Normal Gelişim Gösteren Çocuklar ve Otizmli Çocuklarda Plusoptix A09 ile Ölçülen Pupil Çapı, Korneal Refleks ve İnterpupiller Mesafenin Karşılaştırılması

Yıl 2022, Sayı: 18, 668 - 677, 31.12.2022

İbrahim Şahbaz , Emre Taşdöndüren , Öznur Özge Özcan , Turker Erguzel , Mesut Karahan , Muhsin Konuk , Nevzat Tarhan

https://doi.org/10.38079/igusabder.1088174

Cited By: 1

Öz

Amaç: Otizm Spektrum Bozukluğu (OSB) belirtileri, otonom sinir sisteminin (ANS) anormal işleyişinden kaynaklanabilir.

Yöntem: Çalışmada 19 sağlıklı çocuk (kontrol grubu) ile 19 otizm hastasının 38 gözü dahil edildi. Her iki grubun pupil çapı, interpupiller mesafe ve korneal refleks ölçümleri analiz edildi. Ölçümlerde Plusoptix A09 marka cihaz kullanıldı.

Bulgular: Otizm grubu için ortalama yaş±standart sapma (SD) 4,6±2,5 yıl (aralık 2-11 yıl) idi. Kontrol grubu için ortalama yaş±SD 5,02±2,6 yıl (aralık 2-11 yıl) idi. Sağ gözbebeği (p=0,006) ve sol gözbebeği (p=0,007) pupil çapları kontrol ve deney gruplarında anlamlı olarak farklı bulundu. İnterpupiller mesafe (p=0,000) otistik ve kontrol gruplarında anlamlı olarak farklıydı ancak kornea refleksi, kontrol ve otistik gruplarda anlamlı farklılık göstermedi (p=0,173). Tüm istatistiksel sonuçlarda p değeri 0,5'ten küçüktür.

Sonuç: Sonuç olarak, otizmli çocukların pupil çapı ve interpupiller mesafesi kontrol grubuna göre daha büyük bulundu. Pupil ölçümleri, OSB olan ve olmayan kişiler arasındaki farklılıkları ortaya koymaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Otizm spektrum bozukluğu, kornea, refleks, pupiller, Autism spectrum disorders, cornea, reflex, pupillary

Comparison of Interpupillary Distance, Pupillary Diameter and Corneal Reflex Measured with Plusoptix A09 in Normally Developing Children and Autism

Öz

Aim: Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a developmental disorder that can present with an abnormality of the autonomic nervous system (ANS symptoms).

Method: In this study, 38 eyes of 19 ASD were included with 19 healthy children (control group). Participants were analyzed according to their characteristics. Here, used the Plusoptix A09 devices to measure the difference in pupil size, corneal reflex, and interpupillary distance (IPD) between ASD and healthy children.

Results: The mean age±standard deviation (SD) for the autism group was 4,6±2,5 years (range 2-11 years). In the group of normally developing children, the mean age was±SD 5,02±2,6 years (range 2-11 years). The size of the right pupil (p=0,006) and left pupil (p=0,007) was found to be significantly different in the control and experimental groups. IPD (p=0,000) was statistically significant between groups unlike the corneal reflex was not (p=0,173). The p-value is less than 0,05 in all statistical results.

Conclusion: As a result, pupil diameter and IPD of children with autism were found to be larger than the control group, but there was no significant difference in corneal reflex. Pupillary measurements reveal differences between people with ASD.  

