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HISTORY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY 1: EARLY PERIOD (UP TO 1669)

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 415 - 438, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232

Öz

This article
deals with the history of geomorphology from the distant past to the periods of
the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Geomorphology, whose origin is as old as
the history of mankind, has been transformed into a very significant or
dramatic transformation and change. In this study, developments and changes
occurring in the early stages of geomorphology were evaluated by dividing into
different time periods. The first ideas about how the earth was shaped were in
Egypt, China and Mesopotamia. In later periods, scientific thought was born in
the ancient Greek world, which entered into interaction with the mentioned
civilizations. In the beginning, the discussions which started with cosmology,
astronomy, and the shape and location of the globe have been expanded and the
subject of Geomorphology has been taken into consideration. In the early days
there is no specialization in any subject among thinkers. Because, according to
the perspective of the period, the thinker has to produce ideas on every
subject. Therefore, views on landforms were included in both Geography and
Cosmology books. However, even though an individual specialization did not
arise in these early times, it was seen that subject-based books were written.
In this period; Ancient Greek philosophers systematized, generalized and
produced knowledge without relying on actual observations. But what we call science
in the modern sense; with new methods (experiment, observation, and
measurement) emerged in the Islamic world unused by previous philosophers. As a
result, the first scientific ideas about geomorphology were born in the Islamic
world and spread all over the world during the Middle Ages. Geomorphology,
which showed a slow development between the 12th and 16th centuries, became an
independent discipline in the 19th century.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, F. D. (1938). The Birth And Development of Geological Sciences. (p. 506). New York: Dover Publication.
  • Adıvar, A. A. (1982). Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim. (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Ahamad, S. M. (2003). Geodesy, Geology, and Mineralogy, Geography and Cartography. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 4(2), 209-225.
  • Akiyama, T. (1988). Islamıc Perspectıves on Scıence and Technology, The Institute of Middle Eastern Studies International University of Japan.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (1983). The contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of earth sciences in Europe. Paper presented to the conference on the Impact of Arab and Islamic Civilisation. England: Oxford University.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (2001). Geology and Mineralogy, in science and technology in İslam Part 1. Al Hassan, EY (Ed.). Lebenan: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (2002). Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth Sciences, Foundation For Science Tecnology and Civilisation, 12.
  • Alvarez, W. & Leitão, H. (2010). The neglected early history of geology: The Copernican Revolution as a major advance in understanding the Earth. Geology, 38(3), 231-234.
  • Bayhan, N. (2018). İslam İlim Tarihinde Jeoloji. Bilim Vadisi, 23 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde https://www.bilimvadisi.com/bilim /islam-ilim-tarihinde-jeoloji.html, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Bayrakdar, M. (2017). İslâm'da Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi. (8. Baskı). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yayınları.
  • Bayram, E. (2012). Râzî’ nin, Kur’an’daki yeryüzü (Arz) âyetleriyle ilgili Tefsir-i Kebir’deki yorumları: Modern Jeoloji biliminin verileriyle kısa bir mukayese. Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 149-165.
  • Beach, GL. (1981). Geographical geomorphology: Historical developments, contemporary problems and future prospects. (Master Thesis, USA: Oregon State University).
  • Berggren, J. L. & Jones, A. (2000). Ptolemy's Geography an Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Britanica, (2018). Aristarchus of Samos, 25 Ağustos 2018 tarihinde https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristarchus-of-Samos, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Cailleux, A. (1992). Jeoloji Tarihi. (Çev: Yüksel, S.). İletişim yayınları.
  • Caley, E. R., Richards, JFC. (1956). Theophrastus on Stones Introduction and Commentary. USA: The Ohio State University Press.
  • Chorley, R. J., Dunn A. J. & Beckinsale, R. P. (1964). The History of the Study of Landforms or The Development of Geomorphology, Volume 1: Geomorphology before Davis. USA: Routledge.
  • Craddock, P. T. (2016). Classical Geology and the Mines of the Greeks and Romans, A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, 1, 197- 216.
  • Delphi Classics. (2015). Complete Works of Pliny the Elder (Illustrated). UK: Delphi Classics.
