since the beginning of the pandemic? Erişim Adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/change-visitors-parks-covid
  • Öztaș Karlı, R.G. ve Çelikyay, S.(2020). Akıllı kentlerin gelișiminde covid-19 etkisi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı, 321-338
  • Pinheiro, M.D., Luís, N.C. (2020). COVID-19 could leverage a sustainable built environment. Sustainability, 12(14), 5863. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145863
  • Qu, G., Li, X., Hu, L., Jiang G. (2020). An ımperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Environmental Science and Technology, 54, 3730−3732. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01102
  • Partigöç, N. S., Tarhan, Ç. (2020). Bir pandemi (Covid-19) süreci tecrübesi: kentlerin kırılganlığının azaltılmasında teknolojinin rolü. Şehir & Toplum. Eylül-Aralık 2020, S:17, 89-98.
  • Pintos, P. (2020, 12 Ekim). Seoul city architectural ideas competition: preparing for the post Covıd-19 era. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/949088/seoul-city-architectural-ideas-competition-preparing-for-the- post-covid-19-era?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
  • Polko, A., (2012). Public space development in the context of urban and regio-nal resilience. Journal of Economics and Management. V:10, 48-58. Erişim Ad-resi: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio/278679391_Public_Space_Development_in_the_Context_of_Urban_and_Regional_Resilience
  • Ravenscroft, T. (2020, 24 Mart), Carlo Ratti Associati designs shipping-container intensive care units for coronavirus treatment, Erişim Adresi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/24/shipping-container-intensive- care-units-coronavirus-covid-19-carlo-ratti/
  • Rice, L. (2020). After covid-19: urban design as spatial medicine. Urban Design International. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-020-00142-6
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B.,Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L. ve Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 2539-535. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
  • Sherman, I.W. (2018). Drugs that changed the world: How therapeutic agents sha-ped our lives. New York, NY: CRC Press
  • Skiriene, A.F., Stasiškien, Ž. (2021). COVID-19 and air pollution: measuring pandemic impact to air quality in five European countries. Atmosphere. 12(290). Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030290
  • Spalidoro, B. (2020). How architecture can defend us from germs, bacteria, and viru-ses like covid-19, Erişim Adresi: https://www.workdesign.com/2020/05/healthy-buildings-how-architecture-can-defend-us-from- covid-19/
  • Stanley, J. ve Hansen, R. (2020). People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn’t it top of the agenda? Erişim Adresi: https://Theconversation.Com/People-Love-Theİdea-Of-20-Minute-Neighbourhoods- So-Why-İsnt-İt-Top-Of-The-Agenda-131193
  • Story, M. F., Mueller, J. L. ve Mace, R. L. (1998). The universal design file: desig-ning for people of all ages and abilities. NC State University, The Center for Universal Design.
  • Szczygiel B, Hewitt R. (2000). Nineteenth-century medical landscapes: John H. Rauch, Frederick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bull Hist Med. 2000 Winter; 74(4), 708-34. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2000.0197.
  • Şumnu, U. (2020). Hayat eve sığar mı? Covid-19 ve mimarlığın bağışıklık sistemi. Mimarlık; 413(3), 34-39.
  • Tanyeli, U. (2020, 30 Nisan). Rahatsız oluruz ama balkon yaparız. Milliyet Gazetesi, Erişim Adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/koronaya-karsi-balkona-kostuk-6202078
  • Tekeli, İ. (2020). Covid.19 krizi bizim yaşamımızı ve kentlerimizi nasıl etkili-yor ve etkileyecek? [PDF belgesi]. Taslak metin. Erişim Adresi: https://metu.academia.edu/%C4%B0lhanTekeli/Drafts
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoić, S. K., …, Sanesi, G., (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, V: 56, 126888, Erişim Adresi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S1618866720307056
  • VBenzeri. (2020a, 1 Mayıs). Cura. Erişim Adresi: https://www.vbenzeri.com/mimari/cura
  • VBenzeri. (2020b, 16 Mayıs). Şeffaf ve izole. Erişim Adresi: https://www.vbenzeri.com/mimari/seffaf-izole
  • Wainwright, O. (2020, 13 Nisan). Smart lifts, lonely workers, no towers or tourists: Architecture after coronavirus. The Guardian. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/smart-lifts-lonely- workers-no-towers-architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus
  • Wolf M. (2016). Rethinking urban epidemiology: natures, networks and mate-rialities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 40(5): 958–982.
