THE ROLE OF ENERGY SUPPLY AND TRANSIT SECURITY IN RUSSIA’S “NEAR ABROAD” POLICY: 2000-2008

Yıl 2024, , 121 - 140, 21.06.2024

Erhan Canikoğlu

https://doi.org/10.61349/iesbad.1461838

Öz

Russian Federation defined post-Soviet space as the “Near Abroad” and by declaring it as their privileged sphere of interest in the 1993 National Security Doctrine. The regions’s rich oil and gas reserves played an important role in this definition. The U.S. attempted to control the region’s energy sources for strategical objectives. The E.U.’s foreign energy demand increased after the admission of the ten new member states in 2004. So Brussels sought sought alternative resources in the region in order to reduce its dependence on Russian supplies. China and India pursued cheap and stable energy supplies in the region. Russia tried to be a major energy supplier as well as preventing the global powers not to infiltrate into the region. This paper examines Russia’s policies about energy supply and transit in the “Near Abroad”. It concludes that Russia either prevent alternative projects which contradicted its interests or coerced its rivals to make concessions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Russian Federation;, "Near Abroad";, Energy Rivalry;, Transit Security

RUSYA’NIN “YAKIN ÇEVRE” POLİTİKASINDA ENERJİ ARZ VE TRANSİT GÜVENLİĞİNİN ROLÜ: 2000-2008 DÖNEMİ

Öz

Rusya Federasyonu, 1993 yılında hazırlanan Ulusal Güvenlik Doktrini’nde Sovyet sonrası coğrafyayı ayrıcalıklı çıkar alanı vurgusuyla “Yakın Çevre” olarak tanımladı. Bölgenin zengin petrol ve doğalgaz kaynaklarına sahip olması bu tanımlamada rol oynadı. ABD stratejik nedenlerle bölgenin enerji kaynaklarını kontrol etmeyi planladı. 2004’de on yeni üyenin katılımıyla ithal enerji ihtiyacı artan Avrupa Birliği ise Rusya’ya bağımlılığı azaltmak için bölgede alternatif arayışına yöneldi. Çin ve Hindistan gibi ülkeler ise bölgeden uygun fiyatlarla kesintisiz enerji temini peşindeydi. Rusya ise küresel güçleri bölgeden uzak tutmaya çalışırken, enerji arzında önde gelen aktör olmayı hedefledi. Bu makalede Rusya’nın “Yakın Çevre”de enerji arz ve transitine yönelik politikaları incelenmiştir. Rusya’nın çıkarlarını zedeleyecek projeleri engellediği ya da rakiplerini tavize zorladığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Rusya Federasyonu;, "Yakın Çevre";, Enerji Rekabeti;, Arz ve Transit Güvenliği

