Araştırma Makalesi
BibTex RIS Kaynak Göster

Gelir Eşitsizliği Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 323 - 344, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61127/idusos.1800765

Öz

Sanayileşme çağının başlangıcından bu yana, artan ortalama gelire bağlı olarak gelir eşitsizliğinin azalması, artan enerji tüketimi ve küresel ısınmanın ana nedeni olarak kabul edilmektedir. Dolayısıyla, ekonomik büyüme ve enerji tüketimi arasında olduğu kadar sosyal eşitlik ve çevresel sürdürülebilirlik arasında da bir değiş tokuş söz konusudur. Bu çalışmanın amacı güvenilir ve erişilebilir enerji tüketimi ile gelir eşitsizliği arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemektir. Uygulamada yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi, partikül emisyon hasarı, elektriğe erişim oranı, birincil enerjinin enerji yoğunluğu düzeyi, toplam doğal kaynak rantları, GSYİH ve Gini endeks değerleri kullanılmıştır. Çalışmada; Türkiye, Avusturya, Belçika, Kanada, ABD, Arjantin, Danimarka, İspanya, Fransa, İtalya, Portekiz, İngiltere, Yunanistan, İrlanda, Meksika, Rusya, İsrail, Lüksemburg, İsveç, Ermenistan, Brezilya, Endonezya, Kazakistan, Ekvator, Gürcistan, Kırgızistan, Tayland, Ukrayna, Uruguay ve Kolombiya’dan oluşan otuz ülkenin 2000-2021 dönemine ait yıllık verileri kullanılmıştır. Panel veri analiz yöntemi ile değişkenler arasındaki nedensellik ve eşbütünleşme ilişkisi araştırılmıştır. Analiz sonucunda; güvenilir ve erişilebilir enerji tüketimi ile gelir eşitsizliği arasında hem eşbütünleşme ve hem de nedensellik ilişkisi tespit edilmiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Alev, N., & Ersezer, Ö. (2024). Gelir eşitsizliği, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel VAR yaklaşımından kanıtlar. Mecmua - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(17), 92–107.
  • Altarhouni, A., Danju, D., & Samour, A. (2021). Insurance market development, energy consumption, and Turkey’s CO2 emissions: New perspectives from a bootstrap ARDL test. Energies, 14(23), 7830. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237830
  • Arı, A. (2022). Gelir eşitsizliği ve enerji tüketimi ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 236–244.
  • Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Inequality, finance and renewable energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable Energy, 165, 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.030
  • Çatık, A. N., Bucak, Ç., Ballı, E., Manga, M., & Destek, M. A. (2024). How do energy consumption, globalization, and income inequality affect environmental quality across growth regimes? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 10976–10993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29389-7
  • Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K., & Munyanyi, M. E. (2021). Income inequality and renewable energy consumption: Time-varying non-parametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126306
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: Empirical evidence across regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017
  • Duan, C., & Chen, B. (2018). Analysis of global energy consumption inequality by using Lorenz curve. Energy Procedia, 152, 750–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.253
  • Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Durgun, B. (2024). Türkiye’de elektrik tüketimi ve gelir eşitsizliği ilişkisi: Genişletilmiş doğrusal olmayan ARDL (ANARDL) yaklaşımı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(1), 292–315.
  • Gardezi, M. A., & Chaudhry, I. S. (2022). Globalization and energy consumption: Empirical implications for income inequality in developing countries. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 8(2), 111–125.
  • Ivanovski, K., Hailemariam, A., & Smyth, R. (2021). The effect of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Non-parametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 124956.
  • Jardón, A., Kuik, O., & Tol, R. S. (2017). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: An analysis of Latin America and the Caribbean. Atmósfera, 30(2), 87–100.
  • Kang, H. (2022). Impacts of income inequality and economic growth on CO2 emissions: Comparing the Gini coefficient and the top income share in OECD countries. Energies, 15, 6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196954
  • McGee, J. A., & Greiner, P. T. (2019). Renewable energy injustice: The socio-environmental implications of renewable energy consumption. Energy Research & Social Science, 56, 101214.
  • Muhammad, I., Ozcan, R., Jain, V., Sharma, P., & Shabbir, M. S. (2022). Does environmental sustainability affect the renewable energy consumption? Nexus among trade openness, CO2 emissions, income inequality, renewable energy, and economic growth in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(60), 90147–90157.
  • Muhammad, I., Shabbir, M. S., Saleem, S., Bilal, K., & Ulucak, R. (2021). Nexus between willingness to pay for renewable energy sources: Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2972–2986.
  • Nar, M. (2021). The relationship between income inequality and energy consumption: A Pareto optimal approach. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8, 613–624.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.
  • Rahman, M. M., & Sultana, N. (2024). Nexus of human development and environmental quality in low-income and developing countries: Do renewable energy and good governance matter? Sustainability, 16, 5382.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Rastegari Henneberry, S., Sabouhi Sabouni, M., & Shah Foroushani, N. (2020). Drought, climate change, and dry land wheat yield response: An econometric approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5264.
  • Sovacool, B. K., & Brown, M. A. (2010). Competing dimensions of energy security: An international perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35(1), 77–108.
  • Subramaniam, Y., Nanthakumar, L., & Subramaniam, T. (2023). The moderating role of remittances in the energy security-poverty nexus in developing countries. Utilities Policy, 84, 101655.
  • Topcu, M., & Tugcu, C. T. (2020). The impact of renewable energy consumption on income inequality: Evidence from developed countries. Renewable Energy, 151, 1134–1140.
  • Vo, D. H., Pham, A. T., Tran, T., & Vu, N. T. (2023). Does income inequality moderate the effect of fintech development on renewable energy consumption? PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0294011.
  • Von Hippel, D., Suzuki, T., Williams, J. H., Savage, T., & Hayes, P. (2011). Energy security and sustainability in Northeast Asia. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6719–6730.
  • Şentürk, S., & Aşan, Z. (2007). Bulanık mantıkta korelasyon katsayısı; meteorolojik olaylarda bir uygulama. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 149–158.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020a). İleri panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020b). Panel zaman serisi analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024a). Elektriğe erişim (% nüfus). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?view=chart, 12.10.2024.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024b). Yenilenebilir elektrik üretimi (% toplam üretim). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS?view=chart
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024c). Toplam doğal kaynak kiraları (% GSYİH). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS?view=chart, 12.10.2024.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024d). GSYH büyümesi (yıllık %), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/. 12.10.2024.

