İLİŞKİSEL BENLİK ÖLÇEĞİNİN TÜRKÇE GEÇERLEMESİ

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, bireycilik ve toplulukçuluk kavramlarının yakın ilişkileri anlamada yetersiz kalması nedeniyle bu ilişkilerin daha iyi anlaşılmasını sağlayacak ilişkisel benlik kavramını ölçen RISC ölçeğinin (Cross, Bacon, & Morris, 2000) Türkçe’ye kazandırılmasıdır. Ölçek geçerleme çalışması kapsamında, ilişkisel benliğin psikometrik özelliklerini değerlendirmek için üç farklı öğrenci örnekleminden, toplamda 505 kişiye ulaşılmıştır. Veriler üzerinde keşfedici, doğrulayıcı faktör analizleri ve test-tekrar test analizleri gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bulgular orijinalde tek faktörlü olarak önerilen ilişkisel benlik ölçeğinin iki faktörlü (özdeşleşme ve yansıma) bir yapıda Türkçe’ye uygunluğunu ifade etmektedir. Bu bulguların teorik önemi ve etkileri geçmiş yazın ışığında tartışılmaktadır

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İlişkisel Benlik, Bireycilik, Toplulukçuluk, Ölçek Geçerleme

VALIDATION OF RELATIONAL-INTERDEPENDENCE SCALE IN TURKISH CONTEXT

Öz

The purpose of the present study is to validate the Turkish version of the relational-interdependent self scale (Cross et al., 2000) which provides a better understanding of close relationships relative to individualism and collectivism constructs. In order to validate the psychometric properties of the scale, we collected data from three different student samples composed of 505 participants in total. Explanatory and confirmatory factor analyses and test-retest reliability analysis were conducted. Our findings indicate that contrary to the one-factor solution of the original relational-interdependent self scale, two factor structure (labeled as identification and reflection) appears to provide a better fit to the Turkish context. Theoretical implications of this finding are discussed in light of previous research

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Relational-Interdependent Self, Individualism, Collectivism, Scale Validation

Kaynakça

1. Aldemir, C. M., Arbak, Y., & Özmen, N. T. Ö. (2003). Türkiye’de İşgörme Anlayışı: Tanımı ve Boyutları. Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(1), 5–28.
2. Aron, A., Aron, E. N., & Smollan, D. (1992). Inclusion of Other in the Self Scale and the structure of interpersonal closeness. Journal of Personality doi:10.1037/0022-3514.63.4.596 Social Psychology, 63(4), 596–612.
3. Arslan, S. (2006). Farklı Soyutlama Düzeylerinde Benlik Temsilleri - I - : Bireysel Benlik ve Kolektif Benlik yada “Ben”lik ve “Biz”lik. Türk Psikoloji Yazıları, 9(18), 81–99.
4. Brewer, M. B., & Chen, Y.-R. (2007). Where (Who) Are Collectives in Collectivism? Toward Conceptual Clarification of Individualism and Collectivism. doi:10.1037/0033-295X.114.1.133 Review, 114(1), 133–151.
5. Brewer, M. B., & Gardner, W. (1996). Who is this “We”? Levels of collective identity and self representations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 71(1), 83–93. doi:10.1037//0022- 3514.71.1.83
6. Brislin, R. W. (1970). Back-Translation for Cross-Cultural Research. Journal doi:10.1177/135910457000100301 Psychology, 1(3), 185–216.
7. Brown, T. A. (2006). Confirmatory Factor Analysis for Applied Research. Guilford Press.
8. Chen, S., & Boucher, H. C. (2008). Relational selves as self-affirmational resources. Journal of Research in Personality, 42(3), 716–733. doi:10.1016/j.jrp.2007.09.006

