Hatıraların Seçici Yeniden Yaratımı: Erdebil, İran’da Şeyh Safi Al-Din Hangah ve Türbe Yapı Grubu Örneği

Yıl 2016, Cilt: 7 Sayı: 19, 402 - 426, 31.05.2016

Ece Kumkale Açıkgöz Yousef Daneshvar Rouyandozagh

Öz

Bu
çalışma Dünya Mirası Listesine alınmış bir tarihi eserin, idealize edilen bir
geçmişe olan ortak özlemden beslenen, seçilmiş hatıraların yeniden yaratılması
süreci ile sosyal ve kültürel kimliği yeniden tanımlamak için
işlevlendirilmesini inceler. İran’ın Erdebil kentinde, Şeyh Safi al-Din Zaviye
ve Tapınak Yapı Grubu’nun ICOMOS rehberliğinde yürütülen tarihi çevre düzenleme
projesi, tarihi yapı koruma ve onarım çalışmalarını içeren çekirdek bölge ile
tam anlamıyla eski bir kent merkezi görünümüne kavuşturulmak üzere yenileme
için ayrılmış olan bir ara bölgeden oluşmaktadır. Çalışma, bu miras mülkü
özelinde, özellikle ara bölge düzenlemelerine odaklanarak yerel toplulukların
zaman içinde katmanlaşarak kurdukları yer hissinin korunması veya sürdürülmesi
konularında uluslararası dünya mirası koruma organizasyonları tarafından
desteklenen bir garantinin olmadığını tartışmaktadır. Çalışma konusu alanın
düzenlenmesinde güncel durumda kültür turizmi için işlevlendirilme ya da diğer
bir sebep ile geçmişte yaşamış kentsel topluluklara ait farklı katmanların
tamamının eşit derecede vurgulanmadığı ya da korunmadığı sonucuna ulaşılmıştır.
Kültürel miras, özgünlük, yer duyusu kavramları ve bu kavramların yeri yapmaya
olan katkısına odaklanan yazın taraması ile bu çalışma, istenmeyen bir geçmişin
yerinden edilmesi ve kentsel bir tarihsellik yaratma sürecini açığa
çıkarmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Yer Hissi, Özgünlük, Sahte Tarihi Mimari, UNESCO Dünya Mirası, Sosyal Sürdürülebilirlik

Selective Re-creation of Remembrances: The Case of Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil, Iran

Öz

This is an inquiry
into the functionalisation of a historical monument in the World Heritage List,
on defining a social and cultural identity through a process of selective
re-creation of remembrances, that is constituted by a common sense of longing
for the idealized past. The Case of Sheikh Safi al-Din Khānegāh and Shrine
Ensemble in Ardabil, Iran includes a core zone that is subject to the historic
preservation processes under the guidance of ICOMOS; and a buffer zone that is
left for renovation to achieve a complete sense of a historical old town with a
great contribution of new buildings and spaces that look historic without being
historical. It is argued that there is the lack of a guarantee provided by the
international world heritage organizations for securing and sustaining the
sense of place of the local communities that is challenged by a number of
purposes including the touristic function of the World Heritage property. For
the case of this study it is revealed that either for the touristic function or
for some other purpose, not all the urban communities of the past are equally
emphasized and protected in the current realm. Based on the literature review
on the concepts of cultural heritage, authenticity, sense of place and their
contribution to the act of place making, this study reveals the ongoing process
of displacement of an unwanted past for creating an urban historicity. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Sense of Place, Authenticity, Counterfeit Historic Architecture, UNESCO World Heritage, Social Sustainability

