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Geleceğe Dönüş: COVID-19 Sonrası Mimarlığını 1960’lar Fütürizmi Üzerinden Yorumlama

Yıl 2021, , 564 - 585, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.879088

Öz

COVID-19 pandemisi, mimari ve kentsel mekan ihtiyaçlarını ve pratiklerini değiştirmeye başladı. Bugüne dek pandeminin mimarlık üzerindeki yalnızca kısa vadeli etkileri görülmüştür ve uzun vadeli etkileri hakkında tartışmalar hâlâ devam etmektedir. Bu makale, 1960'larda diğer salgınlar ve savaşlar sonrası yaratılan fütüristik mimari projeler aracılığıyla, pandemi sonrası mimarisinin uzun vadeli sonuçlarını öngörmeyi amaçlar. Bu amaç doğrultusunda bu çalışmada öncelikle 19. yüzyılda başlayan salgınlar sonrası oluşturulan mimari kriterler hakkında literatür taraması yapılmıştır. Ardından, fütürist mimarlık hareketinin üç önemli figürü olan Buckminster Fuller, Reyner Banham ve Archigram, örnek vakalar olarak seçilmiştir. Bu mimarların teorileri ve projeleri, 60lar fütürizminin steril, izole ve teknolojiye dayanan yönlerini vurgulayarak incelenmiştir. COVID-19 salgını sonrası belirlenen sağlıklı çevre kriterlerini ve kısa dönemde ortaya çıkan mimari tartışmaları da irdeleyerek, bu mimarların özgün teorileri ve bilimkurgu projeleri, günümüzdeki pandemi sürecinin mekansal pratikleri açısından incelenmiş ve tartışılmıştır. Bu önemli figürlerin eserleri yorumlandığında; teknoloji ve altyapının bireyi özgürleştirdiği, açık-uçlu, göçebe, formsuz bir mimarlık, pandemi sonrası yapılı çevre ile ilişkilendirilebilir.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M. (2020). COVID-19: Lessons for an urban(izing) world. One Earth, 317 - 319.
  • Allam, Z., & Jones, D. (2020). Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]? Land Use Policy, 1 - 5.
  • Alter, L. (2020, April 14). Architecture after the Coronavirus. Treehugger, Retrieved from: https://www.treehugger.com/architecture-after-coronavirus-4847942
  • Banham, R. (1965). "A Home is not a house". Art in America, 2, 70-79.
  • Banham, R. (1967). Theory and design in the first machine age. (2d ed.). New York: Praeger.
  • Betsky, A. (2020, March 12). The coronavirus, meatspace, and architecture. Architect magazine, Retrieved from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/the-coronavirus-meatspace-and-architecture_o
  • Bober, W. & Oktaba, M. (2019). "R.B. Fuller's innovative architectural designs". 7th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering.
  • Brecht, C. & Nikolow, S. (2000). "Displaying the invisible: Volkskrankheiten on exhibition in imperial Germany". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 31(4), 511-530.
  • Budds, D. (2020, March 17). Design in the age of pandemics. Curbed, Retrieved from: https://www.curbed.com /2020/3/17/21178962/design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine
  • CBC. (2020, February 07). How China built two hospitals in two weeks to combat the Coronavirus. CBC Radio, Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/oscar-villains-lynn-beyak-coronavirus-hospitals-weinstein- s-lawyer-the-creator-of-comic-sans-and-more-1.5454398/how-china-built-two-hospitals-in-two-weeks- to-combat-the-coronavirus-1.5454409
  • Chang, V. (2020, April 19). The post-pandemic style. Slate, Retrieved from: https://slate.com/business/2020/04 /coronavirus-architecture-1918-flu-cholera-modernism.html
  • CNA. (2020, April 03). UK opens new hospital erected in conference centre to fight COVID-19. Channel News Asia, Retrieved from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uk-new-hospital-covid-19-coronavirus- conference-centre-12607028
  • Colomina, B. (2008). "X-ray architecture: illness as metaphor". Positions, (0), 30-35.
  • Dejtar, F. (2020, March 27). Is coronavirus pandemic accelerating the digitalization and automation of cities?. Archdaily, Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/936064/is-coronavirus-pandemic-accelerating-the- digitalization-and-automation-of-cities
