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Afet Sonrası Yeniden Yapılanmada Kadın Deneyimleri: 2023 Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Deprem Örnekleri

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 46, 2232 - 2268, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1431429

Öz

Afetler mekânsal, ekonomik ve toplumsal açıdan geri döndürülmesi güç sonuçlar doğururken kentlerin yeniden yapılanmasını da zorunlu kılmaktadır. Kentlerin farklı toplumsal grupları bir arada bulundurduğu düşünüldüğünde her toplumsal grup afetten eşit derecede etkilenmemektedir. Bu durum bir taraftan bazı gruplar için daha derinden etkiler bırakırken, diğer taraftan yeniden yapılanma sürecinde de herkese farklı görevler atfetmektedir. Diğer açıdan afetlerin yıkıcı etkileri toplumdaki bazı gruplar için derin izler bırakmaktadır. Yaşamın ve kuralların askıya alındığı bu sürecin en etkilenen gruplarından olan kadınlar, toplumda üstlendikleri farklı rol ve görevleri nedeniyle her kesimin sorumluluğunu yüklenmektedirler. Bu anlamda kadınlar sürecin en çok etkileneni ve taşıyıcısı olarak rol oynamaktadırlar. Bu çalışma, kadınların afet sonrası yeniden yapılanma ve hayatın yeniden kurulması için hangi pozisyonlarda ne tür roller üstlendiklerini ortaya çıkarmayı amaçlamaktadır. Çalışmanın kuramsal tartışması ve araştırma yönteminin kurgulanmasında, toplumsal cinsiyet perspektifi çerçevesinde, kadınların afet koşullarında kendi kimlikleri itibariyle farklı mağduriyetler yaşamalarının yanında, yaşamın yeniden kurulması sürecinde de yine farklı olan bir güç ve kapasite deneyimini ortaya koydukları varsayılmıştır. Kadınlar, afet sonrasında, başta beden ölçeğinde olmak üzere özel yaşamlarını korumak ve kamusal yaşama katılma konusunda farklı taktik ve yöntemlerle var olmaya çalışmaktadırlar. Bu varsayım çerçevesinde 2023 yılında Türkiye’nin 11 ilinde yıkıma yol açan deprem bölgesinde bir nitel analiz yapılmıştır. Araştırmada, kartopu örneklem yöntemiyle alanda bulunan sivil toplum kuruluşu (STK) çalışanları arasından 12 katılımcıyla görüşme gerçekleştirilmiş ve bu görüşmelerin içerik analizi yapılmıştır. Analiz sonuçları literatürde yapılan çalışmaları desteklerken, bağlam özelinde düşündüğümüzde sürecin Türkiye’deki yapılanma içinde özgün birtakım etkiler ve sonuçlar doğurduğunu da ortaya koymaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Alam, K., & Rahman, M. H. (2018). The role of women in disaster resilience. In S. M. N. Islam, J. J. van Staveren, M. A. Shanableh, & N. Shamsudduha (Eds.), Handbook of disaster risk reduction & management (pp. 697–719). Springer.
  • Aryal, K. (2014). Women's empowerment in building disaster resilient communities. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 20(1), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2014.11666178.
  • Bang, H. N., & Few, R. (2012). Social risks and challenges in post-disaster resettlement: The case of Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Journal of Risk Research, 15(9), 1141–1157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2012.705315.
  • Chaplin, D., Twigg, J., & Lovell, E. (2019). Intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience-building. Resilience Intel, 12(1), 1–35. https://wrd.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/1INTER~1.PDF.
  • Clissold, R., Westoby, R., & McNamara, K. E. (2020). Women as recovery enablers in the face of disasters in Vanuatu. Geoforum, 113, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.003.
  • Drolet, J., Dominelli, L., Alston, M., Ersing, R., Mathbor, G., & Wu, H. (2015). Women rebuilding lives post-disaster: Innovative community practices for building resilience and promoting sustainable development. Gender & Development, 23(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1096040
  • Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). (2016). Gender Action Plan 2016–2021. 17th Consultative Group Meeting. 5 nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/gender-action-plan-2016-2021.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Gokhale, V. (2008). Role of women in disaster management: An analytical study with reference to Indian society. In The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (pp. 12–17).
  • Hou, C., & Wu, H. (2020). Rescuer, decision maker, and breadwinner: Women’s predominant leadership across the post-Wenchuan earthquake efforts in rural areas, Sichuan, China. Safety Science, 125, 104623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104623.
  • Ibnouf, F. O. (2009). The role of women in providing and improving household food security in Sudan: Implications for reducing hunger and malnutrition. Journal of International Women's Studies, 10(4), 144–167.
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). (2020). A practical guide to gender-sensitive approaches for disaster management. Asia Pacific Zone, Kuala Lumpur. 5 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://pgi.ifrc.org/resources/practical-guide-gender-sensitive-approaches-disaster-management adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T. (2007). The gendered nature of natural disasters: The impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x.
  • Omidvar, B., Zafari, H., & Khakpour, M. (2011). Evaluation of public participation in reconstruction of Bam, Iran, after the 2003 earthquake. Natural Hazards, 59, 1397–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9842-4.
  • Shafique, K., & Warren, C. M. (2016). Stakeholders and their significance in post-natural disaster reconstruction projects: A systematic review of the literature. Asian Social Science, 12(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p1.
  • Tearne, J. E., Guragain, B., Ghimire, L., Leaning, J., & Newnham, E. A. (2021). The health and security of women and girls following disaster: A qualitative investigation in post-earthquake Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 66, 102622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102622.
  • Thurairajah, N. (2011). Empowerment in disaster response and reconstruction: Role of women. In Post‐Disaster Reconstruction of the Built Environment: Rebuilding for Resilience (pp. 70–90).
  • TUİK, (2024). Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • United Nations (UN). (2017). Plan of action on disaster risk reduction for resilience: Towards a risk-informed and integrated approach to sustainable development. 1 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://unsceb.org adresinden edinilmiştir.

