Atık Isı Geri Kazanım Teknolojileri ile Termik Santrallerde Enerji Verimliliğinin Artırılması

Öz

Termik santrallerde enerji verimliliğinin artırılması, yakıt tüketiminin, işletme maliyetlerinin ve çevresel emisyonlar ile kirleticilerin azaltılmasında kritik bir rol oynayabilir. Bu çalışma, termik enerji üretim sistemlerinin enerji verimliliklerini artırmak amacıyla çeşitli Atık Isı Geri Kazanım (WHR) tekniklerinin (Organik Rankine Çevrimi (ORC), Kalina Çevrimi, ısı değiştiriciler ve absorbsiyonlu ısı pompaları) nitel bir değerlendirmesini sunmaktadır. Burada; tekniklerin simüle edilmiş performans verilerinin sayısal karşılaştırması, WHR sistemlerinin termik santral türleri genelinde verimlilikleri %9,1 ile %36,4 arasında artırabileceğini, kombine çevrim konfigürasyonları kullanıldığında gaz türbinlerinde daha fazla iyileşme sağlandığını göstermektedir. Ekserji verimliliği de, ORC sistemleri ve Kalina Çevrimi kombinasyonları gibi WHR sistemleri eklendiğinde yaklaşık %11,5’e kadar iyileşme olduğunu göstermektedir. Yıllık bazda bitki türüne ve geri kazanım yöntemine bağlı olarak CO₂ emisyonlarının %15–22 oranında azaltılması çevresel fayda olarak ortaya çıkmaktadır. Temel ısı değiştiriciler için kW başına 250 ABD Doları’ndan, en son gelişmiş sistemler için kW başına 950 ABD Doları’na kadar değişen sermaye yatırımı gerektiren WHR sistemlerinin ekonomik analizi, sermaye geri kazanım fonu ile yıllık işletme maliyeti tasarrufları ve yatırım getirisi (ROI) açısından özellikle operasyonel fayda bakımından dikkate değer olduğunu göstermektedir; ORC sistemlerinin MW başına toplam yıllık tasarrufu 85.000 ABD Doları olup, geri ödeme süresi yaklaşık 6,5 yıldır. Ayrıca, bir TRL değerlendirmesi, ısı değiştiriciler ve absorbsiyonlu ısı pompalarının tamamen ticarileştirildiğini (TRL 9), Kalina Çevrimi ve Bulanık-PID denetleyiciler dahil olmak üzere diğer teknolojilerin ise henüz tamamen ticarileştirilmediğini ve geliştirme aşamasında olduğunu göstermiştir. Sonuçlar, WHR’nin yalnızca tesis performansına katkı sağlamakla kalmayıp, aynı zamanda hem atıkların hem de emisyonların en aza indirilmesi yoluyla sürdürülebilir enerji uygulamalarını da mümkün kıldığını doğrulamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Karbon emisyonları,
• Enerji verimliliği,
• Ekserji analizi,
• Termik enerji,
• Atık ısı geri kazanımı

Enhancing Energy Efficiency in Thermal Power Plants through Waste Heat Recovery Technologies

Öz

Energy efficiency improvements in thermal power plants can play a crucial role in reducing fuel consumption, operating costs, and environmental emissions and pollutants. This study presents a qualitative assessment of various Waste Heat Recovery (WHR) techniques (Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC), Kalina Cycle, heat exchangers, and absorption heat pumps) to improve thermal power generation system energy efficiencies, where; comparing the simulated performance data of the techniques numerically indicated WHR systems can improve the efficiencies across thermal power plant types by 9.1% to 36.4%, with gas turbines showing more improvement using combined cycle configurations. The exergy efficiency also indicated approximately up to 11.5% improvement when WHR systems like ORC systems and Kalina Cycle combinations were added too. The environmental benefit of reduced CO₂ emissions of 15–22% annually dependent on plant type and recovery method. The economic analysis of WHR systems that require a capital investment that ranges $250/kW for basic heat exchangers and up to $950/kW for the latest advances, shows that the capital recovery fund with annual operating cost savings and return on investment (ROI) are considerable with regards specifically to the operational benefit, the ORC systems' total yearly savings per MW of $85,000 and a payback of about 6.5 years. In addition, a TRL assessment showed that while heat exchangers and absorption heat pumps are fully commercialized (TRL 9), other technologies including Kalina Cycle and Fuzzy-PID controllers are not yet fully commercialized and are still in development. The results corroborate that WHR not only helps plant performance, but also enables sustainable energy practices through the minimization of both waste and emissions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Carbon emissions,
• Energy efficiency,
• Exergy analysis,
• Thermal power,
• Waste Heat recovery

Kaynakça

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