9. Clark, M. S., Mills, J., & Powell, M. C. (1986). Keeping track of needs in communal and exchange relationships. Journal of Personality and Social 3514.51.2.333 51(2), 333–338. doi:10.1037/0022
10. Cross, S. E., Bacon, P. L., & Morris, M. L. (2000). The relational- interdependent self-construal and relationships. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 78(4), 791–808.
11. Cross, S. E., Hardin, E. E., & Gercek-Swing, B. (2011). The What, How, Why, and Where of Self-Construal. Personality and Social Psychology doi:10.1177/1088868310373752 15(2), 142–179.
12. Cross, S. E., & Madson, L. (1997). Models of the self: self-construals and gender. Psychological Bulletin, 122(1), 5–37.
13. Cross, S. E., Morris, M. L., & Gore, J. S. (2002). Thinking about oneself and others: The relational-interdependent self-construal and social cognition. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 82(3), 399–418. doi:10.1037//0022-3514.82.3.399
14. Cukur, C. S., de Guzman, M. R. T., & Carlo, G. (2004). Religiosity, values, and horizontal and vertical individualism-collectivism: a study of Turkey, the United States, and the Philippines. The Journal of Social Psychology, 144(6), 613–634. doi:10.3200/SOCP.144.6.613- 634
15. De Winter, J. C. F., Dodou, D., & Wieringa, P. a. (2009). Exploratory Factor Analysis With Small Sample Sizes. Multivariate Behavioral Research, 44(2), 147–181. doi:10.1080/00273170902794206
16. Erkuş, A., & Banai, M. (2011). Attitudes towards questionable negotiation tactics in Turkey. International Journal of Conflict Management, 22(3), 239–263. doi:10.1108/10444061111152955
17. Fabrigar, L. R., Fabrigar, L. R., Wegener, D. T., Wegener, D. T., MacCallum, R. C., MacCallum, R. C., … Strahan, E. J. (1999). Evaluating the use of exploratory factor analysis in psychological research. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.4.3.272 Methods, 4(3), 272–299.
18. Gabriel, S., Renaud, J. M., & Tippin, B. (2007). When I think of you, I feel more confident about me: The relational self and self- confidence. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, 43(5), 772– 779. doi:10.1016/j.jesp.2006.07.004
19. Gelfand, M. J., Major, V. S., Raver, J. L., Nishii, L. H., & O’Brien, K. (2006). Negotiating Relationally: The Dynamics of Relational Self in Negotiations. Academy of Management Review, 31(2), 427–451.
20. Gore, J. S., Cross, S. E., & Kanagawa, C. (2008). Acting in our interests: Relational self-construal and goal motivation across cultures. Motivation and Emotion, 33(1), 75–87. doi:10.1007/s11031-008- 9113-1
21. Goregenli, M. (1997). Individualist-Collectivist Tendencies in a Turkish Sample. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 28(6), 787–794. doi:10.1177/0022022197286009
22. Gosling, S. D., Vazire, S., Srivastava, S., & John, O. P. (2004). Should We Trust Web-Based Studies? A Comparative Analysis of Six Preconceptions About Internet Questionnaires. American Psychologist, 59(2), 93–104. doi:10.1037/0003-066X.59.2.93
23. Green, E. G. T., Deschamps, J.-C., & Paez, D. (2005). Variation of Individualism and Collectivism within and between 20 Countries: A Typological Analysis. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 36(3), 321–339. doi:10.1177/0022022104273654
24. Heintzelman, S. J., & Bacon, P. L. (2015). Relational self-construal moderates the effect of social support on life satisfaction. Personality doi:10.1016/j.paid.2014.09.021 Individual Differences, 73, 72–77.
25. Hinkin, T. (1995). A review of scale development practices in the study of organizations. Journal of Management, 21(5), 967–988. doi:10.1016/0149-2063(95)90050-0
26. Imamoğlu, E. O. (1998). Individualism and Collectivism in a Model and Scale of Balanced Differentiation and Integration. The Journal of Psychology. doi:10.1080/00223989809599268
27. Imamoğlu, E. O., Günaydın, G., & Selçuk, E. (2011). Özgün benliğin yordayıcıları olarak kendileşme ve ilişkililik Cinsiyetin ve kültürel yönelimlerin ötesinde. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 26(67), 27–48.
28. Javidan, M., Dorfman, P., Sully de Luque, M., & House, R. J. (2006). In the Eye of the Beholder: Cross Cultural Lessons in Leadership from Project GLOBE Impact of Globalization. Academy of Management Perspectives, February, 67–91.
29. Jetten, J., Postmes, T., & McAuliffe, B. J. (2002). “We’re all individuals”: group norms of individualism and collectivism, levels of identification and identity threat. European Journal of Social Psychology, 32(2), 189–207. doi:10.1002/ejsp.65
30. Kagitcibasi, C. (1996). The Autonomous-Relational Self : A New Synthesis. European Psychologist, 1(3), 180–186.
31. Kagitcibasi, C. (2002). A Model of Family Change in Cultural Context. In W. Lonner, D. L. Dinnel, S. A. Hayes, & D. N. Sattler (Eds.), Online Readings in Psychology and Culture. Western Washington University. http://www.wwu.edu/culture/kagitcibasi.htm Retrieved from
32. Kline, R. B. (2010). Principles and Practice of Structural Equation Modeling, Third Edition. Guilford Press.
33. Kumru, A., Carlo, G., & Edwards, C. P. (2004). Olumlu Sosyal Davranışların İlişkisel, Kültürel , Bilişsel ve Duyuşsal Bazı Değişkenlerle İlişkisi. Türk Psikoloji Dergisi, 19(54), 109–125.