Women's Experiences in Post-Disaster Reconstruction: Examples from the 2023 Kahramanmaraş Centered Earthquake

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 16 Sayı: 46, 2232 - 2268, 31.12.2024
https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1431429

Öz

Disasters cause irreversible results in terms of space, economy and society, and they also necessitate the reconstruction of cities. When we consider that cities contain different social groups together, not every social group is affected by the disaster equally. While this situation has deeper effects on some groups, it also assigns different tasks to everyone in the reconstruction process. From another perspective, the devastating effects of disasters leave much deeper traces for some groups in society. Women, who are among the most affected groups in this process where life and rules are suspended, take on the responsibility of every segment due to the different roles and tasks they undertake in society. In this sense, women play a role as the most affected and carrier of the process. This study aims to reveal what kind of roles and positions women undertake in the reconstruction and reestablishment of life after a disaster. In the theoretical discussion of the study and the construction of the research method, it was assumed within the framework of a gender perspective that women, in addition to experiencing different victimizations due to their own identities in disaster conditions, also exhibit a different power and capacity experience in the process of reconstruction of life. After the disaster, women try to exist with different tactics and methods in terms of protecting their private lives, especially on a physical scale, and participating in public life. Within the framework of this assumption, a qualitative analysis was conducted in the earthquake area that caused destruction in 11 provinces of Turkey in 2023. In the research, interviews were conducted with 12 participants from among the civil society organization employees in the area using the snowball sampling method and the content analysis of these interviews was conducted. While the analysis results support the studies conducted in the literature, when we consider the context, it also reveals that the process has produced some unique effects and results within the structuring in Turkey.

