Quarantine as a Simulation of the Future Development of Spatiality
Yıl 2022,
, 347 - 372, 31.12.2022
Ece Buldan
Öz
In the age of information, the production of space includes two different but reciprocal layers, which are physical and digital. Although domination of one to the other always demonstrates change according to sociability, historicality, and spatiality, the general disposition is towards digital spaces. This study aims to demonstrate the transformation of spatiality in isolated days caused by COVID-19 pandemic disease that includes two steps which are transition from outside to inside and from real life to virtual life. For that purpose, after gathering broad information from the social media accounts of people, who are working from home during the quarantine, were traced. Then, archival surveys were held to find the trend hashtags and the correction of these hashtags was supported with the Google Trends graphs. The data obtained from observations and Google Trends results were evaluated within the framework of the production of space that changed with Manuel Castells' space of flows and space of places and, Paul Virilio's Speed in the media theories. The results show that the transition of society from outside to inside has several adaptation phases, and then the space of places is needed even at the highest level of involvement in the space of flows.
Teşekkür
A special thank goes to Prof. Dr. Ipek Akpınar for her comments and feedbacks. I also would like to give my thanks to Assist. Prof. İpek Ek, Ms.A. Ozan Akbaş, Ms.Sc. Gizem Nur Aydemir and all other interviees who made a big contribution during my research phase.
Kaynakça
- Albrechts, L., & Coppens, T. (2003). Megacorridors: Striking a balance between the space of flows and the space of places. Journal of Transport Geography, 11(3), 215–24.
- Armitage, J. (2001). Virilio live: Selected interviews. London: Sage.
- Aykutalp, A. (2017). Hız siyaseti: Paul Virilio’nun dromoloji kuramı. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 1(61), 429–40.
- Ayu, A. P. & Sulistyo, D. E. (2020). A shift in the articulation of urban society’s working space. International Review of Humanities Studies 5(1), 303–19.
- Batty, M. (1993). The geography of cyberspace. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20(6), 615-16.
- Bedyński, W. (2020). Liminality: Black death 700 Years Later. What lessons are for us from the medieval pandemic? Society Register, 4(3), 129–144. doi: 10.14746/sr.2020.4.3.07.
- Benjamin, A. (1989). Eisenman and the housing of tradition. Oxford University Press, 12(1), 47–54.
- Castells, M. (1978). Collective consumption and urban contradictions in advanced capitalism. In City, Class and Power, (pp. 15-37). New York: The Macmillan Press.
- Castells, M. (1999). Grassrooting the space of flows. Urban Geography, 20(4), 294-302.
- Castells, M. (2004). Informationalism, networks, and the network society: A theoretical blueprint. In The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective, (pp. 3-49). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar publishing.
- Castells, M. (2005). Space of flows, space of places: Materials for a theory of urbanism in The Information Age. In Sanyal Bishwapriya (Ed.), Comparative Planning Cultures, (pp. 45–67). New York, London: Routledge.
- Cemali, B. (2020). Karantina döneminde mekanların önem kazanması, mekan algısı ve mekanları daha işlevsel kullanabilmenin yolları. Arkitera. Retrieved from https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/karantina-doneminde-mekanlarin-onem-kazanmasi-mekan-algisi-ve-mekanlari-daha-islevsel-kullanabilmenin-yollari/ (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Chung, C. K. L., Xu, J., & Zhang, M. (2020). Geographies of Covid-19: How space and virus shape each other. Asian Geographer, 37(2), 99-116. doi: 10.1080/10225706.2020.1767423.
- Cubitt, S. (1999). Virilio and New Media. Theory, Culture & Society, 16(5–6), 127–142.
- De Certeau, M. (1984). Practice of everyday life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Elden, S. (2009). Space I. In R. Kitchin & N. Thrift (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, (pp. 262-68). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Elwell, J. S. (2014). The transmediated self: Life between the digital and the analog. Convergence, 20(2), 233–249.
- Euronews. (2020). Virtual museums and music streams: Culture for Coronavirus confinement. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/18/virtual-museums-and-music-streams-culture-for-coronavirus-confinement.
