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Determining the Needs of use and Design Principles of Open Spaces in Urban Hospitals

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24, 536 - 581, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.445725

Öz

Hospitals offer
mainly treatment services to people as their basic functions. The
qualifications and quantities of doctors working in the hospitals as well as
the service quality, accessibility to the technological innovations and
providing comfortable places are therefore the essential issues taken primarily
into consideration in the hospitals. However, even though open spaces in the
hospitals occupy a significant place for both physical and emotional health of
patients and their relatives, they are not adequately given a significant place
in the prior subjects of treatment processes. Issue of the service quality provided
in the health campuses, which have intensive users / patient groups, has come
into prominence along with the issue of spatial qualities. In this sense,
within the scope of this study, open spaces of Gazi University Hospital, in
which a partial transformation process has been undergoing, including the
construction of additional buildings and the demolition of old buildings, are
selected as a case with the aim of discussing how they can be designed in a
proper and efficient manner to meet the demands and to satisfy the expectations
of the users. In this study, questionnaires are conducted to the main user
groups in the hospital (academic and working staff, patients and their
relatives, and students) in order to put forward the factors that could be
crucial in creating new open spaces by determining and considering the
essential needs and expectations of each and every group. Given the findings,
it is determined that, despite their differences in durations and time spent,
each user group uses the open spaces in the hospital for similar reasons
including resting, eating and drinking, and distancing themselves from the
usual hospital conditions by communing with the nature.