34. Leung, K. (1989). Cross-cultural differences: Individual level vs. culture- level analysis. International Journal of Psychology, 24, 703–719.
35. Levine, T. R., Bresnahan, M. J., Park, H. S., Lapinski, M. K., Wittenbaum, G. M., Shearman, S. M., … Ohashi, R. (2003). Self-construal scales lack validity. Human Communication Research, 29(2), 210–252. doi:10.1093/hcr/29.2.210
36. Lord, R., Brown, D., & Freiberg, S. (1999). Understanding the Dynamics of Leadership: The Role of Follower Self-Concepts in the Leader/Follower Relationship. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 78(3), 167–203. doi:10.1006/obhd.1999.2832
37. Ma, P. W. W., & Yeh, C. J. (2005). Factors Influencing the Career Decision Status of Chinese American Youths. The Career Development Quarterly, 53(4), 337–347.
38. MacCallum, R. C., Browne, M. W., & Sugawara, H. M. (1996). Power analysis and determination of sample size for covariance structure modeling. doi:10.1037/1082-989X.1.2.130 Methods, 1(2), 130–149.
39. Markus, H., & Kitayama, S. (1991). Culture and the Self: Implications for Cognition, Emotion, and Motivation. Psychological Review, 98(2), 224–253.
40. Mattingly, B. a., Oswald, D. L., & Clark, E. M. (2011). An examination of relational-interdependent self-construal, communal strength, and pro-relationship behaviors in friendships. Personality and Individual Differences, 50(8), 1243–1248. doi:10.1016/j.paid.2011.02.018
41. Morry, M. M., & Kito, M. (2009). Relational-Interdependent Self-Construal as a Predictor of Relationship Quality: The Mediating Roles of One’s Own Behaviors and Perceptions of the Fulfillment of Friendship Functions. The Journal of Social Psychology, 149(3), 305–322. doi:10.3200/SOCP.149.3.305-322
42. Mrazek, A. J., Chiao, J. Y., Blizinsky, K. D., Lun, J., & Gelfand, M. J. (2013). The role of culture-gene coevolution in morality judgment: examining the interplay between tightness-looseness and allelic variation of the serotonin transporter gene. Culture and Brain, 1, 100–117. doi:10.1007/s40167-013-0009-x
43. Owe, E., Vignoles, V. L., Becker, M., Brown, R., Smith, P. B., Lee, S. W. S., … Jalal, B. (2012). Contextualism as an Important Facet of Individualism-Collectivism: Personhood Beliefs Across 37 National Groups. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 44(1), 24–45. doi:10.1177/0022022111430255
44. Oyserman, D., Coon, H. M., & Kemmelmeier, M. (2002). Rethinking individualism and collectivism: Evaluation of theoretical assumptions and meta-analyses. Psychological Bulletin, 128(1), 3– 72. doi:10.1037//0033-2909.128.1.3
45. Oyserman, D., & Uskul, A. (2008). Individualism and collectivism: Societal-level processes with implications for individual-level and society-level outcomes. In F. J. R. van de Vijver, D. van Hemert, & Y. Poortinga (Eds.), Multilevel Analysis of Individuals and Cultures. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum Associates Publishers.
46. Schaffer, B. S., & Riordan, C. M. (2003, April 1). A Review of Cross- Cultural Methodologies for Organizational Research: A Best- Practices doi:10.1177/1094428103251542
47. Organizational Research Methods.
48. Schimmack, U., Oishi, S., & Diener, E. (2005). Individualism: a valid and important dimension of cultural differences between nations. Personality and Social Psychology Review, 9(1), 17–31. doi:10.1207/s15327957pspr0901_2
49. Singelis, T. M. (1994). The Measurement of Independent and Interdependent Self-Construals. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 20(5), 580–591. doi:10.1177/0146167294205014
50. Singelis, T. M., Triandis, H. C., Bhawuk, D. P. S., & Gelfand, M. J. (1995). Horizontal and Vertical Dimensions of Individualism and Collectivism: A Theoretical and Measurement Refinement. Cross- Cultural doi:10.1177/106939719502900302 29(3), 240–275.
51. Sluss, D. M., & Ashforth, B. E. (2007). Relational Identity and Identification : Defining Ourselves through Work Relationships. Academy of Management Review, 32(1), 9–32.
52. Tabachnick, B., & Fidell, L. (2012). Fidel], LS (1989). Using multivariate statistics. London: Pearson.
53. Triandis, H. C. (1995). Individualism & Collectivism. London: Westview Press.
54. Triandis, H. C., & Gelfand, M. J. (1998). Converging measurement of horizontal and vertical individualism and collectivism. Journal of Personality doi:10.1037//0022-3514.74.1.118 Social Psychology, 74(1), 118–128.
55. Uskul, A. K., Hynie, M., & Lalonde, R. N. (2004). Interdependence as a Mediator between Culture and Interpersonal Closeness for Euro- Canadians and Turks. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 35(2), 174–191. doi:10.1177/0022022103262243
56. Van de Vijver, F. J. R., & Leung, K. (2000). Methodological Issues in Psychological Research on Culture. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 31(1), 33–51. doi:10.1177/0022022100031001004
57. Wasti, S. a. (2003). The influence of cultural values on antecedents of organisational commitment: an individual level analysis. Applied Psychology: An International Review, 52(4), 533–554.
58. Worthington, R. L., & Whittaker, T. a. (2006). Scale Development Research: A Content Analysis and Recommendations for Best Practices. The Counseling Psychologist, 34(6), 806–838. doi:10.1177/0011000006288127