Anahtar Kelimeler

Autism spectrum disorders, cornea, reflex, pupillary

Kaynakça

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html Published in March 2022. Accessed on March 2022.
• Dawson G, Lewy A. Arousal, attention, and the socioemotional impairments of individuals with autism. In: Dawson G, ed. Autism: Nature, Diagnosis, and Treatment. New York: Guilford Press;1989:49-74.
• Goodwin MS, Groden J, Velicer WF, Lipsitt LP, Baron MG, Hofmann SG. Cardiovascular arousal in individuals with autism. Focus. 2006;21(2):100–123. doi:10.1177/10883576060210020101
• Binda P, Gamlin PD. Renewed attention on the pupil light reflex. Trends Neurosciences. 2017;40(8):455–457. doi:10.1016/j.tins.2017.06.007
• Cordonnier M, Kallay O. Non-cycloplegic screening for refractive errors in children with the hand-held autorefractor Retinomax: Final results and comparison with noncycloplegic photoscreening. Strabismus. 2001;9(2):59–70. doi:10.1076/stra.9.2.59.701
• Matta NS, Singman EL, Silbert DI. Performance of the Plusoptix vision screener for the detection of amblyopia risk factors in children. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2008;12(5):490–492. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2008.04.004
• Payerols A, Eliaou C, Trezeguet V, Villain M, Daien V. Accuracy of PlusOptix A09 distance refraction in pediatric myopia and hyperopia. BMC Ophthalmology. 2016;16:72-8. doi:10.1186/s12886-016-0247-8
• Yan XR, Jiao WZ, Li ZW, Xu WW, Li FJ, Wang LH. Performance of the Plusoptix A09 photo screener in detecting amblyopia risk factors in Chinese children attending an eye clinic. PLoS One. 2015;10(6):e0126052. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0126052
• Ugurbas SC, Alpay A, Tutar H, Sagdik HM, Ugurbas SH. Validation of plusoptiX S04 photoscreener as a vision screening tool in children with intellectual disability. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2011;15:476–479. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2011.05.023
• Aylward EH, Minshew NJ, Field K, Sparks BF, Singh N. Effects of age on brain volume and head circumference in autism. Neurology. 2002;59(2):175–183. doi:10.1212/wnl.59.2.175
• Miles JH, Hillman RE. Value of a clinical morphology examination in autism. American Journal of Medical Genetics. 2000;91(4):245–253.
• Rodier PM, Bryson SE, Welch JP. Minor malformations and physical measurements in autism: Data from Nova Scotia. Teratology. 1997;55(5):319–325. doi:10.1002/(SICI)1096-9926(199705)55:5<319::AID-TERA4>3.0.CO;2-U
• Bailey A, Le Couteur A, Gottesman I, et al. Autism as a strongly genetic disorder: Evidence from a British twin study. Psychological Medicine. 1995;25(1):63–77. doi:10.1017/s0033291700028099
• Yıldıray Y, Sahbaz I, Kar T, et al. Evaluation of interpupillary distance in the Turkish population. Clinical Ophthalmology (Auckland, N.Z.). 2015;9:1413–1416. doi:10.2147/OPTH.S85584
• Arıcı C, Türk A, Ceylan OM, Mutlu FM, Altınsoy Hİ. Comparison of Refractive Errors Measured by Plusoptix S08, Potec PRK-6000 and Nidek ARK-30 Hand-Held Autorefractometer in School-Age Children and Adult Population. Turkish Journal of Ophthalmology. 2010;40(6):328-332. doi:10.4274/tjo.40.328
• Hardan AY, Keshavan MS, Sreedhar S, Vemulapalli M, Minshew NJ. An MRI Study of Minor Physical Anomalies in Autism. Journal Of Autism and Developmental Disorders. 2006;36(5):607–611. doi:10.1007/s10803-006-0103-4
• Singman E, Matta N, Tian J, Silbert D. The Accuracy of the PlusoptiX for Measuring Pupillary Distance. Strabismus. 2014;22:21–25. doi:10.3109/09273972.2013.877941
• Silbert J, Matta N, Tian J, Singman E, Silbert DI. Pupil size and anisocoria in children measured by the plusoptiX photoscreener. Journal of American Association for Pediatric Ophthalmology and Strabismus. 2013;17(6):609–611. doi:10.1016/j.jaapos.2013.09.003
• Martineau J, Hernandez N, Hiebel L, Roché L, Metzger A, Bonnet-Brilhault F. Can pupil size and pupil responses during visual scanning contribute to the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder in children? Journal of Psychiatric Research. 2011;45(8):1077–1082. doi:10.1016/j.jpsychires.2011.01.008
• Sepeta L, Tsuchiya N, Davies MS, Sigman M, Bookheimer SY, Dapretto M. Abnormal social reward processing in autism as indexed by pupillary responses to happy faces. Journal of Neurodevelopmental Disorders. 2012;4(1):17-25. doi:10.1186/1866-1955-4-17
• Anderson CJ, Colombo J. Larger tonic pupil size in young children with autism spectrum disorder. Developmental Psychobiology. 2009;51(2):207–211. doi:10.1002/dev.20352
• Rubin LS. Patterns of pupillary dilatation and constriction in psychotic adults and autistic children. The Journal Of Nervous and Mental Disease. 1961;133:130–142. doi:10.1097/00005053-196108000-00009
• Fan X, Miles JH, Takahashi N, Yao G. Abnormal transient pupillary light reflex in individuals with autism spectrum disorders. Journal Of Autism And Developmental Disorders. 2009;39:1499–1508. doi:10.1007/s10803-009-0767-7