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, M.Y. ve Ghazali, R. (2011). Physical environment: The major determinant towards the creation of a healing environment?. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1951 – 1958.
  • Aksu, Ö. V. ve Demirel, Ö. (2012). Hastane bahçelerinde peyzaj tasarımları: Trabzon kenti örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 236-250.
  • Bengtsson, A. ve Grahn, P. (2014).Outdoor environments in healthcare settings: A quality evaluation tool for use in designing healthcare gardens. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 878–891.
  • Desha, C.; Nieberler-Walker, K.; Reeve, A. (2016). Healing gardens: Hospital design using nature to heal and soothe. Landscape Australia, Design, Urbanism, Planning. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/healing-gardens-hospital-design-using-nature-to-heal-and-soothe/#object-credits adresinden erişildi.
  • Desha, C., Nieberler-Walker, K., Reeve, A., Jones C. F. (2016). Bench seats in the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital “secret garden” are surrounded by lush tropical vegetation. Landscape Australia, Design, Urbanism, Planning. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/healing-gardens-hospital-design-using-nature-to-heal-and-soothe/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Epstein, M. (2013). Not all healing gardens deliver as advertised. Health Care Design and Construction, Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, 03.Kasım.2018 tarihinde http://www.djc.com/news/ae/12056480.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Gazete Duvar. 12.Kasım.2018 tarihinde https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/10/10/gazi-hastanesi-ameliyatlar-devam-ediyor/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gazi Hastanesi. 10.Ocak.2017 tarihinde http://hastane.gazi.edu.tr/ShowPage.php?p=40f5888b67c748df7efba008e7c2f9d2 adresinden erişildi.
  • Gormley, T. (2010). The history of hospitals and wards. Healthcare Design, 10(3), 50-54.
  • Hartig, T. (1993). Nature experience in transactional perspective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 25, 17-36.
  • Hartig, T., Mang, M. ve Evans G.W. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23, 3-36.
  • Huisman, E.R.C.M., Morales, E., van Hoof, J. ve Kort, H.S.M. (2012). Healing environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users. Building and Environment, 58, 70-80.
  • Karakaya, B. ve Kiper, T. (2011). Hastane dış mekân tasarımlarının Edirne ili örneğinde irdelenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 49-64.
  • LMC Embark (2016). The Healing Benefits Of A Beautiful Property, Landscape and Tree Care, FEB, 05 2016, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://lmchouston.com/blog/healing-benefits-beautiful-property adresinden erişildi.
  • LOUCKS (2006). Maple Grove Hospital. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.loucksinc.com/project/maple-grove-hospital-3/ adresinden erişildi.
  • LOUCKS (2015). St. Joseph’s Hospital Healing Garden. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.loucksinc.com/project/st-josephs-hospital-healing-garden/st-_joseph_s_healing_garden_-_night_fountains_-_tertiary_page_-_lower_block_6/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Marcus, C.C. (2007). Healing gardens in hospitals. IDRP Interdisciplinary Design and Research e-Journal, Design and Health, I(I), 1-27.
  • Marcus, C.C. ve Barnes, M. (1999). Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations., NewYork: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Marcus, C.C. ve Francis, C. (1997). People Places: Design Guidlines for Urban Open Space. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Milano Citta Stato, (2016). Healing Gardens: curare i malati con dei Giardini. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.milanocittastato.it/news/healing-gardens-curare-i-malati-con-dei-giardini/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Mourshed, M. ve Zhao, Y. (2012). Healthcare providers’ perception of design factors related to physical environments in hospitals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32, 362 – 370.
  • Placzek, M. (2013). Water Feature Sculpture For Healing Garden Designs, The Bergan Mercy Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. Healing Garden Art and Sculpture, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.healinggardenart.com/2013/10/03/water-feature-sculpture/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Sachs, N. (2016). Exploring the connection between nature and health, Therapeutic Landscapes Network, Jacqueline Fiske Healing Garden, Jupiter Medical Center, Jupiter, FL. Photo courtesy of Studio Sprout, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.healinglandscapes.org/blog/2016/09/what-is-a-healing-garden/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Setola, N. ve Borgianni, S. (2016). Designing Public Spaces in Hospitals, NewYork: Routledge. Severtsen, B. (2006). Healing Gardens. 01.Haziran .2018 tarihinde https://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/healing_gardens.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Spillmann, S. (2017). Medical Center of the Rockies: Stephanie Spillmann, Hospital Gardens that Heal, January 30, 2017, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://healthysavvyandwise.com/hospital-gardens-that-heal/ adresinden erişildi.
  • SWBR (2015). University of Rochester, Golisano Children’s Hospital Healing Gardens, Rochester, NY. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.swbrtest.com/university-rochester-golisano-childrens-hospital-healing-gardens/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Dirt, (2013). An Evidence-based Approach to Therapeutic Landscapes. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://dirt.asla.org/2013/11/27/an-evidence-based-approach-to-therapeutic-landscapes/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523-556.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1992). Effects of interior design on wellness: theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Healthcare Design, 3, 97-109.
  • Uslu, A., Kiper, T. ve Barış, E. (2009). Public health - urban landscaping relationship and user’s perceptions. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol, 23(3), 1399-1408.
  • Wang, L. (2017). Restorative Healing Gardens take over a concrete garage rooftop in L.A. Inhabitat. Healing Gardens Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://inhabitat.com/restorative-healing-gardens-take-over-a-concrete-garage-rooftop-in-l-a/ adresinden erişildi.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). 11.Ocak.2018 tarihinde http://www.who.int/hospitals/en/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Zaretsky and Associates, 2018, Woodward Healing Garden, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.zaretskyassociates.com/what-we-do-2/portfolio/healing-gardens/ adresinden erişildi.

Kent Hastanelerinde Açık Alan Kullanım İhtiyaçlarının Belirlenmesi ve Açık Alan Tasarım İlkeleri

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24, 536 - 581, 31.08.2018
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.445725