  • Desmond, AJ. (1975). The Discovery of marine transgression and the explanation of fossils in antiquity. American Journal of Science, 275, 692-707.
  • Doğan, M. (2016). Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi. (3. Baskı). Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • El Birûnî. (2013). Tahddidü Nihayetil Emakin. (Çev. Buslan K. ve Transliterasyon: Gökdoğan DM. ve Uymaz T.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • El Birûnî. (2017). Kıymetli taşlar ve Metaller (el Cemahir fi Ma'rifeti'l Cevahir). (Çev. Özcan, E.S.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Feke, J. A. (2009). Ptolemy in philosophical context: a study of the relationships between physics, mathematics, and theology. (Doctoral dissertation, Canada: The University of Toronto).
  • Fineamerica, (2018). 24 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://fineartamerica.com/art/drawings/1644. adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Fischer, A. G. & Garrison, R. E. (2009). The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: a historical overview. Sedimentology, 56(1), 3–41.
  • Gafurov, B. (1974). Al- Birûnî : A Universal Genius Who Lived In Central Asia A Thousand Years Ago. Courier. Paris: UNESCO.
  • Gohau, G. (1990). A History of Geology. USA: Rutgers University Press.
  • Hartzell, J. C. (1896). The history and principles of geology, and its aim. The American Naturalist, 30 (352), 271-279.
  • IEP. (2018). Ancient Greek Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Irby, G. (2016). Hydrology: Ocean, Rivers, and Other Waterways. In Irby, G. (Eds.), A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome (pp. 181- 196), UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • İhvan-ı Safa, (2013). Risaleler (2. Cilt). (Çev. Kahraman, A., Çalışkan, İ., Uysal, E., Avcu, A., Demirkol, M., Gökdağ, K. & Aliyev, E.) İstanbul: Kayhan matbaacılık San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (1992). Ebü'r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî, cilt: 6, 206-215.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (2002). Kazvini, Zekeriyya b. Muhammed, cilt: 25.
  • Janke, P. (1996). Correlating Earth’s History, The Fourth Annual History, Festival for the Black Hills Museum on Natural History. USA: Pan Terra Inc.
  • Jones, H. L. (1960). The Geography of Strabo. (Vol. 1-2), (4th edition). London: William Heınemann Ltd.
  • Kazmi, S. H. A. (1978). An Analytical Study of Alberuni's Geographical Knowledge and Concepts. Doctoral Dissertation, India: Aligarh Muslim University.
  • Kazvinî, (2018). Acâibul-Mahlûkât ve Garaibû’l-Mevcudat, 12 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde http://www.yasamaugrasi.com /kultursanat/ kazvini-acaibul-mahlukat-ve-garaibul- mevcudat.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Kummel, B. (1973). History of the Earth; An Introduction to Historical Geology (2nd Edition). San Francisco, USA: W. H. Freeman of Co.
  • L. S. (2013). Greek Mathematics, 23 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=2013:greek-mathematics . adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Lee, HDP. (1951). Aristotle, Meteorologica, William Hainmann Limited Std. London.
  • Lucretius. (2001). On the Nature of Things. (Translated: Martin Ferguson Smith). USA: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
  • Meçin, M. M. (2014). Ebu Reyhan El Birûnî ve Bilimsel Bakışı Üzerine Bir Analiz. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 20, 1-32.
  • Melnikov, V. A. & Ilyamova, D. A. (2013). Leonardo Da Vinci’s Hıdden Images. "The Arno Valley Landscape", (1473). Mystıc Sılence 540 Years Long. Liberal Arts in Russia, 2(3), 216-227.
  • Morris, T. R. (2001). Eratosthenes of Cyrene, in Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. The Gale Group Inc.
  • Myoldmaps, (2018). 21 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://www.myoldmaps.com/early-medieval-monographs/2143-al-biruni-world-map/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Needham, J. (2005). Civilization in Chine, (10th pub). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • NWE. (2018). Potelmy. 21 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/ entry/Ptolemy adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Orme, A. R. (2013). The Scientific Roots of Geomorphology before 1830. In J F. Shroder (Eds.), Treatise on Geomorphology (pp. 11-36). USA: Elsevier Inc.
  • Panchenko, D. (2005). Thales and the Origin of Theoretical Reasoning, 21 Haziran 2018 http://artesliberales.spbu.ru/contacts-ru /publications/d_panchenko/d_panchenko_1, adresinden inilmiştir.
  • Puche-Riart, O. (2005). History of Geology up to 1780. Encyclopedia of Geology. s. 167-172.
  • Rather, G. M. & Kanth, T. A. (2018). Contribution of Muslim scholars and its impact on development of geography. International Journal of Movement Education and Social Science, 7, 168-775.
  • Richter, J.P. (1880). The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Dover Pub.
  • Russo, L. (1996). The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and why it had to Reborn. İtaly: Springer.
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JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 415 - 438, 30.07.2019
https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232