Kaynakça

• Abdi, K. (2001). Nationalism, politics, and the development of archaeology in Iran. American Journal of Archaeology, 51-76.
• Ahmad, Y. (2006). The scope and definitions of heritage: From tangible to intangible. International Journal of Heritage Studies, 12(3), 292-300.
• Boyer M (1992) Cities for sale: merchandising history at South Street Seaport. In M Sorkin (Ed.) Variations on a Theme Park. New York: Hill and Wang, 181-204.
• Chung, S. J. (2005). East Asian values in historic conservation. Journal of Architectural Conservation, 11(1), 55-70.
• Congress of Architects and Technicians of Historic Monuments (CATHM). (1964) The International Charter for the Conservation and Restoration of Monuments and Sites, Venice, 1964 (the Venice Charter 1964).
• Council of Europe (CoE) (1975) The Declaration of Amsterdam. Congress on the European Architectural Heritage, Amsterdam, October 1975.
• Diba, D., & Beheshti, M. (2004). Trends in modern Iranian architecture. Iran: architecture for changing societies. Umberto Allemandi & C, Torino, 31-41.
• Edson, G. (2004). Heritage: Pride or passion, product or service? International Journal of Heritage Studies, 10(4), 333-348.)
• Glendinning, M. (2003). The conservation movement: a cult of the modern age. Transactions of the Royal Historical Society (Sixth Series), 13, 359-376.
• Grigor, T. (2005). Cultivat (ing) modernities: the Society for National Heritage, political propaganda and public architecture in twentieth-century Iran (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
• Hewison, R. (1987) The heritage industry: Britain in a climate of decline. London: Methuen.
• Huxable A (1997) The unreal America: Architecture and illusion. New York: The New York Press.
• ICHHTO (2009) Sheikh Safi Al-Din Khanegah and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil nomination report. UNESCO World Heritage Convention Nomination of Properties for Inclusion on the World Heritage List, Tahren.
• ICOMOS, (2010a) Decision: 34 COM 8B.18 Cultural Properties - Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil (Islamic Republic of Iran). Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/decisions/3997. ICOMOS, (2010b). Sheikh Safi al-din Khānegāh and Shrine Ensemble in Ardabil. Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1345/docu ments/. ICOMOS. (1987) Charter on the Conservation of Historic Towns and Urban Areas. 8th General Assembly, Washington, DC, October 1987.
• IRNA (2014). Iran offers new historical works to UNESCO. Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://www.irna.ir/en/News/81400605/ IRNA News Agency, (n.d.)خبرگزاری تسنیم - حریم بقعه شیخ صفی‌الدین اردبیلی ساماندهی محوطه اطراف بقعه شیخ صفی الدین بازسازی می شود. Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://www.irna.ir/fa/News/81209755/)
• Jiven, Gunila and Larkham, Peter J. (2003) Sense of place, authenticity and character: a commentary, Journal of Urban Design, 8(1), 67-81.
• Larkham P. J. (1990). Conservation and the management of historical townscapes. The built form of Western cities, T. R. Slater, ed. Leicester, UK: Leicester University Press.
• Larkham, P. J. (1996) Conservation and the city. London: Routledge.
• Levi, D. J. (2005). Does history matter? Perceptions and attitudes toward fake historic architecture and historic preservation. Journal of Architectural and Planning Research, 148-159.
• Lowenthal, D. (1992). Counterfeit art: authentic fakes? International Journal of Cultural property, 1(01), 79-104.
• Lowenthal, D. (1998). Fabricating heritage. History and memory, 10(1), 5-24.
• Nasser, N. (2003). Planning for urban heritage places: reconciling conservation, tourism, and sustainable development. Journal of planning literature, 17(4), 467-479.
• Nezhad, S.F. and Henachi, P. (2014), The development process of the politics on conservating the cultural heritage in Iran between 1978-2012, Iraninan Architectural Research Center, Summer (5).
• Orbasli, A. (2002). Tourists in historic towns: Urban conservation and heritage management. Taylor & Francis.
• Orbasli, A. (2007). The ‘Islamic’city and tourism: managing conservation and tourism in traditional neighbourhoods. Tourism in the Middle East: Continuity, change and transformation, 161-187.
• Ouf, Ahmed M. Salah (2001) Authenticity and the sense of place in urban design, Journal of Urban Design, 6(1), 73-86.
• Plevoets, B., & Van Cleempoel, K. (2011). Adaptive reuse as a strategy towards conservation of cultural heritage: a literature review. Structural Studies, Repairs and Maintenance of Heritage Architecture, 12, 155-164.
• Rezazadeh, A. M., and Peighami, L. (2013). Design management methods in the vicinity of religious architecture case study: the mausoleum of sheikh safi. BAGH-I-NAZAR, 9(23); 47 64. (Paper language: Persian).
• Riaubienë, E. (2007). Evolution and trends of understanding of authenticity in heritage preservation. Urban Heritage: Research, Interpretation, Education, 77-82.
• Rizvi, K. (2000a). “Its mortar mixed with the sweetness of life:" Architecture and ceremonial at the shrine of Safi al-din Ishaq Ardabili during the reign of Shah Tahmasb I. The Muslim World, 90(3/4), 323.
• Rizvi, K. (2000b). Transformations in early Safavid architecture: the Shrine of Shaykh Safi al-din Ishaq Ardabili in Iran (1501-1629) (Doctoral dissertation, Massachusetts Institute of Technology).
• Rizvi, K. (2011). The Safavid dynastic shrine: architecture, religion and power in early modern Iran (Vol. 5). IB Tauris.
• Sargin, G. A. (2004). Displaced memories, or the architecture of forgetting and remembrance. Environment and Planning D: Society and Space, 22(5), 659-680.
• Sharifi, A., & Murayama, A. (2013). Changes in the traditional urban form and the social sustainability of contemporary cities: A case study of Iranian cities. Habitat International, 38, 126-134.
• Tabnak. (2015). طرحی برای ساماندهی محله شهید گاه اردبیل. Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://tabnakgilan.ir/fa/news/9658/طرحی-برای-ساماندهی-محله-شهید-گاه-اردبیل)
• UNESCO (2003). Text of the convention for the safeguarding of the intangible cultural heritage, Intangible Cultural Heritage. Retrieved March 25, 2016, from http://www.unesco.org/culture/ich/en/convention
• UNESCO. (2012). Introducing UNESCO. Retrieved April 01, 2016, from http://en.unesco.org/about-us/introducing-unesco
• Yousefi, H., Alizadeh Sola, M., & Tavousi, M. (2014). Reconsidering the architecture of Shaikh Safi al-Din Ardabili's Shrine: New findings in archeological excavations at Janat Sara Site. The International Journal of Humanities, 20(1), 49-67.