  • World Health Organization (2020, 11 Mart). Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail /who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a syste-matic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  • Yeung, J. (2021, 16 Mart). Pandemic lockdowns improved air quality in 84% of countries worldwide, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/16/health/world-air-quality-report-intl-hnk-scn/index.html
  • Zamfir, M., Ciobanu, I., Marin, A. G., ve Zamfir, M.V. (2021). Smart dwellings: architectural perspectives opened by COVID-19 pandemic. Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal, 5(2), 33–49. Erişim Adresi: http://scrd.eu/index.php/scrd/article/view/102
  • Zizek, S. (2020, 18 Mart). Gözetlemek ve cezalandırmak mı? Evet, lütfen! Erişim Adresi: https://terrabayt.com /dusunce/gozetlemek-ve-cezalandirmak-mi-evet-lutfen/

COVID-19 Salgını Sonrasında Yapılı Çevrenin Fiziksel ve Kavramsal Dönüşümü Üzerine Öngörüler

Yıl 2021, , 10 - 45, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.871661

Öz

2019 yılı sonu itibarıyla ortaya çıkan ve 2020 yılının ilk çeyreğinde tüm dünyayı etkisi altına alan COVID-19 salgını daha önce öngörülmemiş biçimde gerek sosyal hayatı gerekse yapılı çevrenin kullanım biçimini dönüştürmüştür. Bu dönüşüm ve yaşam alışkanlıklarının değişimi, salgın süreci sonrasında da şimdiye dek süregelen bir takım kalıplaşmış kabullerin yıkılmasına, yeni koşullara uygun yapılı çevre standartların ve bunların oluşturulabilmesi için izlenecek yaklaşımların belirlenmesine neden olacaktır. Bu makale kapsamında içinden geçmekte olduğumuz süreçte COVID-19 salgınının sosyal hayat ve yapılı çevre üzerinde oluşturduğu etkileri tespit etmek ve bu süreçte kazanılan deneyimin gelecekte daha sağlıklı bir yapılı çevreye sahip olabilmek adına tasarım yaklaşımlarında ne gibi dönüşümler yaratacağı üzerine öngörülerde bulunmak hedeflenmiştir. Salgın sonrası ortaya çıkacağı öngörülen bu yaklaşımlar yalnızca COVID-19 benzeri virütik kökenli salgınlara karşı değil, iklim krizi ve antropojenik nedenlerle bozulan ekolojik dengeden kaynaklanan ve kaynaklanacak tüm krizlere karşı da yapılı çevreyi daha donanımlı hale getirecektir.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M., Larcom, S., Keil, R., Ghojeh, M., Lindsay, T., Camponeschi, C. Ve Parnell, S. (2020). Seeing covid-19 through an urban lens. Nature Sustainabi-lity. V:3, 977-978. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41893-020-00620-3
  • Agamben, G. (2020, 27 Şubat). Covid-19: Gerekçesiz bir acil durumun yarattığı istisna hali. Erişim Adresi: https://terrabayt.com/covid19/covid-19-gerekcesiz-bir-acil-durumun-yarattigi-istisna-hali/
  • Ak, Ö. (2020a). Soğuk algınlığından ölümcül salgına! Küresel kabus. Bilim ve Teknik, 53(628), 12-27.
  • Ak. Ö. (2020b). Pandemi mimarisi: Yeni normal evler, ofisler. Bilim ve Teknik, 53(633), 32-45.
  • Alter, L. (2020). Architecture after the coronavirus. Erişim Adresi: https://www.treehugger.com/green- architecture/architecture-after-coronavirus.html
  • Arın Ensarioğlu, S. (2020). Pandemi sürecinin "evrensel tasarım" ilkelerine etkileri. International Journal of Social Humanities Sciences Research (JSHSR). 7(55):1673-1680; doi: 10.26450/jshsr.1913
  • Ayseli, Y.İ., Aytekin, N., Buyukkayhan, D., Aslan, İ. ve Ayseli, M.T. (2020). Food policy, nutrition and nutraceuticals in the prevention and manage-ment of COVID-19: Advice for healthcare professionals, Trends in Food Sci-ence & Technology, 105, 186-199, Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tifs.2020.09.001.
