Geç İyileşen Yara ve Enfeksiyon Bölgelerinde Uygulanan Kitosan Temelli Gümüş Nanopartikül ve İlaç İçeren Hidrojel Yara Örtüleri

Öz

Yara, doku ya da organ bütünlüğünde gerçekleşmiş olan bir bozulmadır. Yara türleri akut ve kronik yara şeklinde sınıflandırılmaktadır. Akut yaralar iyileşmeye iyi yanıt verirken kronik yaralarda geç iyileşme gözlenmektedir. Kronik yara türlerinden diyabetik ayak, venöz bacak ve basınç ülserlerinde meydana gelen tahribat, ortamı mikroorganizmalara karşı savunmasız hale getirerek durumu şiddetlendirmektedir. Dünya genelinde yaklaşık bir milyarın üzerinde insanın akut ve kronik yaralara sahip olduğu bildirilmektedir. Geçmişte yaralar ilkel yöntemlerle sarılarak tedavi edilirdi. Günümüzde ise yara tedavisi için nemli ve ılık bir ortam sağlayacak fonksiyonel yara örtüleri kullanılmaktadır. Yara tedavileri için ideal yara örtüsü malzemesi olan doğal ve sentetik polimer türleri ile yara örtüsü geliştirme çalışmaları sürdürülmektedir. Doğada en fazla bulunan doğal polimer kitinden elde edilen kitosanın yapışkan, anti-fungal, bakterisidal olması ve oksijen geçirgenliği, bu biyopolimerin yara örtülerinde tercih edilmesini sağlayan faktörlerdendir. Ciltte olumsuz etkileri önlemek için hidrojel örtü bileşimlerine nanomalzemelerin eklenmesi de uygulanan alternatif bir yöntemdir. Polimer türleri etken maddelerin hedef dokuya ulaştırılması için ve yara iyileşmesinin hızlandırılması amacıyla uygulanmaktadır. Kitosan temelli hidrojel hazırlama tekniklerinde antibakteriyel ve antienflamatuvar etken madde kombinasyonlarının eksikliği dikkat çekmektedir. Kitosan tabanlı hidrojel yara örtülerin üretimindeki yöntemlerin daha derinden anlaşılması ve yeni stratejilerin geliştirilmesi gerekmektedir. Bu amaçla bu derlemede biyomedikal uygulamalar için yeni işlevsel özelliklere sahip optimize edilmiş kitosan temelli gümüş nanopartikül ve antienflamatuvar ilaç içeren hidrojeller ve zor iyileşen yara bölgelerinde antibakteriyel aktivite ve ilaç salım özellikleri incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antimikrobiyal
• antienflamatuvar
• hidrojel
• kitosan
• kontrollü ilaç salınım
• kronik yara
• yara örtüsü

Chitosan-Based Hydrogel Dressings Containing Silver Nanoparticles and Drugs Applied in Late Healing Wounds and Infection Sites

Abstract

A wound is a disruption that occurs in tissue, or organ integrity. Wound types are classified as acute and chronic wounds. Acute wounds respond well to healing, while delayed healing is observed in chronic wounds. Damage occurring in chronic wound types such as diabetic foot, venous leg, and pressure ulcers exacerbates the condition by making the environment vulnerable to microorganisms. It is reported that over one billion people worldwide have acute and chronic wounds. In the past, wounds were treated by primitive methods. Nowadays, functional wound dressings that provide a moist and warm environment are used for wound treatment. Research on wound dressings, which are ideal wound cover materials, continues with natural and synthetic polymer types. Chitosan, obtained from the most abundant natural polymer chitin in nature, is preferred in wound dressings due to its adhesive, anti-fungal, bactericidal properties, and oxygen permeability. Adding nanoparticles to hydrogel compositions is an alternative method applied to prevent adverse effects on the skin. Polymer types are applied for the targeted delivery of active substances to the target tissue and to accelerate wound healing. It is noteworthy that there is a lack of antibacterial and anti-inflammatory active substance combinations in chitosan-based hydrogel preparation techniques. It is necessary to understand the methods used in the production of chitosan-based hydrogel wound dressings more deeply and to develop new strategies. For this purpose, in this review, chitosan-based silver nanoparticle and anti-inflammatory drug-containing hydrogels with new functional properties for biomedical applications and their antibacterial activity and drug release properties in difficult-to-heal wound areas have been examined.

Keywords

• Antimicrobial
• anti-inflammatory
• hydrogel
• chitosan
• controlled drug release
• chronic wound
• wound dressing

Kaynakça

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