Öz

Bu makale, Jeomorfoloji ’nin uzak geçmişinden başlayıp Avrupa’da
Aydınlanma Çağı’nın başladığı dönemlere kadar olan tarihçesini ele almaktadır.
Kökeni neredeyse insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünce
yapısında da çok belirgin hatta dramatik sayılabilecek dönüşüm ve değişimler
meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Jeomorfoloji ‘nin erken dönemlerinde meydana
gelen gelişmeler ve değişmeler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine ayrılarak
değerlendirilmiştir.  Yeryüzünün nasıl
şekillendiği konusu ile ilgili ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya’da
ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde ise sözü edilen medeniyetlerle
etkileşim içerisine giren Antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu.
Başlangıçta ağırlıklı olarak Kozmoloji, Astronomi, yer kürenin şekli ve konumu
ile başlayan tartışmalar daha da genişleyerek Jeomorfoloji ‘nin konusunu da
içerisine alır hale gelmiştir. İlk zamanlarda düşünürler arasında herhangi bir
konuda uzmanlaşma yoktur. Çünkü dönemin bakış açısı gereğince düşünür her
konuda fikir üretmek durumundadır. Bu yüzden yer şekilleriyle ilgili görüşler
hem Coğrafya hem de Kozmoloji kitaplarında yer almıştır. Ancak bu erken
zamanlarda bireysel bir uzmanlaşma ortaya çıkmasa da konu temelli kitaplar
yazıldığı da görülmektedir. Bu periyotta; Antik Yunan filozofları gerçek gözlemlere
dayanmadan bilgiyi sistematikleştirdiler, genelleştirdiler ve teorileriler
ürettiler. Ancak modern manada bilim dediğimiz şey; yeni metotlarla birlikte
(deney, gözlem, ölçme) önceki filozoflar tarafından kullanılmayan bir biçimde
İslam dünyasında ortaya çıktı. Bunun neticesinde de Jeomorfoloji ile ilgili
bilimsel nitelik taşıyan ilk düşünceler İslam dünyasında doğdu ve Orta Çağ
boyunca bütün dünyaya yayıldı. 12. ve 16. yüzyıllar arasında yavaş bir gelişim
gösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. yüzyılda bağımsız bir disiplin haline geldi.

