Association of Diet Quality and Sleep Duration with IgG Levels and Serum Lipids in Two-Dose COVID-19 Vaccinated Volunteers

Öz

Aim: This study aimed to investigate the associations of sleep duration, diet quality, and body fat classification with IgG levels, biochemical parameters, and anthropometric measurements in volunteers who received two doses of the COVID-19 vaccine.
Method: A total of 61 volunteers participated in the study. Biomarkers, anthropometric measurements, physical activity, sleep duration, and serum IgG levels were assessed. Dietary Quality Index-2015 (DQI-2015) and nutrient intake were calculated using the CeviCal program based on food frequency data. 
Results: Individuals with short sleep duration had significantly higher fasting blood sugar levels compared to those with normal sleep duration (p<0.05). Individuals with long sleep duration had higher serum IgG levels compared to those with normal sleep duration (p=0.029). LDL cholesterol levels were lower in individuals who consumed alcohol, while T3 levels were lower in smokers (p<0.05). Total cholesterol, non-HDL cholesterol, and waist circumference values were higher in individuals with poor diet quality (p<0.05). Total cholesterol and triglyceride levels were found to be higher in obese individuals (p<0.05). The increase in IgG levels was found to be associated with an increase in fasting serum glucose levels, and a moderate positive correlation was found between these parameters (p<0.001, r=0.445). IgG levels were significantly lower in individuals with high daily vitamin C intake (p=0.037). 25(OH)D levels were lower in individuals with active physical activity levels compared to inactive individuals (p<0.05).
Conclusion: Short sleep duration, poor diet quality, and obesity have been associated with adverse changes in glucose, lipid profile, and anthropometric measurements. Long sleep duration has been associated with higher IgG levels, while high vitamin C intake has been associated with lower IgG levels. Additionally, increased IgG levels have been associated with higher glucose levels. Larger sample studies are needed to confirm these findings.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diet quality
• COVID-19 vaccine
• serum IgG
• sleep duration.

İki Doz COVID-19 Aşısı Yapılan Gönüllülerde Diyet Kalitesi ve Uyku Süresinin IgG Düzeyleri ve Serum Lipidleri ile İlişkisi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, iki doz COVID-19 aşısı alan gönüllülerde uyku süresi, beslenme kalitesi ve vücut yağ sınıflandırması ile IgG düzeyleri, biyokimyasal parametreler ve antropometrik ölçümler arasındaki ilişkileri araştırmayı amaçlamıştır.
Yöntem: Çalışmaya toplam 61 gönüllü katılmıştır. Biyobelirteçler, antropometrik ölçümler, fiziksel aktivite, uyku süresi ve serum IgG seviyeleri değerlendirilmiştir. Besin tüketim sıklıkları kullanılarak CeviCal programı aracılığıyla Diyet Kalite İndeksi-2015 (DQI-2015) ve besin öğeleri hesaplanmıştır.
Bulgular: Kısa uyku süresine sahip bireylerin açlık kan şekeri seviyeleri, normal uyuyanlara kıyasla anlamlı derecede daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Uzun uyku süresine sahip bireylerin serum IgG seviyeleri, normal uyuyanlara kıyasla daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir (p=0,029). Alkol kullanan bireylerde LDL kolesterol düzeyleri daha düşük, sigara içenlerde ise T3 düzeyleri daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Diyet kalitesi düşük bireylerde toplam kolesterol, non-HDL kolesterol ve bel çevresi değerleri daha yüksek bulunmuştur (p<0,05). Obez bireylerde toplam kolesterol ve trigliserit düzeyleri daha yüksek tespit edilmiştir (p<0,05). IgG seviyelerindeki artış, açlık serum glukoz seviyelerinde artış ile ilişkili bulunmuş ve bu parametreler arasında orta düzeyde pozitif korelasyon saptanmıştır (p<0,001, r=0,445). Günlük C vitamini alımı yüksek olan bireylerin IgG seviyeleri anlamlı şekilde daha düşük bulunmuştur (p=0,037). Aktif fiziksel aktivite düzeyine sahip bireylerde, pasif bireylere kıyasla 25(OH)D düzeyleri daha düşük bulunmuştur (p<0,05).
Sonuç: Kısa uyku süresi, düşük diyet kalitesi ve obezite; glukoz, lipid profili ve antropometrik ölçümlerde olumsuz değişiklikler ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Uzun uyku süresi daha yüksek IgG düzeyleri ile ilişkili bulunurken, yüksek C vitamini alımı daha düşük IgG düzeyleri ile ilişkilendirilmiştir. Ayrıca, artmış IgG düzeyleri daha yüksek glukoz seviyeleri ile ilişkili bulunmuştur. Bulguların doğrulanması için daha geniş örneklemli çalışmalara ihtiyaç vardır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diyet kalitesi
• COVID-19 aşısı
• serum IgG
• uyku süresi.

