OKUL ÖNCESİ DÖNEMDE ZİHİNSEL YETERSİZLİĞİ OLAN VE OLMAYAN ÇOCUKLARIN EBEVEYNLERİNDE EBEVEYN TUTUMLARININ KARŞILAŞTIRILMASI

Öz

Giriş: Çocuğun sağlıklı olarak yetişmesi ve olumlu kişilik yapısı geliştirebilmesinde anne babanın çocuk yetiştirme tutumları büyük önem taşımaktadır. Olumlu çocuk yetiştirme tutumları, çocuğun ileride kendisine ve topluma faydalı bir birey olmasına katkı sağlar. Bu çalışmanın amacı zihinsel yetersizliği olan ve olmayan çocuğa sahip ebeveynlerin ebeveyn tutumlarını etkileyen etmenlerin belirlenmesi ve karşılaştırılmasıdır. Gereç ve Yöntem: Araştırma tanımlayıcı olarak planlanmıştır ve veriler 2-6 yaş aralığında çocuğu olan annelerden Ebeveyn Tutum Ölçeği aracılığıyla toplanmıştır. Bulgular: Çalışmaya katılan annelerin %49.7’sinin çocuğunda zihinsel yetersizlik bulunmaktadır. Çocukların yaş ortalaması 4.53±1.27, annelerin yaş ortalaması 33.58±6.45 olarak bulunmuştur. Çocuğunda zihinsel yetersizlik bulunan ve bulunmayan annelerin ebeveyn tutumları karşılaştırıldığında, annelerin İzin Verici Tutum Alt Boyut puan ortalaması arasında istatistiksel olarak anlamlı farklılık olduğu görülmüştür. Sonuç: Zihinsel yetersizliği olan çocuğa sahip ailelerin kronik stres yaşamaları; algılanan güçlük ve anksiyete düzeylerindeki artış ile baş etme problemleri aile içerisinde sorunlara neden olabilmekte ve aile yükünü arttırabilmektedir. Pediatri hemşiresinin ailenin sahip olduğu özelliklere bağlı olarak değişebilen farklı ebeveyn tutumlarını bilmesi, çocuğu ve ailesini değerlendirirken önem kazanacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zihinsel yetersizlik
• hemşirelik
• pediatri
• ebeveyn tutumu.

Comparison of the Parenting Attitudes of the Parents of the Children with and without Intellectual Disability in Preschool Period

Öz

Introduction: Child-rearing attitudes of parents have great importance in developing a positive personality structure. Positive child-rearing attitudes contribute to children being beneficial individuals. This study aims to determine and compare the factors affecting the parenting attitudes of the parents of children with and without intellectual disability. Methods: This study was planned with a descriptive design. The data were collected from the mothers of the children using the Parenting Attitude Scale. Results: In the comparison of the parenting attitudes of the mothers of the children with and without intellectual disability, there was a statistically significant difference between the Permissive Attitude subscale scores of the mothers. Discussion: Pediatric nurses know about the different parenting attitudes that may change based on family characteristics will be important in evaluating children and their families.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Zihinsel yetersizlik
• hemşirelik
• pediatri
• ebeveyn tutumu.

Kaynakça

1. Antonopoulou, K., Hadjikakou, K., Stampoltzis, A., Nicolaou, N. (2012). Parenting styles of mothers with deaf or hard-of-hearing children and hearing siblings. The Journal of Deaf Studies and Deaf Education, 17, 306-318.
2. Bahrami, B., Dolatshahi, B., Pourshahbaz, A., Mohammadkhani, P. (2018). Comparison of personality among mothers with different parenting styles. Iranian Journal of Psychiatry, 13, 200.
3. Barak-Levy, Y., Atzaba-Poria, N. A. (2020). A mediation model of parental stress, parenting, and risk factors in families having children with mild intellectual disability. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 98, 103577. Baumrind, D. (1967). Child care practices anteceding three patterns of preschool behavior. Genetic Psychology Monographs.
4. Choi, J., Kim, J.H. (2020). A longitudinal study of the effects of negative parental child-rearing attitudes and positive peer relationships on social withdrawal during adolescence: an application of a multivariate latent growth model. International Journal of Adolescence and Youth, 25,1, 448-463.
5. Coffey, J. S. (2006). Parenting a child with chronic illness: a metasynthesis. Pediatric Nursing, 32,51-59. Cuzzocrea, F., Larcan, R., Baiocco, R., Costa, S. (2011). Family functioning, parenting, and couple satisfaction in families of children with a disability. Interdisciplinary Journal of Family Studies, 16, 7-24.
6. Demir, E. K., Şendil, G. 2008. Ebeveyn tutum ölçeği (ETÖ). Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 11, 15-25.
7. Ellis, D. A., Podolski, C.-L., Frey, M., Naar-King, S., Wang, B., Moltz, K. (2007). The role of parental monitoring in adolescent health outcomes: impact on regimen adherence in youth with type 1 diabetes. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 907-917.
8. Feldman, R. (2007). Maternal versus child risk and the development of parent–child and family relationships in five high-risk populations. Development and Psychopathology, 19, 293-312.