  • Dreessen, T. (2020, March 04). How COVID-19 will change the design of our cities. Ottawa Business Journal. Retrieved from: https://obj.ca/article/sponsored-architects-dca-how-covid-19-will-change-design-our- cities
  • Fuller, B. R. (1953). "The cardboard house". Perspecta, 2, 28-35.
  • Gorsky, M. (2011). "Public health in the West since 1800". In V. Berridge (Ed.) Public Health in History (pp.42-57). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hatcher, J. (2020, April 23). Modular buildings in the time of COVID-19. Smart Buildings Magazine, Retrieved from: https://smartbuildingsmagazine.com/features/modular-buildings-in-the-time-of-covid-19
  • Jeffery, A. (2020, April 03). Photos of field hospitals set up around the world to treat coronavirus patients. CNBC, Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/03/photos-of-field-hospitals-set-up-around-the-world-to- treat-coronavirus-patients.html
  • Keats, J. (2016). You belong to the universe: Buckminster Fuller and the future. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Keats, J. (2017, September 25). A dome over Manhattan? U.N. in flushing? See the New York that might have been at the Queens Museum. Forbes, Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2017/09 /25/never-built-new-york/?sh=20ba58fa4633
  • Kılıç, B., Şahan, C. & Bahadır, H. (2014). "History and content of public health specialization training and employment policies in the world and Turkey". TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 13(6), 495-504.
  • Klaus, I. (2020, April 06). The post-pandemic urban future is already here. Bloomberg, Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-06/how-will-the-pandemic-transform-urban-space
  • Le Corbusier (1986). Towards a new architecture. (F. Etchells, Trans.). New York: Dover Publications. (Originally published in 1931).
  • Leslie, T. W. (2001). "Energetic geometries: the Dymaxion Map and the skin/structure fusion of Buckminster Fuller's geodesics". Theory, 5(2), 161-170.
  • Lubell, S. (2020, April 22). Commentary: Past pandemics changed the design of cities. Six ways COVID-19 could do the same. Los Angeles Times, Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story /2020-04-22/coronavirus-pandemics-architecture-urban-design
  • Makhno, S. (2020, March 25). Life after Coronavirus: how will the pandemic affect our homes?. Dezeen, Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/25/life-after-coronavirus-impact-homes-design- architecture/
  • Megaheda, N. A., & Ghoneimb, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 1 - 9.
  • Milanogram (Triennale). (2010). Archigram Archival Project, Retrieved From http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=112
  • Molla, R. (2020, April 14). This is the end of the office as we know it. Vox, Retrieved from: https://www.vox.com /recode/2020/4/14/21211789/coronavirus-office-space-work-from-home-design-architecture-real-estate
  • Muggah, R., & Ermacora, T. (2020, April 20). Opinion: Redesigning the COVID-19 city. NPR, Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2020/04/20/839418905/opinion-redesigning-the-covid-19-city
  • Papu, S., & Pal, S. (2020, April 28). Braced for impact: Architectural praxis in a post-pandemic Society (Preprint). Sagepub, Retrieved from: https://advance.sagepub.com/articles /Braced_for_Impact_Architectural_Praxis_in_a_Post-Pandemic_Society/12196959/1
  • Park, S. (2018). Ideals of the body: Architecture, urbanism, and hygiene in post-revolutionary Paris. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • PlastiqueFantastique. (2020). Mobile PPS: Personal protective space for doctors. Plastique Fantastique, Retrieved from: https://plastique-fantastique.de/Mobile-PPS-for-Doctors
  • Porter, D. (1999). Health, civilization and the state: A history of public health from ancient to modern times. London: Routledge.
  • The flaming lips announce “World’s first space bubble concert”. (2020, 11 12). Retrieved from: https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/11/the-flaming-lips-space-bubble-concert/

