Çevrecilik Mekânı’nın Üretimi: Ekoturizm, Doğa Koruma ve Proje Alanları

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 21, 141 - 158, 01.05.2018

Çağrı Eryılmaz

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı,
liberal çevreciliğin mekânsal üretimini ortaya koymak ve Çevrecilik Mekânı
olarak tanımlamaktır. Öncelikle, liberal çevreciliğe yöneltilen eleştirilere
Henri Lefebvre’in geç kapitalizmdeki kent mekanın üretimi yaklaşımı entegre
edilerek kuramsal bir çerçeve oluşturulmuştur. Buna göre Çevrecilik Mekânı üç
farklı örnek üzerinden incelenmiştir; ekoturizm, doğa koruma ve proje alanları.
Ekoturizm
Alanlarında yaşayan yerel halk hediyelik eşya dükkânı satıcısı veya günlük tur
rehberine dönüşürken doğal ekosistemler tüketim toplumunun ihtiyaç ve
kaygılarını tatmin eden turistik metalara dönüşmektedir. Liberal çevreci seçkinlerin
soyut planlarına göre tasarlanan Doğa Koruma Alanlarında, ‘gerçek doğal yaşam’
şehirleşmeden ve endüstrileşmeden uzakta var olabilmektedir. Böylece dünyanın
geri kalanındaki tüm ekosistemlerin yıkımı ve çöküşü gizlenebilmektedir. Doğa
Koruma Projesi yürütülen alanlarda ise yerel halk ve diğer aktörler ilgi
gruplarına indirgenmekte ve aynılaştırılmaktadır. Çevresel sorunlara karşılık
kazan-kazan çözümleri sunan ve proje alanı soyutlamasına meşruiyet sağlayan
bilimsel uzmanlar, doğayı yeniden tanımlamakta ve çeşitli kullanım bölgelerine
ayırmaktadır.

Örnekler göstermektedir
ki, liberal çevreciliğin soyutlaması kenttekine benzer biçimde doğayı ve
toplumu aynılaştıran tahakkümcü bir mekân üretmektedir. Devlet, sermaye, medya
ve çevreci sivil toplum kuruluşlarının birlikte hareket ettiği bu tahakküm sürecinde
doğa vahşi, tehdit altında, güzel ve bölgelere ayrılmış biçimde
tasarlanmaktadır. Turistik, koruma veya proje amaçlı olarak çevrecilik
mekânlarına dönüştürülen doğal alanlarda yaşayan yerel halk ise satıcılara,
tüketicilere, ziyaretçilere ve paydaşlara indirgenmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Çevrecilik, Mekân, Ekoturizm, Toplumsal ekoloji, Doğanın şehirleşmesi

The Spatial Production of Environmentalism: Ecotourism Sites, Protected Areas and Conservation Project Fields

Öz

This
paper aims to reveal the spatial production of liberal environmentalism and
calls it with a new term, Space of Environmentalism. First, the critique of
liberal environmentalism is integrated with production of urban space in late
capitalism by Henri Lefebvre as a theoretical framework. Space of
Environmentalism is analysed with three different examples as ecotourism site,
protected area and conservation project field. Local people of ecotourism sites become
a shop owner or a tour guide, while a natural ecosystem becomes a touristic
commodity in order to satisfy needs and concerns of consumer society. In protected areas, liberal environmentalist elites impose their
abstract plan
that ‘real’ wild nature can sustain in a protected area remote from
urbanization and industrialization in order to hide the consumption,
destruction and the collapse of remaining ecosystems of the earth. Local people and other agents in conservation project field are homogenized
and defined as stakeholders while nature is defined and bordered by scientific
experts provide legitimization to win-win solutions to environmental threats.

These
examples show that the abstraction of liberal environmentalism produces spaces
that homogenize and dominate nature and society like cities. State, capital,
media and environmental NGOs act together to impose these spaces where nature
is presented as wild, beautiful, and threatened to satisfy liberal
environmentalist concerns and needs of a consumer society. Nature becomes
homogenized as touristic, protected or conserved spaces where local people are
changed into sellers, consumers, visitors and stakeholders.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Environmentalism, Space, Ecotourism, Social ecology, Urbanization of nature

Kaynakça

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