Öz

Hastaneler, temel işlevlerine odaklanarak kişilere tedavi
öncelikli hizmet vermektedir. Bu nedenle hastanelerde, çalışan doktorların
nitelik ve niceliklerinin yanı sıra, kişilere tedavi sırasında sunulacak hizmet
kalitesi, teknolojik yeniliklere ulaşma imkânı ve mekânsal konfor sunumu
önemsenmektedir. Ancak, hastane açık alanları, hasta ve yakınlarının gerek
fiziksel gerek ruhsal sağlıkları açısından önem arz etmekte, ancak açık
alanlara tedavi süreçlerinde öncelikli konular arasında yeterince yer verilmemektedir.
Yoğun bir kullanıcı / hasta grubu olan sağlık kampüslerinde sunulan hizmet
kalitesinin yanı sıra mekânsal nitelikler de önem kazanmaktadır. Bu bakış açısı
ile çalışma kapsamında, yeni ek binaların inşası ve yapı ömrünü doldurmuş eski
binaların dönüşümü ile yapılı alanların yeniden ele alınacağı Gazi Üniversitesi
Hastanesi açık alanlarının bu süreçte kullanıcıları açısından ihtiyaçları
karşılayabilecek şekilde nasıl daha doğru ve verimli biçimde tasarlanabileceği
konusu ele alınmıştır. Çalışmada hastanedeki temel kullanıcı gruplarına
(akademik personel ve çalışanlar, hasta ve hasta yakınları ile öğrenciler)
anketler yapılmış, her bir farklı kullanıcı grubunun ihtiyaçları belirlenerek,
bu ihtiyaçların dikkate alındığı, yeni açık yeşil mekânlar yaratmada etkili
olabilecek temel gereklilikler detaylandırılmaya çalışılmıştır. Elde edilen
bulgulara göre, farklı kullanıcı gruplarının hastane açık alanlarını,
bulundukları zaman dilimleri ve süreleri farklı olmasına rağmen, temelde benzer
ihtiyaçlar için kullandıkları ve bunda dinlenme, yeme içme ve hastane
koşullarından bir nebze de olsa uzaklaşarak doğa ile bütünleşme ihtiyaçlarını
gidermenin yattığı belirlenmiştir. 