Back to the Future: Interpretation of Post-COVID-19 Architecture through 1960s Futurism

Yıl 2021, , 564 - 585, 28.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.879088

Öz

COVID-19 has changed configuration and need in architectural and urban space. Today, only the pandemic’s short-term consequences have been seen in architecture, whereas the long-term influences are being discussed. This article aims to look for insight into post-pandemic architecture in the long term through futuristic projects in the 1960s. Therefore, a literature review about post-disease architecture after 19th century epidemics and healthy environment criteria for COVID-19 were conducted in this study. Then, three significant figures of the futurist movement were chosen as case studies: Buckminster Fuller, Reyner Banham, and Archigram. Their distinctive theories and unique science-fiction projects were examined and discussed concerning contagious diseases and pandemic's reflections on spaces. According to the interpretation of these architect’s works and arguments, an open-ended, nomadic, formless architecture in which technology and infrastructure gave the individual better freedom could be associated with the post-pandemic built environment.

Kaynakça

  • Acuto, M. (2020). COVID-19: Lessons for an urban(izing) world. One Earth, 317 - 319.
  • Allam, Z., & Jones, D. (2020). Pandemic stricken cities on lockdown. Where are our planning and design professionals [now, then and into the future]? Land Use Policy, 1 - 5.
  • Alter, L. (2020, April 14). Architecture after the Coronavirus. Treehugger, Retrieved from: https://www.treehugger.com/architecture-after-coronavirus-4847942
  • Banham, R. (1965). "A Home is not a house". Art in America, 2, 70-79.
  • Banham, R. (1967). Theory and design in the first machine age. (2d ed.). New York: Praeger.
  • Betsky, A. (2020, March 12). The coronavirus, meatspace, and architecture. Architect magazine, Retrieved from: https://www.architectmagazine.com/practice/the-coronavirus-meatspace-and-architecture_o
  • Bober, W. & Oktaba, M. (2019). "R.B. Fuller's innovative architectural designs". 7th Annual International Conference on Architecture and Civil Engineering.
  • Brecht, C. & Nikolow, S. (2000). "Displaying the invisible: Volkskrankheiten on exhibition in imperial Germany". Studies in History and Philosophy of Science, 31(4), 511-530.
  • Budds, D. (2020, March 17). Design in the age of pandemics. Curbed, Retrieved from: https://www.curbed.com /2020/3/17/21178962/design-pandemics-coronavirus-quarantine
  • CBC. (2020, February 07). How China built two hospitals in two weeks to combat the Coronavirus. CBC Radio, Retrieved from: https://www.cbc.ca/radio/day6/oscar-villains-lynn-beyak-coronavirus-hospitals-weinstein- s-lawyer-the-creator-of-comic-sans-and-more-1.5454398/how-china-built-two-hospitals-in-two-weeks- to-combat-the-coronavirus-1.5454409
  • Chang, V. (2020, April 19). The post-pandemic style. Slate, Retrieved from: https://slate.com/business/2020/04 /coronavirus-architecture-1918-flu-cholera-modernism.html
  • CNA. (2020, April 03). UK opens new hospital erected in conference centre to fight COVID-19. Channel News Asia, Retrieved from: https://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/world/uk-new-hospital-covid-19-coronavirus- conference-centre-12607028
  • Colomina, B. (2008). "X-ray architecture: illness as metaphor". Positions, (0), 30-35.
  • Dejtar, F. (2020, March 27). Is coronavirus pandemic accelerating the digitalization and automation of cities?. Archdaily, Retrieved from: https://www.archdaily.com/936064/is-coronavirus-pandemic-accelerating-the- digitalization-and-automation-of-cities
  • Dreessen, T. (2020, March 04). How COVID-19 will change the design of our cities. Ottawa Business Journal. Retrieved from: https://obj.ca/article/sponsored-architects-dca-how-covid-19-will-change-design-our- cities
  • Fuller, B. R. (1953). "The cardboard house". Perspecta, 2, 28-35.
  • Gorsky, M. (2011). "Public health in the West since 1800". In V. Berridge (Ed.) Public Health in History (pp.42-57). Maidenhead: Open University Press.