- Gessen, M. (2020). The political consequences of loneliness and isolation during the pandemic. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-political-consequences-of-loneliness-and-isolation-during-the-pandemic?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=onsite-share&utm_brand=the-new-yorker&utm_social-type=earned (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Ghulyan, H. (2017). A Reading of the structural and conceptual framework of Lefebvre’s theory of space. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26(3), 1–29.
- Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2), 165–185.
- Google Trends (2020). Retrieved from https://trends.google.com/trends/?geo=TR (Accessed: June 14, 2020).
- Harvey, D. (1992). Social justice, postmodernism and the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 16(4), 588-601. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00198.x.
- Heidegger, M. (1971) Building, dwelling, thinking. In Poetry, Language, Thought, (pp. 141-61), New York: HarperCollins.
- Horan, T. A. (2001). Digital places: Design considerations for integrating electronic space with physical place. The Planning Review, 37(144), 12–19. doi: 10.1080/02513625.2001.10556763.
- Kant, I. (2003). Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Koolhaas, R. (2002). Junkspace. October, 100, Obsolescence, 175-190.
- Larkin, I. (2020). #MyPandemicSurvivalPlan: Uplifting hashtags to connect us during the Coronavirus pandemic. Marieclaire. Retrieved from https://www.marieclaire.com.au/covid-19-coronavirus-follow-instagram-twitter-tiktok-hashtags-stay-connected (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. doi: 10.2307/490789.
- Lempinen, E. (2020) The pandemic could open a door to new technology — and dramatic innovation — in education. Research UC Berkeley. Retrieved from https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/pandemic-could-open-door-new-technology-and-dramatic-innovation-education (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Lexico (2020). Instagrammable | Definition of instagrammable by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Instagrammable. Retrieved from https://www.lexico.com/definition/instagrammable (Accessed: June 25, 2020).
- Light, J. S. (1996). Developing the virtual landscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14(2), 127–131.
- Lilley, K. D. (2015). Urban planning after the black death: Townscape transformation in later Medieval England (1350-1530). Urban History, 42(1), 22-42. doi: 10.1017/S0963926814000492
- Low, S. & Smart, A. (2020). City & society thoughts about public space during Covid-19 pandemic. City & Society, 21(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1111/ciso.12260.
- Luke, T. W. and Ó Tuathail, G. (1998). Global flawmations, local fundemantalisms, and fast geopolitics: ‘America’ in an accelerating world order. In A. Herod, G. O. Tuathail, & S. M. Roberts (Eds.), an Unruly World?: Globalization, Governance and Geography (pp. 72-94). London: Routledge.
- McGuire, S. (2019). Virilio, the ‘infra’ urban and the logic of big data. Media Theory, 3(2), 121–132.
- Media Update (2020). Seven trending hashtags about COVID-19 on social media. Retrieved from https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/social/148423/seven-trending-hashtags-about-covid-19-on-social-media (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Mitchell, W. J. (2002). E-bodies, e-building, e-cities. In W. W. Braham & J. A. Hale (Eds.) (2012), Rethinking Technology, (pp. 406-15). London: Routledge.
- Mütterlein, J., & Fuchs, C. (2019). Digital technologies and their influence on spaces. Twenty-Third Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems.
- Poell, T. & Van Dijck, J. (2016). Constructing public space: Global perspectives on social media and popular contestation. International Journal of Communication, 10(1), 226–234.
- Shahzad, B., Lali, I., Nawaz, M. S., Aslam W., Mustafa R. & Mashkoor, A. (2017). Discovery and classification of user interests on social media. Information Discovery and Delivery, 45(3), 130–38. doi: 10.1108/IDD-03-2017-0023.
- Soja, E. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge: Blackwell.
- The Economist, (2020). Visible and vocal: The gig economy. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/china/2020/04/03/delivery-apps-have-transformed-urban-life-in-china.
- Valizadeh, P., & Iranmanesh, A. (2021). Inside out, exploring residential spaces during COVID-19 lockdown from the perspective of architecture students, European Planning Studies, 30(2), 211-26.
- Veikou, M. (2016). Space in texts and space as text: A new approach to Byzantine spatial notions. Scandinavian Journal of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 2, 143-75.
