Position-Specific Comparison of the Player Loads and High-Intensity Events During Match in Male and Female Handball Players

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 17, 458 - 469, 29.08.2022

Celal Gençoğlu , Hikmet Gümüş , Egemen Mancı , Fırat Özdalyan , Sercin Kosova

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1037354

Öz

Aim: In handball, which demands short-term high-intensity activities, gender differences have been clearly shown in physical and physiological characteristics and throwing velocity parameters. There are limitations in gathering real-time handball specific match data except for these types of performance parameters. However, recently, a more detailed examination of the player load in indoor team sports is possible with wearable technologies. This study aims to compare the position-specific player loads of male and female players during the handball match.

Method: The forty-two field players (20 female and 22 male) from four different Turkish Handball Super League teams (2 male's and 2 female's teams) that played in a friendly tournament voluntarily participated in this study. Goalkeepers and field players whose total playing time is less than 10 minutes were not included in the analysis. Before the games, all players suited up a manufacturer-made vest that included Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors (OptimEye S5, Catapult Sports, Australia) at the posterior side of the upper trunk and also wore a compatible chest band (Polar T31 Coded, Finland) for the monitoring heart rate. In the gathered data, player substitutions (time spent on the bench) and game pauses (active playing time) were filtered by marking with the manufacturer's software (OpenField, Catapult Sports, Australia).

Results: Although active playtimes were found to be similar for both genders, there was a significant difference between player load and heart rate responses. Total player load and average player load were higher in female handball players, while peak player load was statistically higher in male handball players (265.50±93.06 PLtotal, 255.80±81.59 PLtotal; 8.30±1.27 PL/min, 8.07±1.64 PL/min, respectively). Similarly, in player load density zones, male players showed less player load effort in low-level zones and more player load effort in high-level zones than females. Internal load responses were found to be significantly higher in the heart rate exhaustion parameter of female handball players in comparison to men.

Conclusion: In line with the literature, these research findings showed that the gender difference in most of the key performance indicators in handball showed significant differences in player load during the match. However, further studies are required to gather data from more competitive league-level matches where a higher number of matches are included. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Handball, heart rate, inertial measurement sensor, athletic performance

Erkek ve Kadın Hentbolcularda Maç Sırasındaki Oyuncu Yükü ve Yüksek Şiddetli Aktivitelerin Oyuncu Pozisyonlarına Göre Karşılaştırılması

Öz

Amaç: Kısa süreli yüksek şiddetli aktiviteler içeren hentbolda fiziksel ve fizyolojik özellikler ile atış hızı parametrelerinde cinsiyet farkı açıkça gösterilmiştir. Bu tür performans parametreleri dışında branşa ait gerçek zamanlı maç verisi elde etmek metodolojik kısıtlılıklar içermektedir. Ancak, son dönemde giyilebilir teknolojilerle kapalı alan takım sporlarında oyuncu yükünü daha detaylı incelemek mümkündür. Bu çalışmanın amacı hentbolda maç sırasında oyuncu yükünü kadın ve erkek oyuncularda pozisyonlara göre karşılaştırmaktır.

Yöntem: Çalışmaya hazırlık turnuvasına katılan 2 erkek ve 2 kadın toplam 4 Türkiye Hentbol Süper Lig takımından 42 saha oyuncusu (20 kadın ve 22 erkek) gönüllü olarak katılmıştır. Kaleciler ve toplam oyun süresi 10 dakikanın altında kalan saha oyuncuları analize dahil edilmemiştir. Müsabaka öncesi kişiye tanımlanmış İnersiyal Ölçüm Ünitesi (IMU) sensörleri (OptimEye S5, Catapult Sports, Avustralya) firmanın özel yeleği ile üst gövde arkasına sabitlenmiş ve kalp atım hızı monitörizasyonu için göğüs bandı (Polar T31 Coded, Finlandiya) takılmıştır. Toplanan verilerde sporcu değişimi (yedek bankında geçen süre) ve oyun duraksamaları (aktif oyun süresi) firmanın yazılımıyla (OpenField, Catapult Sports, Avustralya) işaretlenerek filtrelenmiştir.

Bulgular: Her iki cinsiyet için aktif oyun süreleri benzer olmasına rağmen oyuncu yükü ve kalp atım hızı yanıtları arasında anlamlı fark bulunmuştur. Kadın hentbolcularda toplam oyuncu yükü ve ortalama oyuncu yükü erkeklere göre daha yüksek iken erkek hentbolcularda pik oyuncu yükü istatistiksel olarak daha yüksek bulunmuştur (265.50±93.06 PL total, 255.80±81.59 PL total; 8.30±1.27 PL/dak, 8.07±1.64 PL/dak). Benzer olarak oyuncu yükü yoğunluk bölgelerinde erkekler kadınlara göre düşük seviye bölgelerde daha az, yüksek seviye bölgelerde daha çok oyuncu yükü eforu göstermiştir. İç yük yanıtları kadın hentbolcuların kalp atım hızı tükenme parametresinde erkeklere göre anlamlı yüksek bulunmuştur.