  • Groat, L. & Wang, D. (2013). Architectural research methods. New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Hatcher, J. (2020, April 23). Modular buildings in the time of COVID-19. Smart Buildings Magazine, Retrieved from: https://smartbuildingsmagazine.com/features/modular-buildings-in-the-time-of-covid-19
  • Jeffery, A. (2020, April 03). Photos of field hospitals set up around the world to treat coronavirus patients. CNBC, Retrieved from: https://www.cnbc.com/2020/04/03/photos-of-field-hospitals-set-up-around-the-world-to- treat-coronavirus-patients.html
  • Keats, J. (2016). You belong to the universe: Buckminster Fuller and the future. New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Keats, J. (2017, September 25). A dome over Manhattan? U.N. in flushing? See the New York that might have been at the Queens Museum. Forbes, Retrieved from: https://www.forbes.com/sites/jonathonkeats/2017/09 /25/never-built-new-york/?sh=20ba58fa4633
  • Kılıç, B., Şahan, C. & Bahadır, H. (2014). "History and content of public health specialization training and employment policies in the world and Turkey". TAF Preventive Medicine Bulletin, 13(6), 495-504.
  • Klaus, I. (2020, April 06). The post-pandemic urban future is already here. Bloomberg, Retrieved from: https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-04-06/how-will-the-pandemic-transform-urban-space
  • Le Corbusier (1986). Towards a new architecture. (F. Etchells, Trans.). New York: Dover Publications. (Originally published in 1931).
  • Leslie, T. W. (2001). "Energetic geometries: the Dymaxion Map and the skin/structure fusion of Buckminster Fuller's geodesics". Theory, 5(2), 161-170.
  • Lubell, S. (2020, April 22). Commentary: Past pandemics changed the design of cities. Six ways COVID-19 could do the same. Los Angeles Times, Retrieved from: https://www.latimes.com/entertainment-arts/story /2020-04-22/coronavirus-pandemics-architecture-urban-design
  • Makhno, S. (2020, March 25). Life after Coronavirus: how will the pandemic affect our homes?. Dezeen, Retrieved from: https://www.dezeen.com/2020/03/25/life-after-coronavirus-impact-homes-design- architecture/
  • Megaheda, N. A., & Ghoneimb, E. M. (2020). Antivirus-built environment: Lessons learned from COVID-19 pandemic. Sustainable Cities and Society, 1 - 9.
  • Milanogram (Triennale). (2010). Archigram Archival Project, Retrieved From http://archigram.westminster.ac.uk/project.php?id=112
  • Molla, R. (2020, April 14). This is the end of the office as we know it. Vox, Retrieved from: https://www.vox.com /recode/2020/4/14/21211789/coronavirus-office-space-work-from-home-design-architecture-real-estate
  • Muggah, R., & Ermacora, T. (2020, April 20). Opinion: Redesigning the COVID-19 city. NPR, Retrieved from: https://www.npr.org/2020/04/20/839418905/opinion-redesigning-the-covid-19-city
  • Papu, S., & Pal, S. (2020, April 28). Braced for impact: Architectural praxis in a post-pandemic Society (Preprint). Sagepub, Retrieved from: https://advance.sagepub.com/articles /Braced_for_Impact_Architectural_Praxis_in_a_Post-Pandemic_Society/12196959/1
  • Park, S. (2018). Ideals of the body: Architecture, urbanism, and hygiene in post-revolutionary Paris. Pittsburgh, Pa.: University of Pittsburgh Press.
  • PlastiqueFantastique. (2020). Mobile PPS: Personal protective space for doctors. Plastique Fantastique, Retrieved from: https://plastique-fantastique.de/Mobile-PPS-for-Doctors
  • Porter, D. (1999). Health, civilization and the state: A history of public health from ancient to modern times. London: Routledge.
  • The flaming lips announce “World’s first space bubble concert”. (2020, 11 12). Retrieved from: https://consequenceofsound.net/2020/11/the-flaming-lips-space-bubble-concert/
Toplam 37 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Elif Öztek 0000-0002-3711-180X

Bilge Karakaş 0000-0003-2078-0836

Yayımlanma Tarihi 28 Eylül 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021

Kaynak Göster

APA Öztek, E., & Karakaş, B. (2021). Back to the Future: Interpretation of Post-COVID-19 Architecture through 1960s Futurism. İDEALKENT(COVID-19 Sonrası Kentsel Kamusal Mekânların Dönüşümü), 564-585. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.879088