Kaynakça

• Amanov, Ş. (2007). ABD’nin Orta Asya Politikaları. İstanbul: Gökkubbe Yayınevi. An Energy Policy For Europe, https://eur-lex.europa.eu/legal-content/EN/TXT/PDF/?uri= CELEX:52007DC0001, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020).
• Asker, A. (2021). “Rusya’nın Yakın Çevre Siyaseti: Karadeniz-Hazar (Güney Kafkasya) Bölgesi”. İçinde: 100. Yılında Türkiye Rusya İlişkileri ve Karadeniz (Moskova Antlaşması’ndan Günümüze), Editörler: Mehmet Okur, Yüksel Küçüker, Ahmet Nafiz Ünalmış), Akçağ Yayınları, Ankara, ss. 97-141.
• Aslan, Y. (2005). Hazar Petrolleri, Kafkas Kördüğümü ve Türkiye, 2.Baskı, Ankara: Berikan Yayınevi. “Avrupa’yı ‘ikiye bölen’ proje: Kuzey Akım 2 Gaz Boru Hattı tamamlandı”, https://tr.euronews.com/2021/09/10/avrupa-y-ikiye-bolen-proje-kuzey-ak-m-2-dogal-gaz-boru-hatt-tamamland, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)
• “Blackmail fear after Russia doubles the price of its gas”, http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-424434/Blackmail-fear-Russia-doubles-price-gas.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ekim 2007)
• Blank, S. (2006). China’s Emerging Energy Nexus with Central Asia, http://www.jamestown.org/programs/chinabrief/single/?tx_ttnews%5Btt_news%5D=31886& tx_ttnews %5BbackPid%5D=196&no_cache=1, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.07.2010).
• Cafersoy, N. (2000a). Eyalet-Merkez Düzeyinden Eşit Statüye: Azerbaycan-Rusya İlişkileri (1991-2000), Ankara, Avrasya-Bir Vakfı, Avrasya Stratejik Araştırma Merkezi, Ankara Çalışmaları, Ekim 2000, s.32-35.
• Cafersoy, N. (2000b). Enerji Diplomasisi: Rus Dış Politikasında Stratejik Araç Değişimi, Stratejik Analiz, Sayı: 8, Aralık 2000, s. 52-61.
• Cemilli, E. (2007). ABD’nin Güney Kafkasya Politikası. İstanbul: IQ Kültür Sanat.
• Chandra, A. (2009). Geopolitics of Central Asian Energy Sources and Indian Interest, Journal of Peace Studies, 16 (1-2).
• Dumbaugh, K. (2008). China’s Foreign Policy: What Does It Mean For U.S. Global Interests? http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34588.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2009).
• EIA-China Analysis, http://www.eia.doe.gov/cabs/China/Oil.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• EIA-Turkmenistan Analysis, https://www.eia.gov/international/analysis/country/TKM, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• “Gazprom to double Georgia charges”, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/business/6108950.stm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• Göknel, M. (2008). The New Game” Tension and Conflicts For Energy Transport Routes, http://www.eurasiacritic.com/articles/newgame-tension-and-conflicts-energy-transport-routes, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2008).
• Gromadzki, G. & Wojciech, K. (2007). Energy Game: Ukraine, Moldova and Belarus between the EU and Russia, http://www.batory.org.pl/doc/energy_game.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 16.09.2009).
• Haas, M. (2006). Current Geostrategy in the South Caucasus, http://www.pinr.com/report.php?ac=view_report&report_id=595& language_id=1, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.03.2007).
• Haas, M. (2009). Medvedev’s Security Policy: A Provisional Assessment, Russian Analytical Digest, 62, 2-5. Helm, D. (2006). Russia, Germany and European Energy Policy, http://www.opendemocracy.net/globalizationinstitutions_government/energy_policy_4186.jsp, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2009).
• “Iran and Russia Sign Oil and Weapons Pact, 12 March 2001, https://www.nytimes.com/2001/03/12/world/iran-and-russia-sign-oil-and-weapons-pact.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• Inventory of International Nonproliferation Organizations and Regimes, Commonwealth of Independent States, 1 January 2007, https://media.nti.org/documents/cis.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• İsmayilov, R. (2008). Azerbaijan: Baku Likely to Reject Russian Offer to Buy Natural Gas, http://www.eurasianet.org/departments/insight/articles/eav060308a.shtml, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05. 2010).
• Jafarov, N. (2007), Rusya`da Ulusal Güvenlik Anlayışının Dönüşümü (1991-2006), [Doktora Tezi, Ankara Üniversitesi]. Ankara Sosyal Bilimler Enstitüsü, sayfa 102-103.
• Janusz, B. (2005). The Caspian Sea Legal Status and Regime Problems. Chatham House, Russia and Eurasia Programme Briefing Paper, REP BP 05/02.
• Jirusek, M. (2020). TurkStream is South Stream 2.0-has the EU done its homework this time?, https://www.atlanticcouncil.org/blogs/energysource/turkstream-is-south-stream-2-0-has-the-eu-done-its-homework-this-time/, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• Kahraman, F. Ş., Merdan, A. S. (2020). Hazar Denizi’nin Hukuki Statüsü. KAÜİİBFD, 11(21), 434-468. Kara, S. (2006), Rusya-AB Enerji Diyaloğu, http://www.tusam.net/makaleler.asp?id=609& sayfa=13, (Erişim Tarihi: 23.04.2007).
• Kasım, K. (2009). Soğuk Savaş Sonrası Kafkasya. Ankara: USAK Yayınları. Pipeline, https://www.kcp.kz/projects/atasu_alashankou, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• Kazakhstan to Transport 1.5 Million Tons of Oil Via Baku-Tbilisi-Ceyhan Pipeline, 24 November 2022, https://astanatimes.com/2022/11/kazakhstan-to-transport-1-5-million-tons-of-oil-via-baku-tbilisi-ceyhan-pipeline/, (Erişim Tarihi: 24.11.2022).
• Khan, A.H. (T.Y.), Indian Interests in Central Asia, Area Study Center (Russia, China and Central Asia) University of Peshawar, Designed&Printed by The AAYS.
• Kolchin, S. (2006), Why Russia refuses to ratify Energy Charter, http://en.rian.ru/analysis/20060407/ 45451331.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2009).
• Lelyveld, M. (2001), Caspian: Russia-Iran Declaration Draws Objections, http://www.binfo.com/tools/miva/newsview.mv?url=news/2001-03/text/mar19g.rfe, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.12.2006).