- Virilio, P. (1986). Speed and politics: An essay on Dromology. Translated by Mark Polizzotti. New York: Semiotext.
- Virilio, P. (1993). The third interval: A critical transition. In V. Andermatt-Conley (Ed.), Rethinking Technologies, London: University Of Minnesota Press.
- Virilio, P. (1994). The vision machine. London: Indiana University Press.
- Virilio, P. (2001.) Strategy of deception. Translated by C. Turner, London & New York: Verso.
- Virilio, P. & Lotringer, S. (1983). Pure war. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e)
- Walker, E. &Virilio, P. (2001). Paul Virilio on Georges Perec. The architectural association Files, 45/46, 15–18.
- WHO. (2020a). World health organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/ (Accessed: June 21, 2020).
- WHO. (2020b). Director-General’s opening Remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
- WHO. (2020c). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 75. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200404-sitrep-75-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_4.
- WHO. (2020d). Advice for public. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
- WHO. (2021). Listings of WHO's response to COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline.
Mekânsallığın Gelecek Gelişmelerinin Simülasyonu Olarak Karantina
Yıl 2022,
, 347 - 372, 31.12.2022
Ece Buldan
Öz
Bilgi çağında, mekânın üretimi fiziksel ve dijital olarak iç içe geçmiş iki katmandan oluşmaktadır. Bu iki katmandan birinin diğerini sosyabilite, tarihsellik ve mekânsallık olarak baskılaması değişkenlik gösterse de, genel yönelim dijital mekânlara doğru olmuştur. Bu çalışma COVID-19 pandemisi sürecinde mekânsallaşmanın dönüşümünü iki adım olarak ele almıştır. Bunlardan birincisi dış mekândan iç mekâna geçiş, diğeri ise gerçek hayattan sanal hayata geçiştir. Bu amaç doğrultusunda, karantina sürecinde evden çalışanların sosyal medya hesapları gözlemlenerek genel bir bilgi oluşturulmuştur. Ardından arşiv taraması yöntemiyle insanların en çok kullandıkları etiketler araştırılmış ve bu veriler Google Trends grafikleriyle desteklenmiştir. Google’da araştırılma oranı artış gösteren etiketlere ve gözlemlere bağlı olarak süreçler takip edilmiştir. Elde edilen veriler Manuel Castells’in akımların mekânı ve yerlerin mekânı ile Paul Virilio’nun medyadaki hız teorileriyle değişim gösteren mekânın üretimi çerçevesinde değerlendirilmiştir. Sonuçlar toplumun dış mekândan iç mekâna geçişinin birkaç adaptasyon evresine sahip olduğunu ve sonrasında da akımlar mekânına en dâhil olunan zamanda bile yerlerin mekânına ihtiyaç duyulduğunu göstermektedir.
Kaynakça
- Albrechts, L., & Coppens, T. (2003). Megacorridors: Striking a balance between the space of flows and the space of places. Journal of Transport Geography, 11(3), 215–24.
- Armitage, J. (2001). Virilio live: Selected interviews. London: Sage.
- Aykutalp, A. (2017). Hız siyaseti: Paul Virilio’nun dromoloji kuramı. The Journal of Academic Social Science Studies, 1(61), 429–40.
- Ayu, A. P. & Sulistyo, D. E. (2020). A shift in the articulation of urban society’s working space. International Review of Humanities Studies 5(1), 303–19.
- Batty, M. (1993). The geography of cyberspace. Environment and Planning B: Planning and Design, 20(6), 615-16.
- Bedyński, W. (2020). Liminality: Black death 700 Years Later. What lessons are for us from the medieval pandemic? Society Register, 4(3), 129–144. doi: 10.14746/sr.2020.4.3.07.
- Benjamin, A. (1989). Eisenman and the housing of tradition. Oxford University Press, 12(1), 47–54.
- Castells, M. (1978). Collective consumption and urban contradictions in advanced capitalism. In City, Class and Power, (pp. 15-37). New York: The Macmillan Press.
- Castells, M. (1999). Grassrooting the space of flows. Urban Geography, 20(4), 294-302.
