HISTORY OF GEOMORPHOLOGY 1: EARLY PERIOD (UP TO 1669)

Yıl 2019, Sayı: 40, 415 - 438, 30.07.2019

Murat Karabulut

https://doi.org/10.32003/iggei.510232

Cited By: 2

Öz

This article
deals with the history of geomorphology from the distant past to the periods of
the Age of Enlightenment in Europe. Geomorphology, whose origin is as old as
the history of mankind, has been transformed into a very significant or
dramatic transformation and change. In this study, developments and changes
occurring in the early stages of geomorphology were evaluated by dividing into
different time periods. The first ideas about how the earth was shaped were in
Egypt, China and Mesopotamia. In later periods, scientific thought was born in
the ancient Greek world, which entered into interaction with the mentioned
civilizations. In the beginning, the discussions which started with cosmology,
astronomy, and the shape and location of the globe have been expanded and the
subject of Geomorphology has been taken into consideration. In the early days
there is no specialization in any subject among thinkers. Because, according to
the perspective of the period, the thinker has to produce ideas on every
subject. Therefore, views on landforms were included in both Geography and
Cosmology books. However, even though an individual specialization did not
arise in these early times, it was seen that subject-based books were written.
In this period; Ancient Greek philosophers systematized, generalized and
produced knowledge without relying on actual observations. But what we call science
in the modern sense; with new methods (experiment, observation, and
measurement) emerged in the Islamic world unused by previous philosophers. As a
result, the first scientific ideas about geomorphology were born in the Islamic
world and spread all over the world during the Middle Ages. Geomorphology,
which showed a slow development between the 12th and 16th centuries, became an
independent discipline in the 19th century.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Geomorphology, Ancient Greek, Aristotle, Uniformitarianism, al-Biruni, Avicenna

JEOMORFOLOJİ TARİHİ 1: ERKEN DÖNEM (1669’A KADAR)

Öz

Bu makale, Jeomorfoloji ’nin uzak geçmişinden başlayıp Avrupa’da
Aydınlanma Çağı’nın başladığı dönemlere kadar olan tarihçesini ele almaktadır.
Kökeni neredeyse insanlık tarihi kadar eski olan Jeomorfoloji ‘nin düşünce
yapısında da çok belirgin hatta dramatik sayılabilecek dönüşüm ve değişimler
meydana gelmiştir. Bu çalışmada, Jeomorfoloji ‘nin erken dönemlerinde meydana
gelen gelişmeler ve değişmeler çeşitli zaman dilimlerine ayrılarak
değerlendirilmiştir.  Yeryüzünün nasıl
şekillendiği konusu ile ilgili ilk düşünceler Mısır, Çin ve Mezopotamya’da
ortaya çıkmıştır. Daha sonraki dönemlerde ise sözü edilen medeniyetlerle
etkileşim içerisine giren Antik Yunan dünyasında bilimsel düşünce doğdu.
Başlangıçta ağırlıklı olarak Kozmoloji, Astronomi, yer kürenin şekli ve konumu
ile başlayan tartışmalar daha da genişleyerek Jeomorfoloji ‘nin konusunu da
içerisine alır hale gelmiştir. İlk zamanlarda düşünürler arasında herhangi bir
konuda uzmanlaşma yoktur. Çünkü dönemin bakış açısı gereğince düşünür her
konuda fikir üretmek durumundadır. Bu yüzden yer şekilleriyle ilgili görüşler
hem Coğrafya hem de Kozmoloji kitaplarında yer almıştır. Ancak bu erken
zamanlarda bireysel bir uzmanlaşma ortaya çıkmasa da konu temelli kitaplar
yazıldığı da görülmektedir. Bu periyotta; Antik Yunan filozofları gerçek gözlemlere
dayanmadan bilgiyi sistematikleştirdiler, genelleştirdiler ve teorileriler
ürettiler. Ancak modern manada bilim dediğimiz şey; yeni metotlarla birlikte
(deney, gözlem, ölçme) önceki filozoflar tarafından kullanılmayan bir biçimde
İslam dünyasında ortaya çıktı. Bunun neticesinde de Jeomorfoloji ile ilgili
bilimsel nitelik taşıyan ilk düşünceler İslam dünyasında doğdu ve Orta Çağ
boyunca bütün dünyaya yayıldı. 12. ve 16. yüzyıllar arasında yavaş bir gelişim
gösteren Jeomorfoloji ancak 19. yüzyılda bağımsız bir disiplin haline geldi.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Antik Yunan, Jeomorfoloji, Aristo, Üniformiteryanizm, El-Biruni, İbn-i Sina

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