The Relatıonshıp Between Income Inequalıty and Energy Consumptıon

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2, 323 - 344, 31.12.2025
https://doi.org/10.61127/idusos.1800765

Öz

Since the onset of the industrialization era, the reduction in income inequality associated with rising average income has been recognized as a major contributor to increased energy consumption and global warming. Consequently, there exists a trade-off not only between economic growth and energy consumption but also between social equity and environmental sustainability. This study aims to examine the relationship between reliable and accessible energy consumption and income inequality. In the empirical analysis, the following variables are utilized: renewable energy consumption, particulate emission damage, access to electricity, energy intensity of primary energy, total natural resource rents, GDP, and the Gini index. The study employs annual data from 30 countries (Turkey, Austria, Belgium, Canada, the United States, Argentina, Denmark, Spain, France, Italy, Portugal, the United Kingdom, Greece, Ireland, Mexico, Russia, Israel, Luxembourg, Sweden, Armenia, Brazil, Indonesia, Kazakhstan, Ecuador, Georgia, Kyrgyzstan, Thailand, Ukraine, Uruguay, and Colombia) for the period between 2000 and 2021. Using the panel data analysis method, the study investigates the causal and cointegration relationships among the variables. The analysis results reveal the presence of both cointegration and causality relationships between the variables of reliable and accessible energy consumption and income inequality.