  • Bal, G. (2021, 27 Ocak). Koç holding, 35 bin ofis çalışanı için evden çalışmanın kalıcı hale geldiğini duyurdu. Cumhuriyet. Erişim Adresi: https://www.cumhuriyet.com.tr/haber/koc-holding-35-bin-ofis-calisani-icin- evden-calismanin-kalici-hale-geldigini-duyurdu-1809111
  • Beard, J. A., Bearden, A. ve Striker, R. (2011). Vitamin D and the anti-viral state. Journal of Clinical Virology, 50(3), 194–200.
  • Belfiglio, V.J. (2017). Control of epidemics in the Roman army: 27 B.C.–A.D. 476. Int. J. Community Med. Public Health, 4, 1387.
  • Bereitschaft, B., Scheller, D. (2020). How might the covid-19 pandemic affect 21st century urban design, planning and developement. Urban Science. 4 (0056), Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/urbansci4040056
  • Birleşmiş Milletler. (2017). Yeni kentsel gündem. Erişim Adresi: https://uploads.habitat3.org/hb3/NUA- Turkish.pdf?v=2
  • Booth, W., Spolar, C., Rolfe, P. (2020, 31 Mart). Vast coronavirus ‘field hospi-tals’’ fill spaces that hosted wedding expos and dog shows. The Washing-ton Post. Erişim Adresi: https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/europe /coronavirus-field-hospitals/2020/03/31/3a05ba28-6f0f-11ea-a156-0048b62cdb51_story.html
  • Brownell, B. (2020, 26 Mart). Materials and coatings that reduce surface transmis-sion of bacteria and viruses. Erişim Adresi: https://www.architectmagazine.com/technology/materials-and-coatings-that-reduce- surface-transmission-of-bacteria-and-viruses_o
  • Bruun, C. (1991). The water supply of ancient Rome: A study of roman imperial administration. Helsinki, Finland: Societas scientiarum Fennica
  • Budds, D. (2020). Design in the age of pandemics. Erişim Adresi: https://www.curbed.com/2020/3/17/21178962 /design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine
  • Burtscher J, Burtscher M, Millet GP. (2020). (Indoor) isolation, stress, and phy-sical inactivity: Vicious circles accelerated by COVID-19? Scand J Med Sci Sports, 30(8):1544-1545. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1111/sms.13706.
  • Capolongo, S., Rebecchi, A., Buffoli, M., Appolloni, L., Signorelli, C., Fara, G.M., D’Alessandro, D. (2020). Covıd-19 and cities: From urban health stra-tegies to the pandemic challenge. A decalogue of public health opportuni- ties. Acta Biomed. V:91, 13–22.
  • Ciravoğlu, A. (2019). Sıra mimarlıkta, hemen şimdi!. Mimarlık. 409(5). 37-41
  • Chen, L.K., Yuan, R.P., Ji, X.J., Lu, X.Y., Xiao, J., Tao, J.B., …, Jiang, L.Z. (2021). Modular composite building in urgent emergency engineering projects: A case study of accelerated design and construction of Wuhan thunder god mountain /l eishenshan hospital to covıd-19 pandemic. Automation in Construction. 124 (103555), Erişim Adresi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0926580521000066
  • Cutieru, A. (2020, 18 Aralık). How has public space changed in 2020? Erişim Ad-resi: https://www.archdaily.com /953517/how-has-public-space-changed-in-2020?ad_medium=gallery
  • Çevik, M., Kuppalli, K., Kindrachuk, J., Peiris M. (2020). Virology, transmis-sion, and pathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2. BMJ, 371:m3862. Erişim Adresi: doi: https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m3862
  • Dietz, L., Horve, P.F., Coil, D.A., Fretz, M., Eisen, J.A., Van Den Wymelenberg, K. (2020). 2019 Novel coronavirus (Covıd-19) pandemic: Built environment considerations to reduce transmission. mSystems., 5(2):e00245-20. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1128/mSystems.00245-20.