- Castells, M. (2004). Informationalism, networks, and the network society: A theoretical blueprint. In The Network Society: A Cross-cultural Perspective, (pp. 3-49). Cheltenham: Edward Elgar publishing.
- Castells, M. (2005). Space of flows, space of places: Materials for a theory of urbanism in The Information Age. In Sanyal Bishwapriya (Ed.), Comparative Planning Cultures, (pp. 45–67). New York, London: Routledge.
- Cemali, B. (2020). Karantina döneminde mekanların önem kazanması, mekan algısı ve mekanları daha işlevsel kullanabilmenin yolları. Arkitera. Retrieved from https://www.arkitera.com/gorus/karantina-doneminde-mekanlarin-onem-kazanmasi-mekan-algisi-ve-mekanlari-daha-islevsel-kullanabilmenin-yollari/ (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Chung, C. K. L., Xu, J., & Zhang, M. (2020). Geographies of Covid-19: How space and virus shape each other. Asian Geographer, 37(2), 99-116. doi: 10.1080/10225706.2020.1767423.
- Cubitt, S. (1999). Virilio and New Media. Theory, Culture & Society, 16(5–6), 127–142.
- De Certeau, M. (1984). Practice of everyday life. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
- Elden, S. (2009). Space I. In R. Kitchin & N. Thrift (Eds.), International Encyclopedia of Human Geography, (pp. 262-68). Amsterdam: Elsevier.
- Elwell, J. S. (2014). The transmediated self: Life between the digital and the analog. Convergence, 20(2), 233–249.
- Euronews. (2020). Virtual museums and music streams: Culture for Coronavirus confinement. Retrieved from https://www.euronews.com/2020/03/18/virtual-museums-and-music-streams-culture-for-coronavirus-confinement.
- Gessen, M. (2020). The political consequences of loneliness and isolation during the pandemic. The New Yorker. Retrieved from https://www.newyorker.com/news/our-columnists/the-political-consequences-of-loneliness-and-isolation-during-the-pandemic?utm_source=twitter&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=onsite-share&utm_brand=the-new-yorker&utm_social-type=earned (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Ghulyan, H. (2017). A Reading of the structural and conceptual framework of Lefebvre’s theory of space. Çağdaş Yerel Yönetimler Dergisi, 26(3), 1–29.
- Graham, S. (1998). The end of geography or the explosion of place? Conceptualizing space, place and information technology. Progress in Human Geography, 22(2), 165–185.
- Google Trends (2020). Retrieved from https://trends.google.com/trends/?geo=TR (Accessed: June 14, 2020).
- Harvey, D. (1992). Social justice, postmodernism and the city. International Journal of Urban and Regional Research, 16(4), 588-601. doi: 10.1111/j.1468-2427.1992.tb00198.x.
- Heidegger, M. (1971) Building, dwelling, thinking. In Poetry, Language, Thought, (pp. 141-61), New York: HarperCollins.
- Horan, T. A. (2001). Digital places: Design considerations for integrating electronic space with physical place. The Planning Review, 37(144), 12–19. doi: 10.1080/02513625.2001.10556763.
- Kant, I. (2003). Theoretical Philosophy, 1755-1770. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
- Koolhaas, R. (2002). Junkspace. October, 100, Obsolescence, 175-190.
- Larkin, I. (2020). #MyPandemicSurvivalPlan: Uplifting hashtags to connect us during the Coronavirus pandemic. Marieclaire. Retrieved from https://www.marieclaire.com.au/covid-19-coronavirus-follow-instagram-twitter-tiktok-hashtags-stay-connected (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Lefebvre, H. (1991). The Production of Space. Translated by Donald Nicholson-Smith. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. doi: 10.2307/490789.
- Lempinen, E. (2020) The pandemic could open a door to new technology — and dramatic innovation — in education. Research UC Berkeley. Retrieved from https://vcresearch.berkeley.edu/news/pandemic-could-open-door-new-technology-and-dramatic-innovation-education (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Lexico (2020). Instagrammable | Definition of instagrammable by Oxford Dictionary on Lexico.com also meaning of Instagrammable. Retrieved from https://www.lexico.com/definition/instagrammable (Accessed: June 25, 2020).