Kaynakça

  • Adams, F. D. (1938). The Birth And Development of Geological Sciences. (p. 506). New York: Dover Publication.
  • Adıvar, A. A. (1982). Osmanlı Türklerinde İlim. (4. Baskı). İstanbul: Remzi Kitapevi.
  • Ahamad, S. M. (2003). Geodesy, Geology, and Mineralogy, Geography and Cartography. History of Civilizations of Central Asia, 4(2), 209-225.
  • Akiyama, T. (1988). Islamıc Perspectıves on Scıence and Technology, The Institute of Middle Eastern Studies International University of Japan.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (1983). The contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of earth sciences in Europe. Paper presented to the conference on the Impact of Arab and Islamic Civilisation. England: Oxford University.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (2001). Geology and Mineralogy, in science and technology in İslam Part 1. Al Hassan, EY (Ed.). Lebenan: United Nations Educational Scientific and Cultural Organization.
  • Al-Rawi, M. (2002). Contribution of Ibn Sina (Avicenna) to the development of Earth Sciences, Foundation For Science Tecnology and Civilisation, 12.
  • Alvarez, W. & Leitão, H. (2010). The neglected early history of geology: The Copernican Revolution as a major advance in understanding the Earth. Geology, 38(3), 231-234.
  • Bayhan, N. (2018). İslam İlim Tarihinde Jeoloji. Bilim Vadisi, 23 Temmuz 2018 tarihinde https://www.bilimvadisi.com/bilim /islam-ilim-tarihinde-jeoloji.html, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Bayrakdar, M. (2017). İslâm'da Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi. (8. Baskı). Ankara: Türkiye Diyanet Vakfı yayınları.
  • Bayram, E. (2012). Râzî’ nin, Kur’an’daki yeryüzü (Arz) âyetleriyle ilgili Tefsir-i Kebir’deki yorumları: Modern Jeoloji biliminin verileriyle kısa bir mukayese. Tarih Kültür ve Sanat Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 149-165.
  • Beach, GL. (1981). Geographical geomorphology: Historical developments, contemporary problems and future prospects. (Master Thesis, USA: Oregon State University).
  • Berggren, J. L. & Jones, A. (2000). Ptolemy's Geography an Annotated Translation of the Theoretical Chapters. USA: Princeton University Press.
  • Britanica, (2018). Aristarchus of Samos, 25 Ağustos 2018 tarihinde https://www.britannica.com/biography/Aristarchus-of-Samos, adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Cailleux, A. (1992). Jeoloji Tarihi. (Çev: Yüksel, S.). İletişim yayınları.
  • Caley, E. R., Richards, JFC. (1956). Theophrastus on Stones Introduction and Commentary. USA: The Ohio State University Press.
  • Chorley, R. J., Dunn A. J. & Beckinsale, R. P. (1964). The History of the Study of Landforms or The Development of Geomorphology, Volume 1: Geomorphology before Davis. USA: Routledge.
  • Craddock, P. T. (2016). Classical Geology and the Mines of the Greeks and Romans, A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome, 1, 197- 216.
  • Delphi Classics. (2015). Complete Works of Pliny the Elder (Illustrated). UK: Delphi Classics.
  • Desmond, AJ. (1975). The Discovery of marine transgression and the explanation of fossils in antiquity. American Journal of Science, 275, 692-707.
  • Doğan, M. (2016). Bilim ve Teknoloji Tarihi. (3. Baskı). Ankara: Anı yayıncılık.
  • El Birûnî. (2013). Tahddidü Nihayetil Emakin. (Çev. Buslan K. ve Transliterasyon: Gökdoğan DM. ve Uymaz T.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • El Birûnî. (2017). Kıymetli taşlar ve Metaller (el Cemahir fi Ma'rifeti'l Cevahir). (Çev. Özcan, E.S.). Ankara: Türk Tarih Kurumu.
  • Feke, J. A. (2009). Ptolemy in philosophical context: a study of the relationships between physics, mathematics, and theology. (Doctoral dissertation, Canada: The University of Toronto).
  • Fineamerica, (2018). 24 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://fineartamerica.com/art/drawings/1644. adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Fischer, A. G. & Garrison, R. E. (2009). The role of the Mediterranean region in the development of sedimentary geology: a historical overview. Sedimentology, 56(1), 3–41.
  • Gafurov, B. (1974). Al- Birûnî : A Universal Genius Who Lived In Central Asia A Thousand Years Ago. Courier. Paris: UNESCO.
  • Gohau, G. (1990). A History of Geology. USA: Rutgers University Press.
  • Hartzell, J. C. (1896). The history and principles of geology, and its aim. The American Naturalist, 30 (352), 271-279.