  • Doremalen, N., Bushmaker, T., Morris, D.H., Holbrook, M.G., Gamble, A., Wil-liamson B.N.,…, Munster, V.J. (2020). Aerosol and surface stability of SARS. The New England Journal of Medicine, 382:1564-1567. Erişim Adresi: doi: 10.1056/NEJMc2004973
  • Ebert; G. (2020, 21 Nisan). Bright tape promoting social distancing transforms public architecture in Singapore. Erişim Adresi: https://www.thisiscolossal.com/2020/04/tape-singapore-social-distancing/
  • Gökkoyun, S.C. (2020, 10 Mayıs). Tüketicilerin yarısı kovid-19 sonrası cadde ma-ğazalarını tercih edecek, Erişim Adresi: https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/tuketicilerin-yarisi-kovid-19-sonrasi-cadde-magazalarini-tercih- edecek/1835575
  • Gündoğmuş, B. (2020). Post-pandemi sürecinin şehir kurgusunda yönetişim ihtiyacı. B. Pakdemirli, Z. Bayraktar, A. N. Ünalmış ve S. Takmaz (der.). Pandemi ekseninde küresel değişim ve yeni ekonomik düzen içinde (ss. 163-178). Ankara: Akçağ Yay.
  • Harrouk, C. (2020a, 29 Nisan). The gastro safe zone: a public space proposal that considers social distancing measures. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/938599/the-gastro-safe-zone-a-public-space- proposal-respecting-social-distancing-measures
  • Harrouk, C. (2020b, 23 Haziran). Socially distant outdoor yoga domes ınvade the open spaces of Toronto. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/942247/socially-distant-outdoor-yoga-domes-invade-the-open-spaces- of-toronto
  • Harvey, D. (2020, 22 Mart). COVID-19 günlerinde antikapitalist politika. Erişim Adresi: https://www.polenekoloji.org/covid-19-gunlerinde-antikapitalist-politika/
  • Hasol, D. (2020, 30 Nisan). Ya kapatıyorlar ya da depoya çeviriyorlar. Milliyet Gazetesi, Erişim Adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/koronaya-karsi-balkona-kostuk-6202078
  • Hedlund , R., Diamond, T.K. ve Uversky, V.N. (2020) The latitude hypothesis, vitamin D, and SARS-Co-V2, Journal of Biomolecular Structure and Dynamics, Erişim Adresi: doi:10.1080/07391102.2020.1794973.
  • Hobday, R.A. ve Dancer, S.J. (2013). Roles of sunlight and natural ventilation for controlling infection: historical and current perspectives. Journal of Hospital Infection, 84(4), 271-282, Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016 /j.jhin.2013.04.011.
  • Honey-Roses, J., Anguelovski, I., Bohigas, J., Chireh, V., Daher, C., Konijnen-dijk, C., … Nieuwenhuijsen, M. (2020, 21 Nisan). The impact of covid-19 on public space: A review of the emerging questions. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.31219/osf.io/rf7xa
  • Hosseini, M. R., Fouladi-Fard, R., & Aali, R. (2020). COVID-19 pandemic and sick building syndrome. Indoor and Built Environment, 29(8), 1181–1183. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1177/1420326X20935644
  • Johns Hopkins University of Medicine. (2021). Erişim Adresi: https://coronavirus.jhu.edu/map.html
  • Jordan, D.P. (1995). Transforming Paris: The life and labors of Baron Haussman. University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA
  • Kaika, M. (2017). “Don’t call me resilient again!”: The new urban agenda as immunology …or… what happens when communities refuse to be vacci-nated with “smart cities” and indicators. Environment & Urbanization. 29(1), 89-102. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1177/0956247816684763
  • Keenan, J.M. (2020). Covid, resilience, and the built environment. Environment Systems and Decisions. 40, 216–221.
  • Klein, K. (2020, 13 Nisan). Woods Bagot's modular AD-APT modifies apartments for working from home. Erişim Adresi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/04/13/woods-bagots-modular-ad-apt-apartments-working-from- home/
  • Koca, A. ve Tutal, O. (2021). Covid-19 salgın sürecinde değişen dinamikler üzerinden yeni kamusal alan olasılıkları. The Turkish Online Journal of De-sign Art and Communication. 11(2), 360-377.
  • Kuhn, T. (1982). Bilimsel devrimlerin yapısı. N. Kuyaş (çev). İstanbul: Alan Yay.
  • Kuyaş, N. (2020). Karantina kozasında karalamalar. E. Batur (der.). 444 içinde. (ss:69-72). İstanbul: Sel Yay.