Sonuç: Bu araştırma bulguları hentbol branşındaki çoğu anahtar performans belirteçlerindeki cinsiyet farkının maç sırasında oyuncu yükünde de literatürle uyumlu olarak anlamlı farklılıklar olduğunu göstermiştir. Ancak, daha yüksek sayıda maçın dahil edildiği ve rekabetin daha yüksek olduğu lig düzeyindeki maçlardan toplanacak verilere ihtiyaç duyulmaktadır. 

Anahtar Kelimeler

Hentbol, atletik performans, kalp hızı, inersiyal ölçüm sensörü

Kaynakça

• Michalsik LB. On-court physical demands and physiological aspects in elite team handball. Handball Sports Medicine. 2018;15-33.
• Hegge AM, Myhre K, Welde B, Holmberg HC, Sandbakk Ø. Are gender differences in upper-body power generated by elite cross-country skiers augmented by increasing the intensity of exercise? PloS One. 2015;10(5):e0127509.
• Handelsman DJ. Sex differences in athletic performance emerge coinciding with the onset of male puberty. Clinical Endocrinology. 2017;87(1):68-72.
• Van den Tillaar R, Ettema G. Effect of body size and gender in overarm throwing performance. European Journal of Applied Physiology. 2004;91(4):413-418.
• Van Den Tillaar R, Cabri JM. Gender differences in the kinematics and ball velocity of overarm throwing in elite team handball players. Journal of Sports Sciences. 2012;30(8):807-813. https://doi.org/10.1080/02640414.2012.671529.
• Asker M, Holm LW, Källberg H, Waldén M, Skillgate E. Female adolescent elite handball players are more susceptible to shoulder problems than their male counterparts. Knee Surgery, Sports Traumatology, Arthroscopy. 2018;26(7):1892-1900.
• Michalsik L, Madsen K, Aagaard P. Match performance and physiological capacity of female elite team handball players. International Journal of Sports Medicine. 2014;35(7):595-607..
• Michalsik LB, Aagaard P. Physical demands in elite team handball: Comparisons between male and female players. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2015;55(9):878-891.
• Wik EH, Luteberget LS, Spencer M. Activity profiles in international women’s team handball using PlayerLoad. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2017;12(7):934-942.
• Gümüş H, Gençoğlu C. Playerloadtm and heart rate response to small-sided games specialized to additional field player rule in handball. Человек Спорт Медицина. 2020;20(1).
• Corvino M, Vuleta D, Šibila M. Analysis of load and players’ effort in 4 vs 4 small-sided handball games in relation to court dimensions. Kinesiology. 2016;48(2):213-222.
• Bělka J, Hůlka K, Šafář M, Weisser R. External and an internal load of playing positions of elite female handball players (U19) during competitive matches. Acta Gymnica. 2016;46(1):12-20.
• Michalsik LB, Madsen K, Aagaard P. Physiological capacity and physical testing in male elite team handball. The Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness. 2015;55(5):415-29.
• Ortega-Becerra M, Pareja-Blanco F. Sex and standard levels differences in anthropometric and physical fitness characteristics in youth handball players: Handball players gender and playing level. Kinesiology. 2020;52(2):232-241.
• Ademaj F, Lenjanu N, Koleci A, Abazi L. Gender differences in antropometric measures of handball players classified in the competition category cadets. Research in Physical Education, Sport & Health. 2018;7(2).
• Luteberget LS, Spencer M. High-intensity events in international women’s team handball matches. International Journal of Sports Physiology and Performance. 2017;12(1):56-61.
• Kniubaite A, Skarbalius A, Clemente FM, Conte D. Quantification of external and internal match loads in elite female team handball. Biology of Sport. 2019;36(4):311. https://doi.org/ 10.5114/biolsport.2019.88753.
• Luteberget LS, Spencer M, Gilgien M. Validity of the Catapult ClearSky T6 local positioning system for team sports specific drills, in indoor conditions. Frontiers in Physiology. 2018;9:115. https://doi.org/10.3389/fphys.2018.00115.
• Manchado C, Pueo B, Chirosa-Rios LJ, Tortosa-Martínez J. Time–motion analysis by playing positions of male handball players during the European championship 2020. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2021;18(6):2787.
• Manchado C, Tortosa Martínez J, Pueo B, et al. High-performance handball player’s time-motion analysis by playing positions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2020;17(18):6768.
• Fleureau A, Lacome M, Buchheit M, Couturier A, Rabita G. Validity of an ultra-wideband local positioning system to assess specific movements in handball. Biology of Sport. 2020;37(4):351.