Kaynakça

  • Abbas, M.Y. ve Ghazali, R. (2011). Physical environment: The major determinant towards the creation of a healing environment?. Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences, 30, 1951 – 1958.
  • Aksu, Ö. V. ve Demirel, Ö. (2012). Hastane bahçelerinde peyzaj tasarımları: Trabzon kenti örneği. Kastamonu Üniversitesi, Orman Fakültesi Dergisi, 12 (2), 236-250.
  • Bengtsson, A. ve Grahn, P. (2014).Outdoor environments in healthcare settings: A quality evaluation tool for use in designing healthcare gardens. Urban Forestry & Urban Greening, 13, 878–891.
  • Desha, C.; Nieberler-Walker, K.; Reeve, A. (2016). Healing gardens: Hospital design using nature to heal and soothe. Landscape Australia, Design, Urbanism, Planning. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/healing-gardens-hospital-design-using-nature-to-heal-and-soothe/#object-credits adresinden erişildi.
  • Desha, C., Nieberler-Walker, K., Reeve, A., Jones C. F. (2016). Bench seats in the Lady Cilento Children’s Hospital “secret garden” are surrounded by lush tropical vegetation. Landscape Australia, Design, Urbanism, Planning. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://landscapeaustralia.com/articles/healing-gardens-hospital-design-using-nature-to-heal-and-soothe/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Epstein, M. (2013). Not all healing gardens deliver as advertised. Health Care Design and Construction, Seattle Daily Journal of Commerce, 03.Kasım.2018 tarihinde http://www.djc.com/news/ae/12056480.html adresinden erişildi.
  • Gazete Duvar. 12.Kasım.2018 tarihinde https://www.gazeteduvar.com.tr/gundem/2018/10/10/gazi-hastanesi-ameliyatlar-devam-ediyor/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Gazi Hastanesi. 10.Ocak.2017 tarihinde http://hastane.gazi.edu.tr/ShowPage.php?p=40f5888b67c748df7efba008e7c2f9d2 adresinden erişildi.
  • Gormley, T. (2010). The history of hospitals and wards. Healthcare Design, 10(3), 50-54.
  • Hartig, T. (1993). Nature experience in transactional perspective. Landscape and Urban Planning, 25, 17-36.
  • Hartig, T., Mang, M. ve Evans G.W. (1991). Restorative effects of natural environment experiences. Environment and Behavior, 23, 3-36.
  • Huisman, E.R.C.M., Morales, E., van Hoof, J. ve Kort, H.S.M. (2012). Healing environment: A review of the impact of physical environmental factors on users. Building and Environment, 58, 70-80.
  • Karakaya, B. ve Kiper, T. (2011). Hastane dış mekân tasarımlarının Edirne ili örneğinde irdelenmesi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 8(2), 49-64.
  • LMC Embark (2016). The Healing Benefits Of A Beautiful Property, Landscape and Tree Care, FEB, 05 2016, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://lmchouston.com/blog/healing-benefits-beautiful-property adresinden erişildi.
  • LOUCKS (2006). Maple Grove Hospital. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.loucksinc.com/project/maple-grove-hospital-3/ adresinden erişildi.
  • LOUCKS (2015). St. Joseph’s Hospital Healing Garden. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.loucksinc.com/project/st-josephs-hospital-healing-garden/st-_joseph_s_healing_garden_-_night_fountains_-_tertiary_page_-_lower_block_6/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Marcus, C.C. (2007). Healing gardens in hospitals. IDRP Interdisciplinary Design and Research e-Journal, Design and Health, I(I), 1-27.
  • Marcus, C.C. ve Barnes, M. (1999). Healing Gardens: Therapeutic Benefits and Design Recommendations., NewYork: John Wiley&Sons.
  • Marcus, C.C. ve Francis, C. (1997). People Places: Design Guidlines for Urban Open Space. NewYork: John Wiley & Sons.
  • Milano Citta Stato, (2016). Healing Gardens: curare i malati con dei Giardini. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.milanocittastato.it/news/healing-gardens-curare-i-malati-con-dei-giardini/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Mourshed, M. ve Zhao, Y. (2012). Healthcare providers’ perception of design factors related to physical environments in hospitals. Journal of Environmental Psychology, 32, 362 – 370.
  • Placzek, M. (2013). Water Feature Sculpture For Healing Garden Designs, The Bergan Mercy Medical Center in Omaha, Nebraska. Healing Garden Art and Sculpture, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.healinggardenart.com/2013/10/03/water-feature-sculpture/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Sachs, N. (2016). Exploring the connection between nature and health, Therapeutic Landscapes Network, Jacqueline Fiske Healing Garden, Jupiter Medical Center, Jupiter, FL. Photo courtesy of Studio Sprout, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.healinglandscapes.org/blog/2016/09/what-is-a-healing-garden/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Setola, N. ve Borgianni, S. (2016). Designing Public Spaces in Hospitals, NewYork: Routledge. Severtsen, B. (2006). Healing Gardens. 01.Haziran .2018 tarihinde https://depts.washington.edu/open2100/pdf/2_OpenSpaceTypes/Open_Space_Types/healing_gardens.pdf adresinden erişildi.
  • Spillmann, S. (2017). Medical Center of the Rockies: Stephanie Spillmann, Hospital Gardens that Heal, January 30, 2017, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://healthysavvyandwise.com/hospital-gardens-that-heal/ adresinden erişildi.
  • SWBR (2015). University of Rochester, Golisano Children’s Hospital Healing Gardens, Rochester, NY. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde http://www.swbrtest.com/university-rochester-golisano-childrens-hospital-healing-gardens/ adresinden erişildi.
  • The Dirt, (2013). An Evidence-based Approach to Therapeutic Landscapes. 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://dirt.asla.org/2013/11/27/an-evidence-based-approach-to-therapeutic-landscapes/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1981). Natural versus urban scenes: Some psychophysiological effects. Environment and Behavior, 13, 523-556.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1984). View through a window may influence recovery from surgery. Science, 224, 420-421.
  • Ulrich, R. S. (1992). Effects of interior design on wellness: theory and recent scientific research. Journal of Healthcare Design, 3, 97-109.
  • Uslu, A., Kiper, T. ve Barış, E. (2009). Public health - urban landscaping relationship and user’s perceptions. Biotechnol. & Biotechnol, 23(3), 1399-1408.
  • Wang, L. (2017). Restorative Healing Gardens take over a concrete garage rooftop in L.A. Inhabitat. Healing Gardens Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://inhabitat.com/restorative-healing-gardens-take-over-a-concrete-garage-rooftop-in-l-a/ adresinden erişildi.
  • World Health Organization. (2018). 11.Ocak.2018 tarihinde http://www.who.int/hospitals/en/ adresinden erişildi.
  • Zaretsky and Associates, 2018, Woodward Healing Garden, 24.Ekim.2018 tarihinde https://www.zaretskyassociates.com/what-we-do-2/portfolio/healing-gardens/ adresinden erişildi.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Nilüfer Gürer

Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Ağustos 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 24

Kaynak Göster

APA Gürer, N. (2018). Kent Hastanelerinde Açık Alan Kullanım İhtiyaçlarının Belirlenmesi ve Açık Alan Tasarım İlkeleri. İDEALKENT, 9(24), 536-581. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.445725