Kaynakça

  • Alev, N., & Ersezer, Ö. (2024). Gelir eşitsizliği, yenilenebilir enerji tüketimi ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel VAR yaklaşımından kanıtlar. Mecmua - Uluslararası Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 9(17), 92–107.
  • Altarhouni, A., Danju, D., & Samour, A. (2021). Insurance market development, energy consumption, and Turkey’s CO2 emissions: New perspectives from a bootstrap ARDL test. Energies, 14(23), 7830. https://doi.org/10.3390/en14237830
  • Arı, A. (2022). Gelir eşitsizliği ve enerji tüketimi ilişkisi: Türkiye örneği. Celal Bayar Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi, 20(2), 236–244.
  • Asongu, S. A., & Odhiambo, N. M. (2021). Inequality, finance and renewable energy consumption in Sub-Saharan Africa. Renewable Energy, 165, 678–688. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.renene.2020.11.030
  • Çatık, A. N., Bucak, Ç., Ballı, E., Manga, M., & Destek, M. A. (2024). How do energy consumption, globalization, and income inequality affect environmental quality across growth regimes? Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 31, 10976–10993. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-023-29389-7
  • Churchill, S. A., Ivanovski, K., & Munyanyi, M. E. (2021). Income inequality and renewable energy consumption: Time-varying non-parametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 296, 126306. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2021.126306
  • Dong, K., Hochman, G., Zhang, Y., Sun, R., Li, H., & Liao, H. (2018). CO2 emissions, economic and population growth, and renewable energy: Empirical evidence across regions. Energy Economics, 75, 180–192. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.017
  • Duan, C., & Chen, B. (2018). Analysis of global energy consumption inequality by using Lorenz curve. Energy Procedia, 152, 750–755. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.egypro.2018.09.253
  • Dumitrescu, E.-I., & Hurlin, C. (2012). Testing for Granger non-causality in heterogeneous panels. Economic Modelling, 29(4), 1450–1460. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.econmod.2012.02.014
  • Durgun, B. (2024). Türkiye’de elektrik tüketimi ve gelir eşitsizliği ilişkisi: Genişletilmiş doğrusal olmayan ARDL (ANARDL) yaklaşımı. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi İİBF Dergisi, 19(1), 292–315.
  • Gardezi, M. A., & Chaudhry, I. S. (2022). Globalization and energy consumption: Empirical implications for income inequality in developing countries. Review of Economics and Development Studies, 8(2), 111–125.
  • Ivanovski, K., Hailemariam, A., & Smyth, R. (2021). The effect of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption on economic growth: Non-parametric evidence. Journal of Cleaner Production, 286, 124956.
  • Jardón, A., Kuik, O., & Tol, R. S. (2017). Economic growth and carbon dioxide emissions: An analysis of Latin America and the Caribbean. Atmósfera, 30(2), 87–100.
  • Kang, H. (2022). Impacts of income inequality and economic growth on CO2 emissions: Comparing the Gini coefficient and the top income share in OECD countries. Energies, 15, 6954. https://doi.org/10.3390/en15196954
  • McGee, J. A., & Greiner, P. T. (2019). Renewable energy injustice: The socio-environmental implications of renewable energy consumption. Energy Research & Social Science, 56, 101214.
  • Muhammad, I., Ozcan, R., Jain, V., Sharma, P., & Shabbir, M. S. (2022). Does environmental sustainability affect the renewable energy consumption? Nexus among trade openness, CO2 emissions, income inequality, renewable energy, and economic growth in OECD countries. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 29(60), 90147–90157.
  • Muhammad, I., Shabbir, M. S., Saleem, S., Bilal, K., & Ulucak, R. (2021). Nexus between willingness to pay for renewable energy sources: Evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 28(3), 2972–2986.
  • Nar, M. (2021). The relationship between income inequality and energy consumption: A Pareto optimal approach. Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business, 8, 613–624.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General diagnostic tests for cross-section dependence in panels. IZA Discussion Paper No. 1240. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.572504
  • Pesaran, M. H., & Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1), 50–93.
  • Rahman, M. M., & Sultana, N. (2024). Nexus of human development and environmental quality in low-income and developing countries: Do renewable energy and good governance matter? Sustainability, 16, 5382.
  • Shayanmehr, S., Rastegari Henneberry, S., Sabouhi Sabouni, M., & Shah Foroushani, N. (2020). Drought, climate change, and dry land wheat yield response: An econometric approach. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(14), 5264.
  • Sovacool, B. K., & Brown, M. A. (2010). Competing dimensions of energy security: An international perspective. Annual Review of Environment and Resources, 35(1), 77–108.
  • Subramaniam, Y., Nanthakumar, L., & Subramaniam, T. (2023). The moderating role of remittances in the energy security-poverty nexus in developing countries. Utilities Policy, 84, 101655.
  • Topcu, M., & Tugcu, C. T. (2020). The impact of renewable energy consumption on income inequality: Evidence from developed countries. Renewable Energy, 151, 1134–1140.
  • Vo, D. H., Pham, A. T., Tran, T., & Vu, N. T. (2023). Does income inequality moderate the effect of fintech development on renewable energy consumption? PLOS ONE, 18(11), e0294011.
  • Von Hippel, D., Suzuki, T., Williams, J. H., Savage, T., & Hayes, P. (2011). Energy security and sustainability in Northeast Asia. Energy Policy, 39(11), 6719–6730.
  • Şentürk, S., & Aşan, Z. (2007). Bulanık mantıkta korelasyon katsayısı; meteorolojik olaylarda bir uygulama. Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi Mühendislik Mimarlık Fakültesi Dergisi, 20(1), 149–158.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020a). İleri panel veri ekonometrisi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Tatoğlu, F. Y. (2020b). Panel zaman serisi analizi: Stata uygulamalı. Beta Yayıncılık.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024a). Elektriğe erişim (% nüfus). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.ACCS.ZS?view=chart, 12.10.2024.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024b). Yenilenebilir elektrik üretimi (% toplam üretim). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/EG.ELC.RNEW.ZS?view=chart
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024c). Toplam doğal kaynak kiraları (% GSYİH). https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.TOTL.RT.ZS?view=chart, 12.10.2024.
  • Dünya Bankası. (2024d). GSYH büyümesi (yıllık %), https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/. 12.10.2024.
Toplam 34 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Makro İktisat (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Mehmet Şengür 0000-0002-2173-9977

Müslime Sözen

Gönderilme Tarihi 10 Ekim 2025
Kabul Tarihi 24 Ekim 2025
Yayımlanma Tarihi 31 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Şengür, M., & Sözen, M. (2025). Gelir Eşitsizliği Enerji Tüketimi İlişkisi. Izmir Democracy University Social Sciences Journal, 8(2), 323-344. https://doi.org/10.61127/idusos.1800765