Kaynakça

1. 1. Daneshzad E, Larijani B, Azadbakht L. Diet quality indices and cardiovascular diseases risk factors among diabetic women. J Sci Food Agric. 2019;99(13):5926-5933.
2. 2. Gruppen EG, Kootstra-Ros J, Kobold AM, et al. Cigarette smoking is associated with higher thyroid hormone and lower TSH levels: the PREVEND study. Endocrine. 2020;67(3):613-622. doi: 10.1007/s12020-019-02125-2
3. 3. Li D, Calderone R, Nsouli TM, Reznikov E, Bellanti JA. Salivary and serum IgA and IgG responses to SARS-CoV-2-spike protein following SARS-CoV-2 infection and after immunization with COVID-19 vaccines. Allergy Asthma Proc. 2022;45(5):419-430.
4. 4. van den Berg JM, Remmelzwaal S, Blom MT, et al. Effectiveness of COVID-19 Vaccines in Adults with Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review. Vaccines. 2023;11(1).
5. 5. Gonzalez-Quintela A, Alende R, Gude F, et al. Serum levels of immunoglobulins (IgG, IgA, IgM) in a general adult population and their relationship with alcohol consumption, smoking and common metabolic abnormalities. Clin Exp Immunol. 2008;151(1):42-50.
6. 6. Chamkhi S, Dhaouadi T, Sfar I, et al. Comparative study of six SARS-CoV-2 serology assays: Diagnostic performance and antibody dynamics in a cohort of hospitalized patients for moderate to critical COVID-19. Int J Immunopathol Pharmacol. 2022;36.
7. 7. Pisanic N, Antar AAR, Kruczynski K, et al. Methodological approaches to optimize multiplex oral fluid SARS-CoV-2 IgG assay performance and correlation with serologic and neutralizing antibody responses. medRxiv. Published online December 26, 2022. doi: 10.1101/2022.12.22.22283858
8. 8. Oktay Gültekin E, Gültekin O, Coskun A, Aksak T. Antibody response three months after SARS-CoV-2 infection. J Med Virol. 2022;94(10):4712-4718. doi: 10.1002/jmv.27909