- Light, J. S. (1996). Developing the virtual landscape. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 14(2), 127–131.
- Lilley, K. D. (2015). Urban planning after the black death: Townscape transformation in later Medieval England (1350-1530). Urban History, 42(1), 22-42. doi: 10.1017/S0963926814000492
- Low, S. & Smart, A. (2020). City & society thoughts about public space during Covid-19 pandemic. City & Society, 21(1), 1-5. doi: 10.1111/ciso.12260.
- Luke, T. W. and Ó Tuathail, G. (1998). Global flawmations, local fundemantalisms, and fast geopolitics: ‘America’ in an accelerating world order. In A. Herod, G. O. Tuathail, & S. M. Roberts (Eds.), an Unruly World?: Globalization, Governance and Geography (pp. 72-94). London: Routledge.
- McGuire, S. (2019). Virilio, the ‘infra’ urban and the logic of big data. Media Theory, 3(2), 121–132.
- Media Update (2020). Seven trending hashtags about COVID-19 on social media. Retrieved from https://www.mediaupdate.co.za/social/148423/seven-trending-hashtags-about-covid-19-on-social-media (Accessed: June 9, 2020).
- Mitchell, W. J. (2002). E-bodies, e-building, e-cities. In W. W. Braham & J. A. Hale (Eds.) (2012), Rethinking Technology, (pp. 406-15). London: Routledge.
- Mütterlein, J., & Fuchs, C. (2019). Digital technologies and their influence on spaces. Twenty-Third Pacific Asia Conference on Information Systems.
- Poell, T. & Van Dijck, J. (2016). Constructing public space: Global perspectives on social media and popular contestation. International Journal of Communication, 10(1), 226–234.
- Shahzad, B., Lali, I., Nawaz, M. S., Aslam W., Mustafa R. & Mashkoor, A. (2017). Discovery and classification of user interests on social media. Information Discovery and Delivery, 45(3), 130–38. doi: 10.1108/IDD-03-2017-0023.
- Soja, E. (1996). Thirdspace: Journeys to Los Angeles and other real-and-imagined places. Cambridge: Blackwell.
- The Economist, (2020). Visible and vocal: The gig economy. Retrieved from https://www.economist.com/china/2020/04/03/delivery-apps-have-transformed-urban-life-in-china.
- Valizadeh, P., & Iranmanesh, A. (2021). Inside out, exploring residential spaces during COVID-19 lockdown from the perspective of architecture students, European Planning Studies, 30(2), 211-26.
- Veikou, M. (2016). Space in texts and space as text: A new approach to Byzantine spatial notions. Scandinavian Journal of Byzantine and Modern Greek Studies, 2, 143-75.
- Virilio, P. (1986). Speed and politics: An essay on Dromology. Translated by Mark Polizzotti. New York: Semiotext.
- Virilio, P. (1993). The third interval: A critical transition. In V. Andermatt-Conley (Ed.), Rethinking Technologies, London: University Of Minnesota Press.
- Virilio, P. (1994). The vision machine. London: Indiana University Press.
- Virilio, P. (2001.) Strategy of deception. Translated by C. Turner, London & New York: Verso.
- Virilio, P. & Lotringer, S. (1983). Pure war. Los Angeles: Semiotext(e)
- Walker, E. &Virilio, P. (2001). Paul Virilio on Georges Perec. The architectural association Files, 45/46, 15–18.
- WHO. (2020a). World health organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/ (Accessed: June 21, 2020).
- WHO. (2020b). Director-General’s opening Remarks at the media briefing on COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/dg/speeches/detail/who-director-general-s-opening-remarks-at-the-media-briefing-on-covid-19---11-march-2020.
- WHO. (2020c). Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) situation report – 75. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200404-sitrep-75-covid-19.pdf?sfvrsn=99251b2b_4.
- WHO. (2020d). Advice for public. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/advice-for-public.
- WHO. (2021). Listings of WHO's response to COVID-19. World Health Organization. Retrieved from https://www.who.int/news/item/29-06-2020-covidtimeline.