  • Lal, R. (2020). Home gardening and urban agriculture for advancing food and nutritional security in response to the COVID-19 pandemic. Food Sec. V:12, 871–876. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1007/s12571-020-01058-3
  • Megahed, N.A., Ghoneim, E.M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from covid-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, V:61, 102350. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2020.102350.
  • Moreno, C.,Allam, Z., Chabaud, D., Gall, C., Pratlong, F. (2021). Introducing the “15-minute city”: Sustainability, resilience and place identity in future post-pandemic cities. Smart Cities, 4, 93–111. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org /10.3390/smartcities
  • Morse, S.S., Mazet, J., Woolhouse, M., Parrish, C. R., Carroll, D., Karesh, W. B., …, Daszak, P. (2012). Prediction and prevention of the next pandemic zoo-nosis. The Lancet, 380 (9857), 1956-1965. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org /10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61684-5.
  • Newman, P., Soderlund, J. (2015). Biophilic architecture: a review of the ratio-nale and outcomes. AIMS Environ. Sci., 2, 950–969.
  • Noe, R. (2020, 21 Nisan). Definitely not "westworld:" conceptual design for a social distancing park: Precht's "park de la distance”. Erişim Adresi: https://www.core77.com/posts/97834/Definitely-Not-Westworld-Conceptual- Design-for-a-Social-Distancing-Park?utm_source=core77&utm_medium=from_title
  • Our World in Data. (2021). Parks and outdoor spaces: How did the number of visi-tors change since the beginning of the pandemic? Erişim Adresi: https://ourworldindata.org/grapher/change-visitors-parks-covid
  • Öztaș Karlı, R.G. ve Çelikyay, S.(2020). Akıllı kentlerin gelișiminde covid-19 etkisi. Van Yüzüncü Yıl Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü Dergisi, Salgın Hastalıklar Özel Sayısı, 321-338
  • Pinheiro, M.D., Luís, N.C. (2020). COVID-19 could leverage a sustainable built environment. Sustainability, 12(14), 5863. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145863
  • Qu, G., Li, X., Hu, L., Jiang G. (2020). An ımperative need for research on the role of environmental factors in transmission of novel coronavirus (COVID-19). Environmental Science and Technology, 54, 3730−3732. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.0c01102
  • Partigöç, N. S., Tarhan, Ç. (2020). Bir pandemi (Covid-19) süreci tecrübesi: kentlerin kırılganlığının azaltılmasında teknolojinin rolü. Şehir & Toplum. Eylül-Aralık 2020, S:17, 89-98.
  • Pintos, P. (2020, 12 Ekim). Seoul city architectural ideas competition: preparing for the post Covıd-19 era. Erişim Adresi: https://www.archdaily.com/949088/seoul-city-architectural-ideas-competition-preparing-for-the- post-covid-19-era?ad_source=search&ad_medium=search_result_all
  • Polko, A., (2012). Public space development in the context of urban and regio-nal resilience. Journal of Economics and Management. V:10, 48-58. Erişim Ad-resi: https://www.researchgate.net/publicatio/278679391_Public_Space_Development_in_the_Context_of_Urban_and_Regional_Resilience
  • Ravenscroft, T. (2020, 24 Mart), Carlo Ratti Associati designs shipping-container intensive care units for coronavirus treatment, Erişim Adresi: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/24/shipping-container-intensive- care-units-coronavirus-covid-19-carlo-ratti/
  • Rice, L. (2020). After covid-19: urban design as spatial medicine. Urban Design International. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41289-020-00142-6
  • Serafini, G., Parmigiani, B.,Amerio, A., Aguglia, A., Sher, L. ve Amore, M. (2020). The psychological impact of COVID-19 on the mental health in the general population, QJM: An International Journal of Medicine, 113(8), 2539-535. doi: 10.1093/qjmed/hcaa201
  • Sherman, I.W. (2018). Drugs that changed the world: How therapeutic agents sha-ped our lives. New York, NY: CRC Press
  • Skiriene, A.F., Stasiškien, Ž. (2021). COVID-19 and air pollution: measuring pandemic impact to air quality in five European countries. Atmosphere. 12(290). Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.3390/atmos12030290
  • Spalidoro, B. (2020). How architecture can defend us from germs, bacteria, and viru-ses like covid-19, Erişim Adresi: https://www.workdesign.com/2020/05/healthy-buildings-how-architecture-can-defend-us-from- covid-19/
  • Stanley, J. ve Hansen, R. (2020). People love the idea of 20-minute neighbourhoods. So why isn’t it top of the agenda? Erişim Adresi: https://Theconversation.Com/People-Love-Theİdea-Of-20-Minute-Neighbourhoods- So-Why-İsnt-İt-Top-Of-The-Agenda-131193
  • Story, M. F., Mueller, J. L. ve Mace, R. L. (1998). The universal design file: desig-ning for people of all ages and abilities. NC State University, The Center for Universal Design.