  • IEP. (2018). Ancient Greek Philosophy, Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 21 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://www.iep.utm.edu/greekphi/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Irby, G. (2016). Hydrology: Ocean, Rivers, and Other Waterways. In Irby, G. (Eds.), A Companion to Science, Technology, and Medicine in Ancient Greece and Rome (pp. 181- 196), UK: John Wiley & Sons Inc.
  • İhvan-ı Safa, (2013). Risaleler (2. Cilt). (Çev. Kahraman, A., Çalışkan, İ., Uysal, E., Avcu, A., Demirkol, M., Gökdağ, K. & Aliyev, E.) İstanbul: Kayhan matbaacılık San. Ve Tic. Ltd. Şti.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (1992). Ebü'r-Reyhân Muhammed b. Ahmed el-Bîrûnî, cilt: 6, 206-215.
  • İslam Ansiklopedisi, (2002). Kazvini, Zekeriyya b. Muhammed, cilt: 25.
  • Janke, P. (1996). Correlating Earth’s History, The Fourth Annual History, Festival for the Black Hills Museum on Natural History. USA: Pan Terra Inc.
  • Jones, H. L. (1960). The Geography of Strabo. (Vol. 1-2), (4th edition). London: William Heınemann Ltd.
  • Kazmi, S. H. A. (1978). An Analytical Study of Alberuni's Geographical Knowledge and Concepts. Doctoral Dissertation, India: Aligarh Muslim University.
  • Kazvinî, (2018). Acâibul-Mahlûkât ve Garaibû’l-Mevcudat, 12 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde http://www.yasamaugrasi.com /kultursanat/ kazvini-acaibul-mahlukat-ve-garaibul- mevcudat.html adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Kummel, B. (1973). History of the Earth; An Introduction to Historical Geology (2nd Edition). San Francisco, USA: W. H. Freeman of Co.
  • L. S. (2013). Greek Mathematics, 23 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://lucianofsamosata.info/wiki/doku.php?id=2013:greek-mathematics . adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Lee, HDP. (1951). Aristotle, Meteorologica, William Hainmann Limited Std. London.
  • Lucretius. (2001). On the Nature of Things. (Translated: Martin Ferguson Smith). USA: Hackett Publishing Company, Inc.
  • Meçin, M. M. (2014). Ebu Reyhan El Birûnî ve Bilimsel Bakışı Üzerine Bir Analiz. Tarih Okulu Dergisi (TOD), 20, 1-32.
  • Melnikov, V. A. & Ilyamova, D. A. (2013). Leonardo Da Vinci’s Hıdden Images. "The Arno Valley Landscape", (1473). Mystıc Sılence 540 Years Long. Liberal Arts in Russia, 2(3), 216-227.
  • Morris, T. R. (2001). Eratosthenes of Cyrene, in Encyclopedia of the Ancient World. The Gale Group Inc.
  • Myoldmaps, (2018). 21 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://www.myoldmaps.com/early-medieval-monographs/2143-al-biruni-world-map/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Needham, J. (2005). Civilization in Chine, (10th pub). London: Cambridge University Press.
  • NWE. (2018). Potelmy. 21 Haziran 2018 tarihinde http://www.newworldencyclopedia.org/ entry/Ptolemy adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Orme, A. R. (2013). The Scientific Roots of Geomorphology before 1830. In J F. Shroder (Eds.), Treatise on Geomorphology (pp. 11-36). USA: Elsevier Inc.
  • Panchenko, D. (2005). Thales and the Origin of Theoretical Reasoning, 21 Haziran 2018 http://artesliberales.spbu.ru/contacts-ru /publications/d_panchenko/d_panchenko_1, adresinden inilmiştir.
  • Puche-Riart, O. (2005). History of Geology up to 1780. Encyclopedia of Geology. s. 167-172.
  • Rather, G. M. & Kanth, T. A. (2018). Contribution of Muslim scholars and its impact on development of geography. International Journal of Movement Education and Social Science, 7, 168-775.
  • Richter, J.P. (1880). The Notebooks of Leonardo da Vinci. New York: Dover Pub.
  • Russo, L. (1996). The Forgotten Revolution: How Science Was Born in 300 BC and why it had to Reborn. İtaly: Springer.
  • Sachau, EC. (1910). El Berunı’s India (Kitab al Hind), En English Edition with Notes and Indices. (Volume 1). London: Kegan Paul, Trench, Trubner & Co. Ltd.
  • Sarton, G. (1975). Introduction to the History Of Science: From Homer To Omar Khayyam. Volume I, New York: Krieger Publishing Company.
  • SEP. (2009). Seneca, Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, 21 Haziran 2018 https://stanford.library.sydney.edu.au /archives/spr2009/entries/seneca/. adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Sezgin, F. (2008). İslam’da Bilim ve Teknik, 9. Bölüm: Mineraller ve Fosil Oluşumlar, Çeviri: Aliy A., 2. Baskı, İstanbul Büyükşehir Belediyesi Kültür A.Ş. Yayınları.