9. 9. Depuydt C, Bosmans E, Jonckheere J, et al. SARS-CoV-2 infection reduces quality of sperm parameters: prospective one year follow-up study in 93 patients. eBioMedicine. 2023;93. doi: 10.1016/j.ebiom.2023.104640
10. 10. Md Yusof MY, Arnold J, Saleem B, et al. Breakthrough SARS-CoV-2 infections and prediction of moderate-to-severe outcomes during rituximab therapy in patients with rheumatic and musculoskeletal diseases in the UK: a single-centre cohort study. Lancet Rheumatol. 2023;5(2):e88-e98. doi: 10.1016/S2665-9913(23)00004-8
11. 11. Cesur F, Atasever Z, Özoran Y. Impact of vitamin D3 supplementation on COVID-19 vaccine response and immunoglobulin G antibodies in deficient women: A randomized controlled trial. Vaccine. 2023;41(17):2860-2867. doi: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.03.046
12. 12. Cesur F, Genç ZN. Effect of Vitamin D supplementation according to daily dietary levels on biochemical parameters in 25-Hydroxyvitamin D deficiency of women with obesity. Turkish J Pharm Sci. 2024;21(5):399-412.
13. 13. Cesur F, Seçkiner S, Kucukerdonmez O, Cagindi O, Saygili LF, Meseri R. Can enzyme-resistant starch snack prevent blood glucose fluctuations? a pilot trial in patients with insulin-treated type 2 diabetes. Starch/Staerke. 2023;75(9-10):2200279.
14. 14. Lee DH, Kim HK, Lee JK, Lim SC. Early diagnosis of chyle fistula with SD LipidoCare after neck dissection. J Laryngol Otol. 2021;135(4):355-358.
15. 15. Venugopal V, Dongre A, Saravanan S. Prevalence and determinants of metabolic syndrome among the rural adult population of Puducherry. Indian J Community Med. 2019;44(1):21-25. doi: 10.4103/ijcm.IJCM_132_18
16. 16. Zhao B, Meng Y, Jin X, et al. Association of objective and self-reported sleep duration with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality: a community-based study. J Am Heart Assoc. 2023;12(6):e027832. doi: 10.1161/JAHA.122.027832
17. 17. Cesur F, Küçükyıldız S, Uygur B, Kafadar BN. Evaluation of nutrition software used in Türkiye: A Comparison of CeviCal and BeBIS with TürKomp. Int J Gastron Res. 2025;4(1):34-42. doi: 10.56479/IJGR-54
18. 18. Yun JE, Jo I, Park J, et al. Cigarette smoking, elevated fasting serum glucose, and risk of pancreatic cancer in Korean men. Int J Cancer. 2006;119(1):208-212.
19. 19. Cichosz SL, Jensen MH, Hejlesen O. Associations between smoking, glucose metabolism and lipid levels: A cross-sectional study. J Diabetes Complications. 2020;34(10):107649.
20. 20. Nygren K, Hammarström A, Rolandsson O. Binge drinking and total alcohol consumption from 16 to 43 years of age are associated with elevated fasting plasma glucose in women: results from the northern Swedish cohort study. BMC Public Health. 2017;17(1).
21. 21. Sung KC, Kim SH, Reaven GM. Relationship among alcohol, body weight, and cardiovascular risk factors in 27,030 Korean men. Diabetes Care. 2007;30(10):2690-2694.
22. 22. Kostecka D, Schneider-Matyka D, Barczak K, et al. The effect of vitamin D levels on lipid, glucose profiles and depression in perimenopausal women. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2022;26(10):3493-3505. doi: 10.26355/eurrev_202205_28844
23. 23. Yamamoto S, Tanaka A, Ohmagari N, et al. Use of heated tobacco products, moderate alcohol drinking, and anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG antibody titers after BNT162b2 vaccination among Japanese healthcare workers. Prev Med (Baltim). 2022;161:107123.
24. 24. Khan SR, Chaker L, Ikram MA, Peeters RP, van Hagen PM, Dalm VASH. Determinants and Reference Ranges of Serum Immunoglobulins in Middle-Aged and Elderly Individuals: a Population-Based Study. J Clin Immunol. 2021;41(8):1902-1914.
25. 25. Kunduraci YE, Ozbek H. Does the energy restriction intermittent fasting diet alleviate metabolic syndrome biomarkers? A randomized controlled trial. Nutrients. 2020;12(10):1-13. doi: 10.3390/nu12103213
26. 26. Angulo E, Stern D, Castellanos-Gutiérrez A, et al. Changes in the Global Diet Quality Score, Weight, and Waist Circumference in Mexican Women. J Nutr. 2021;151(12 Suppl 2):152S-161S. doi: 10.1093/jn/nxab171
27. 27. Murakami K. Nutritional quality of meals and snacks assessed by the Food Standards Agency nutrient profiling system in relation to overall diet quality, body mass index, and waist circumference in British adults. Nutr J. 2017;16(1).
28. 28. Barikani A, Javadi M, Rafiei S. Sleep quality and blood lipid composition among patients with diabetes. Int J Endocrinol Metab. 2019;17(3):81062. doi: 10.5812/ijem.81062
29. 29. Yeboah K, Dodam KK, Agyekum JA, Oblitey JN. Association between poor quality of sleep and metabolic syndrome in Ghanaian University Students: a cross-sectional study. Sleep Disord. 2022;2022:1-8. doi: 10.1155/2022/8802757
30. 30. Hariri M, Shamshirgaran SM, Aminisani N, Abasi H, Gholami A. Is poor sleep quality associated with lipid profile in elderly population? Finding from Iranian Longitudinal Study on Ageing. Ir J Med Sci. 2024;193(1):123-129. doi: 10.1007/s11845-023-03449-9
31. 31. Nazem MR, Bastanhagh E, Emami A, Hedayati M, Samimi S, Karami M. The relationship between thyroid function tests and sleep quality: cross-sectional study. Sleep Sci (Sao Paulo, Brazil). 2021;14(3):196-200. doi: 10.5935/1984-0063.20200050
32. 32. Wagenhäuser I, Reusch J, Gabel A, et al. The relationship between mental health, sleep quality and the immunogenicity of COVID-19 vaccinations. J Sleep Res. 2024;33(3):e13929. doi: 10.1111/jsr.13929
33. 33. Wang J, Chang E, Jiang Y. Effects of vitamin C stimulation on rehabilitation of dysphagia after stroke: a randomized trial. Eur J Phys Rehabil Med. 2022;58(4):558-564.
34. 34. Anderson R, Oosthuizen R, Maritz R, Theron A, Van Rensburg AJ. The effects of increasing weekly doses of ascorbate on certain cellular and humoral immune functions in normal volunteers. Am J Clin Nutr. 1980;33(1):71-76. doi: 10.1093/ajcn/33.1.71
35. 35. Szczuko M, Seidler T, Stachowska E, et al. Influence of daily diet on ascorbic acid supply to students. Rocz Państwowego Zakładu Hig. 2014;65(3):213-220.
36. 36. Sculli MA, Formoso G, Sciacca L. COVID-19 vaccination in pregnant and lactating diabetic women. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis. 2021;31(7):2151-2155.
37. 37. Lampasona V, Secchi M, Scavini M, et al. Antibody response to multiple antigens of SARS-CoV-2 in patients with diabetes: an observational cohort study. Diabetologia. 2020;63(12):2548-2558. doi: 10.1007/S00125-020-05284-4
38. 38. Teh CH, Chan YY, Lim KH, et al. Association of physical activity with blood pressure and blood glucose among Malaysian adults: A population-based study Chronic Disease epidemiology. BMC Public Health. 2015;15(1). doi: 10.1186/s12889-015-2528-1
39. 39. Eftekhari E, Zafari A, Gholami M. Physical activity, lipid profiles and leptin. In: Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2016;56:465-469.
40. 40. da Silva RC, Diniz M de FHS, Alvim S, Vidigal PG, Fedeli LMG, Barreto SM. Physical activity and lipid profile in the ELSA-Brasil study. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2016;107(1):10-18.
41. 41. Forney LA, Dietrich MA, Johannsen NM, et al. Emerging relationships between vitamin D status, physical activity habits, and immune indices in college-aged females. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2017;87(1-2):49-58. doi: 10.1024/0300-9831/a000424