9. Gau, S. S.-F., Chiu, Y.-N., Soong, W.-T., Lee, M.-B. (2008). Parental characteristics, parenting style, and behavioral problems among chinese children with down syndrome, their siblings and controls in Taiwan. Journal of The Formosan Medical Association, 107, 693-703.
10. Hatton, C., Emerson, E. (2009). Poverty and the mental health of families with a child with intellectual disabilities. Psychiatry, 8, 433-437.
11. Heaven, P. C., Mak, A., Barry, J., Ciarrochi, J. (2002). Personality and family influences on adolescent attitudes to school and self-rated academic performance. Personality and Individual Differences, 32, 453-462.
12. Holmbeck, G. N., Johnson, S. Z., Wills, K. E., Mckernon, W., Rose, B., Erklin, S., Kemper, T. (2002). Observed and perceived parental overprotection in relation to psychosocial adjustment in preadolescents with a physical disability: the mediational role of behavioral autonomy. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 70, 96-110.
13. Hu, X., Han, Z.R., Bai, L., Gao, M.M. (2019). The mediating role of parenting stress in the relations between parental emotion regulation and parenting behaviors in chinese families of children with autism spectrum disorders: a dyadic analysis. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 49, 10, 3983-3998.
14. Huver, R. M., Otten, R., De Vries, H., Engels, R. C. (2010). Personality and parenting style in parents of adolescents. Journal of Adolescence, 33, 395-402.
15. İçmeli, C., Ataoğlu, A., Canan, F., Özçetin, A. (2008). Zihinsel özürlü çocukları olan ebeveynler ile sağlıklı çocuklara sahip ebeveynlerin çocuk yetiştirme tutumlarının karşılaştırılması. Düzce Tıp Fakültesi Dergisi, 10, 21-28.
16. Lokoyi, O. (2015). Parenting styles as correlates of aggressive behaviour amongin-school adolescent with mild intellectual disability. Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, 4, 94-100.
17. Milevsky, A., Schlechter, M., Netter, S., Keehn, D. (2007). Maternal and paternal parenting styles in adolescents: associations with self-esteem, depression and life-satisfaction. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 16, 39-47.
18. Mullins, L. L., Wolfe-Christensen, C., Hoff Pai, A. L., Carpentier, M. Y., Gillaspy, S., Cheek, J., Page, M. (2007). The relationship of parental overprotection, perceived child vulnerability, and parenting stress to uncertainty in youth with chronic illness. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 32, 973-982.
19. Phillips, B. A., Conners, F., Curtner-Smith, M. E. (2017). Parenting Children with down syndrome: an analysis of parenting styles, parenting dimensions, and parental stress. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 68, 9-19.
20. Pinquart, M. (2013). Do The parent–child relationship and parenting behaviors differ between families with a child with and without chronic illness?: a meta-analysis. Journal of Pediatric Psychology, 38, 708-721.
21. Powell, D.N., Karraker, K. (2017). Prospective parents' knowledge about parenting and their anticipated child‐rearing decisions. Family Relations, 66, 3, 453-467.
22. Resch, J. A., Mireles, G., Benz, M. R., Grenwelge, C., Peterson, R., Zhang, D. (2010). Giving Parents a voice: a qualitative study of the challenges experienced by parents of children with disabilities. Rehabilitation Psychology, 55, 139.
23. Rutgers, A. H., Van Ijzendoorn, M. H., Bakermans-Kranenburg, M. J., Swinkels, S. H., Van Daalen, E., Dietz, C., Naber, F. B., Buitelaar, J. K., Van Engeland, H. (2007). Autism, attachment and parenting: a comparison of children with autism spectrum disorder, mental retardation, language disorder, and non-clinical children. Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 35, 859-870.
24. Sabat, C., Burke, M. M., Arango, P. (2021). Parental styles and attitudes of fathers of children and adolescents with intellectual disability: do parental styles and attitudes impact children’s adaptive behaviour? Journal of Applied Research in Intellectual Disabilities, 34, 1431-1441.
25. Sari, H. Y. (2007). Zihinsel engelli çocuğu olan ailelerde aile yüklenmesi. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi, Hemşirelik Yüksekokulu Dergisi, 11, 1-5.
26. Sinha, D., Verma, N., Hershe, D. (2016). A Comparative study of parenting styles, parental stress and resilience among parents of children having autism spectrum disorder, parents of children having specific learning disorder and parents of children not diagnosed with any psychiatric disorder. Annals of International Medical and Dental Research, 2, 106-11.
27. Veli, Y. H. (2023). Konjenital kalp hastalığı olan ve olmayan çocukların gelişimsel özellikleri ve ebeveyn tutumlarının karşılaştırılması. Master Thesis, Izmir Katip Çelebi University.
28. Wolfradt, U., Hempel, S., Miles, J. N. (2003). Perceived parenting styles, depersonalisation, anxiety and coping behaviour in adolescents. Personality and Individual Differences, 34, 521-532.
29. Woolfson, L., Grant, E. (2006). Authoritative parenting and parental stress in parents of pre‐school and older children with developmental disabilities. Child: Care, Health and Development, 32, 177-184.