  • Shah, Z.H. (2012). El Birûnî : One of the Greatest Pioneers of Science, The Muslim Times, 24 Haziran 2018 tarihinde https://themuslimtimes.info/2012/01/01/al- Birûnî -the- great-pioneer-of-science/ adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Shanavas, TO. (2005). Creation and/or Evolution: an Islamic Perspective, USA: Xlibris Corporation.
  • Shukla, D. P. (2017). Introductory Chapter: Geomorphology, in Hydro-Geomorphology - Models and Trends, Intechopen Pub. DOI: 10.5772/intechopen.70823.
  • Sparavigna, A. C. (2013). The science of al-Biruni. International Journal of Sciences, 2(12):52-60.
  • Şengör, A. M. C. (2016). What Is the use of the history of geology to a practicing geologist? The propaedeutical case of stratigraphy. The Journal of Geology, 124, 643–698.
  • Takahashi, H. (2003). The Receptıon Of Ibn Sìnà In Syriac, The Case Of Gregory Barhebraeus, Chapter Thirteen, in Before And After Avicenna: Proceedings of the First Conference of the Avicenna Study Group, Ed. Reisman, D. C., Al-Rahim, A.H., Boston: Brill and Leiden.
  • Thrower, N. J. W. (1964). Geomorphology in Strabo's Geography, California Geographers, 5, 11-16.
  • Toulmin, S. & Goodfield, J. (1965). The Ancestry of Science: The Discovery of Time. Hutchinson & Co. (Publishers) Ltd., London.
  • Violatti, C. (2013). Ancient Greek Science, 24 Haziran 2018 tarihinde https://www.ancient.eu/Greek_Science adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Whitehead, A. N. (1925) . The origins of modern Science. In: Science and the Modern World, The Macmillan Co., renewed 1953 by E. Whitehead, The New American Library, USA.
  • Wikipedia, (2018a). El Birûnî, 24 Haziran 2018 tarihinde https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biruni
  • Wikipedia, (2018b). 24 Haziran 2018 tarihinde https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/İbn-i_Sina adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Wikipedia, (2018c). 18 Mayıs 2018 tarihinde https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science_and_inventions_of_Leonardo_da_Vinci adresinden edinilmiştir.
  • Williams, H. S. (1999). A History of Science, Volume 1, Project Gutenberg Etexts, Champaign, USA.
  • Wilson, M. (2013). Structure And Method In Aristotle’s Meteorologica, New York: Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press.
  • Zittel, K. A. (1901). History of Geology and Palaentotlogy to the End of the Nineteenth Century; Translated by Maria M. Ogilvie-Gordon (1 ed.). London and New York: Walter Scott and Charles Scribner's Sons.
Toplam 74 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Beşeri Coğrafya
Bölüm ARAŞTIRMA MAKALESİ
Yazarlar

Murat Karabulut

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Temmuz 2019
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2019 Sayı: 40

Kaynak Göster

APA Karabulut, M. (2019). JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR). Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education(40), 415-438. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232
AMA Karabulut M. JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR). IGGE. Temmuz 2019;(40):415-438. doi:10.32003/iggei.510232
Chicago Karabulut, Murat. “JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 40 (Temmuz 2019): 415-38. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232.
EndNote Karabulut M (01 Temmuz 2019) JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR). lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 40 415–438.
IEEE M. Karabulut, “JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)”, IGGE, sy. 40, ss. 415–438, Temmuz 2019, doi: 10.32003/iggei.510232.
ISNAD Karabulut, Murat. “JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)”. lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education 40 (Temmuz 2019), 415-438. https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232.
JAMA Karabulut M. JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR). IGGE. 2019;:415–438.
MLA Karabulut, Murat. “JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)”. Lnternational Journal of Geography and Geography Education, sy. 40, 2019, ss. 415-38, doi:10.32003/iggei.510232.
Vancouver Karabulut M. JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR). IGGE. 2019(40):415-38.