  • Szczygiel B, Hewitt R. (2000). Nineteenth-century medical landscapes: John H. Rauch, Frederick Law Olmsted, and the search for salubrity. Bull Hist Med. 2000 Winter; 74(4), 708-34. doi: 10.1353/bhm.2000.0197.
  • Şumnu, U. (2020). Hayat eve sığar mı? Covid-19 ve mimarlığın bağışıklık sistemi. Mimarlık; 413(3), 34-39.
  • Tanyeli, U. (2020, 30 Nisan). Rahatsız oluruz ama balkon yaparız. Milliyet Gazetesi, Erişim Adresi: https://www.milliyet.com.tr/gundem/koronaya-karsi-balkona-kostuk-6202078
  • Tekeli, İ. (2020). Covid.19 krizi bizim yaşamımızı ve kentlerimizi nasıl etkili-yor ve etkileyecek? [PDF belgesi]. Taslak metin. Erişim Adresi: https://metu.academia.edu/%C4%B0lhanTekeli/Drafts
  • Ugolini, F., Massetti, L., Calaza-Martínez, P., Cariñanos, P., Dobbs, C., Ostoić, S. K., …, Sanesi, G., (2020). Effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on the use and perceptions of urban green space: An international exploratory study, Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, V: 56, 126888, Erişim Adresi: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article /pii/S1618866720307056
  • VBenzeri. (2020a, 1 Mayıs). Cura. Erişim Adresi: https://www.vbenzeri.com/mimari/cura
  • VBenzeri. (2020b, 16 Mayıs). Şeffaf ve izole. Erişim Adresi: https://www.vbenzeri.com/mimari/seffaf-izole
  • Wainwright, O. (2020, 13 Nisan). Smart lifts, lonely workers, no towers or tourists: Architecture after coronavirus. The Guardian. Erişim Adresi: https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2020/apr/13/smart-lifts-lonely- workers-no-towers-architecture-after-covid-19-coronavirus
  • Wolf M. (2016). Rethinking urban epidemiology: natures, networks and mate-rialities. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research. 40(5): 958–982.
  • World Health Organization (2020, 11 Mart). Erişim Adresi: https://www.who.int/director-general/speeches/detail /who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020
  • Xiong, J., Lipsitz, O., Nasri, F., Lui, L. M. W., Gill, H., Phan, L., Chen-Li, D., Iacobucci, M., Ho, R., Majeed, A., & McIntyre, R. S. (2020). Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: a syste-matic review. Journal of Affective Disorders, 277. Erişim Adresi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2020.08.001
  • Yeung, J. (2021, 16 Mart). Pandemic lockdowns improved air quality in 84% of countries worldwide, Erişim Adresi: https://edition.cnn.com/2021/03/16/health/world-air-quality-report-intl-hnk-scn/index.html
  • Zamfir, M., Ciobanu, I., Marin, A. G., ve Zamfir, M.V. (2021). Smart dwellings: architectural perspectives opened by COVID-19 pandemic. Smart Cities and Regional Development (SCRD) Journal, 5(2), 33–49. Erişim Adresi: http://scrd.eu/index.php/scrd/article/view/102
  • Zizek, S. (2020, 18 Mart). Gözetlemek ve cezalandırmak mı? Evet, lütfen! Erişim Adresi: https://terrabayt.com /dusunce/gozetlemek-ve-cezalandirmak-mi-evet-lutfen/
Toplam 78 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Sebla Arın Ensarioğlu 0000-0002-7341-4875

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Arın Ensarioğlu, S. (2021). COVID-19 Salgını Sonrasında Yapılı Çevrenin Fiziksel ve Kavramsal Dönüşümü Üzerine Öngörüler. İDEALKENT(COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü), 10-45. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.871661