Kaynakça

  • Alam, K., & Rahman, M. H. (2018). The role of women in disaster resilience. In S. M. N. Islam, J. J. van Staveren, M. A. Shanableh, & N. Shamsudduha (Eds.), Handbook of disaster risk reduction & management (pp. 697–719). Springer.
  • Aryal, K. (2014). Women's empowerment in building disaster resilient communities. Asian Journal of Women's Studies, 20(1), 164–174. https://doi.org/10.1080/12259276.2014.11666178.
  • Bang, H. N., & Few, R. (2012). Social risks and challenges in post-disaster resettlement: The case of Lake Nyos, Cameroon. Journal of Risk Research, 15(9), 1141–1157. https://doi.org/10.1080/13669877.2012.705315.
  • Chaplin, D., Twigg, J., & Lovell, E. (2019). Intersectional approaches to vulnerability reduction and resilience-building. Resilience Intel, 12(1), 1–35. https://wrd.unwomen.org/sites/default/files/2021-11/1INTER~1.PDF.
  • Clissold, R., Westoby, R., & McNamara, K. E. (2020). Women as recovery enablers in the face of disasters in Vanuatu. Geoforum, 113, 101–110. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geoforum.2020.05.003.
  • Drolet, J., Dominelli, L., Alston, M., Ersing, R., Mathbor, G., & Wu, H. (2015). Women rebuilding lives post-disaster: Innovative community practices for building resilience and promoting sustainable development. Gender & Development, 23(3), 433–448. https://doi.org/10.1080/13552074.2015.1096040
  • Global Facility for Disaster Reduction and Recovery (GFDRR). (2016). Gender Action Plan 2016–2021. 17th Consultative Group Meeting. 5 nisan 2023 tarihinde https://www.gfdrr.org/sites/default/files/publication/gender-action-plan-2016-2021.pdf adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Gokhale, V. (2008). Role of women in disaster management: An analytical study with reference to Indian society. In The 14th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering (pp. 12–17).
  • Hou, C., & Wu, H. (2020). Rescuer, decision maker, and breadwinner: Women’s predominant leadership across the post-Wenchuan earthquake efforts in rural areas, Sichuan, China. Safety Science, 125, 104623. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ssci.2020.104623.
  • Ibnouf, F. O. (2009). The role of women in providing and improving household food security in Sudan: Implications for reducing hunger and malnutrition. Journal of International Women's Studies, 10(4), 144–167.
  • International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC). (2020). A practical guide to gender-sensitive approaches for disaster management. Asia Pacific Zone, Kuala Lumpur. 5 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://pgi.ifrc.org/resources/practical-guide-gender-sensitive-approaches-disaster-management adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Neumayer, E., & Plümper, T. (2007). The gendered nature of natural disasters: The impact of catastrophic events on the gender gap in life expectancy, 1981–2002. Annals of the Association of American Geographers, 97(3), 551–566. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8306.2007.00563.x.
  • Omidvar, B., Zafari, H., & Khakpour, M. (2011). Evaluation of public participation in reconstruction of Bam, Iran, after the 2003 earthquake. Natural Hazards, 59, 1397–1412. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-011-9842-4.
  • Shafique, K., & Warren, C. M. (2016). Stakeholders and their significance in post-natural disaster reconstruction projects: A systematic review of the literature. Asian Social Science, 12(10), 1–17. https://doi.org/10.5539/ass.v12n10p1.
  • Tearne, J. E., Guragain, B., Ghimire, L., Leaning, J., & Newnham, E. A. (2021). The health and security of women and girls following disaster: A qualitative investigation in post-earthquake Nepal. International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction, 66, 102622. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2021.102622.
  • Thurairajah, N. (2011). Empowerment in disaster response and reconstruction: Role of women. In Post‐Disaster Reconstruction of the Built Environment: Rebuilding for Resilience (pp. 70–90).
  • TUİK, (2024). Temmuz 2024 tarihinde https://www.tuik.gov.tr/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • United Nations (UN). (2017). Plan of action on disaster risk reduction for resilience: Towards a risk-informed and integrated approach to sustainable development. 1 Nisan 2023 tarihinde https://unsceb.org adresinden edinilmiştir.
Toplam 18 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Şehir ve Bölge Planlama, Toplum Planlaması
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Efsun Toğrul 0000-0002-0832-0215

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 6 Ocak 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Şubat 2024
Kabul Tarihi 28 Kasım 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 16 Sayı: 46

Kaynak Göster

APA Toğrul, E. (2024). Afet Sonrası Yeniden Yapılanmada Kadın Deneyimleri: 2023 Kahramanmaraş Merkezli Deprem Örnekleri. İDEALKENT, 16(46), 2232-2268. https://doi.org/10.31198/idealkent.1431429