Neurogenesis in the Adult Mammalian Brain

Öz

It is currently accepted that two regions of the adult mammalian brain continue to generate new neurons throughout life. The subventricular zone (SVZ) of the lateral ventricles gives rise to new neurons that migrate to the olfactory bulb to become new interneurons, and the subgranular zone (SGZ) of the hippocampal dentate gyrus (DG) generates new granule cells. Newborn neurons have distinct morphological and functional properties that contribute to certain brain functions which distinguishes them from the surrounding older neurons. Persistent neurogenesis in the adult brain occurs in many mammalian species, presenting certain species-specific differentiations. Differences in the rate of adult hippocampal neurogenesis are also observed along the hippocampal septo-temporal axis.

The present review aims a. to present the features of the multistep adult neurogenesis process in the SVZ and SGZ, b. to identify the unique characteristics of these two neurogenic regions of the adult mammalian brain, and c. to comparatively evaluate existing knowledge on neurogenesis similarities and differences among evolutionary different mammalian species, trying to relate brain structure and function with perpetual plasticity.

Adult neurogenesis is a dynamic and complex process that promotes brain’s plasticity under normal and pathological conditions. The comparative study of adult neurogenesis in mammalian species with phylogenetic proximity to humans, strengthens our knowledge in the field and creates unique opportunities for future novel therapeutics.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Adult neurogenesis,marker expression,comparative neurogenesis

Erişkin Memeli Beyninde Neurogenesis

Öz

Günümüzde, erişkin memeli beyninin iki bölgesinde, yaşam boyunca yeni nöronların üretilmeye devam ettiği kabul edilmektedir. Ventriculus lateralis’in zona subventricularis’i (SVZ) tarafından üretilen yeni nöronlar, bulbus olfactorius’a göç ederek yeni internöronların oluşumuna neden olur. Bunun dışında hippocampus’un gyrus dentatus’unun  (DG) zona subgranularis’i  (SGZ), yeni granüler hücreler üretir.

Yeni oluşan nöronlar,  belirli beyin fonksiyonlarına katkıda bulunan ve onları çevreleyen daha eski nöronlardan ayıran, belirgin morfolojik ve fonksiyonel özelliklere sahiptir.
Birçok memeli türünün erişkin beyninde,  bazı türlere özgü farklılıklar göstermekle birlikte, kalıcı neurogenesis şekillenir. Erişkin hippokampal neurogenesis hızındaki farklılıklar, hippocampus’un axis septo-temporalis’inde de gözlenmektedir.

Bu derlemede; a. SVZ ve SGZ'da çok basamaklı erişkin neurogenesis sürecinin özelliklerini sunmak, b. erişkin memeli beyninin bu iki neurogenic bölgesinin benzersiz özelliklerini tanımlamak ve c. evrimsel olarak farklı memeli türleri arasındaki neurogenesis benzerlikleri ve farklılıkları hakkındaki mevcut bilgileri karşılaştırarak değerlendirmek, beyin yapısı ve işleyişini kalıcı plastisite ile ilişkilendirmeye çalışmak amaçlanmıştır.
Erişkin neurogenesis, normal ve patolojik koşullar altında beyin plastisitesini yükselten dinamik ve kompleks bir süreçtir. Filogenetik olarak insanlara yakınlığı olan memeli türlerinde yapılan karşılaştırmalı yetişkin neurogenesis çalışmaları, bu alanla ilgili bilgilerimizi güçlendirmekte ve gelecekte oluşturulabilecek yeni terapötikler için eşsiz fırsatlar yaratmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Erişkin neurogenesis,marker ekspresyonu,karşılaştırmalı neurogenesis

Kaynakça

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