• Liu, X. (2006), China’s Energy Security and Its Grand Strategy, The Stanley Foundation Policy Analysis Brief. Lukoil Announces Extra USD 2.5 Million Investments in Romania, https://www.blackseanews.net/en/read/44546, (Erişim Tarihi: 12.09.2012).
• Macdougall, J. (1997), Russian Policy in the Transcaucasian ‘Near Abroad’: The Case of Azerbaijan, Demokratizatsiya, 5 (1), 89-101.
• Magomedov, A. (2006). Russia’s Policy Toward the Caspian Sea Region and Relations with Iran, Russian Analytical Digest, 6, 16-18.
• Mamedov, R. (2001). International Legal Status Of The Caspian Sea: Issues of Theory And Practice. The Turkish Yearbook, 32, 217-259.
• “Mid-ocean pirate attack on tanker”, 10 November 2009, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8350850.stm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2010).
• Mitra, P. (2005), Indian Diplomacy Energized by Search for Oil, https://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/indian-diplomacy-energized-search-oil,(ErişimTarihi: 15.05.2010)
• “Nord Stream gas pipeline opened by Merkel and Medvedev”, https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-15637244, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.10.2021)
• Özcan, A. Sevinç (2005), Bir Sovyet Mirası Rus Azınlıklar, İstanbul, Küre Yayınları.
• Papava, V. & Tokmazishvili, M. (2010). Russian Energy Politics And The EU: How To Change The Paradigm, Caucasian Review Of International Affairs, 4 (2) 103-111.
• Perovich, J. & Orttung, R. (2007). Russia’s Energy Policy: Should Europe Worry? Russian Analytical Digest, No.18, 2-7.
• Kopysc, A. (2008) Poland’s Energy Security, http://www.iags.org/n022908.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 29.02.2008). Romanian President Concerned By European Dependence on Russian Energy, 21 November 2006, https://jamestown.org/program/romanian-president-concerned-by-european-dependence-on-russian-energy/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• “Russia, Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan sign Caspian gas pipeline deal”, 20 December 2007, https://portnews.ru/news/print/8219/, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• “Russia to cut natural gas supplies to Belarus 45% from Aug.3”, 01 August 2007, http://en.rian.ru/russia/20070801/70092408.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• “Russia-Ukraine gas row heat up”, 27 December 2005, December http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/4562952.stm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• Safire, W. “On Language: TheNear Abroad” , May 22, 1994, May 22, 1994, https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/22/magazine/on-language-the-near-abroad.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.12.2020)
• Schreiner, B. (2002). Europe and the development of energy resources in the Caspian sea region. http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/external_dimension_enlargement /l27028_en.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2009).
• Socor, V. (2010). Bulgarian Government Skeptical on South Stream Project, Eurasia Daily Monitor, 7 (33). “Somali Pirates hijack Russian China Bound oil tanker”, 5 May 2010, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/8661816.stm, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2020).
• “South Stream Pipeline Project, Europe, (T.Y.) http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/southstream/, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• Stern, J. (2007). Gas-OPEC: A Distraction From Important Issues of Russian Gas Supply to Europe, Oxford Energy Comment, http://www.oxfordenergy.org/pdfs/comment_0207-1.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05. 2009).
• Syaun, T. (2008). Çin Siyaseti’nde Orta Asya’nın Yeri, (Şanghay Uluslararası Araştırmalar Enstitüsü Rusya ve Orta Asya Bölümü Uzmanı-21 Kasım 2008), Avrasya Mirası Vakfı, Moskova.
• “TACİS Annual Report 1999”, (T.Y.) http://www.hydrocarbons-technology.com/projects/southstream/, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.10.2007).
• The Energy Charter Treaty, Updated 18 February 2019, energycharter.org/process/energy-charter-treaty-1994/energy-charter-treaty/#:~:text=It%20is%20designed%20to%20promote,legal% 20force%20in% 20April%201998, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• The Energy Charter Treaty and Protocol, http://europa.eu/legislation_summaries/energy/ external_dimension_enlargement/l27028_en.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 19.12.2020).
• The Pipeline, https://www.nord-stream.com/the-project/pipeline/, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.03.2024). The Summary of the Energy Strategy of Russia for the Period of up to 2020, http://ec.europa.eu/energy/russia/ events/ doc/2003_strategy_2020_en.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 10 Ekim 2007).
• Tonneson, S. & Kolas, A. (2006). Energy Security in Asia: China, India, Oil and Peace, Report to the Norwegian Ministry of Foreign Affairs, International Peace Research Institute, Oslo (PRIO), 38-40.
• Tunyan, B. (2006). Russian share in the pipeline growing, http://www.168.am/en/articles/3569, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.07.2007).
• Turan, İ. (2020). Çin’in Enerji Güvenliği Politikası: Kuşak Yol İnisiyatifi ve Avrasya’da “Yeni Büyük Oyun”, Nobel Yayınları, Ankara.
• “U.S.Interests in the Central Asian Republics”, 12 February 1998, http://commdocs.house.gov/committees/intlrel/hfa48119.000/hfa48119_0f.htm, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2009).
• Vitale, A. (2007). The EU wants to build an energy strategy in the Caspian region, http://www.caucaz.com/ home_eng/ breve_contenu.php?id=293, (Erişim Tarihi: 10.05.2010).
• Woehrel, S. (2009). Russian Energy Policy Toward Neigboring Countries, Congressional Research Service, http://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/RL34261.pdf, (Erişim Tarihi: 20.09.2010).
• Zissis, C. (2007). India’s Energy Crunch, http://www.cfr.org/publication/12200/indias_ energy_crunch.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 15.05.2010).