İstem Mühendisliği: Yapay Zekâ Sistemlerinde İnsan-Bilgisayar Etkileşiminin Yeni Paradigması

Öz

Yapay zekâ teknolojilerinde son yıllarda yaşanan hızlı gelişmeler, insan ile bilgisayar arasındaki etkileşim biçimlerini önemli ölçüde dönüştürmüştür. Özellikle büyük dil modellerinin (Large Language Models-LLMs) yaygınlaşmasıyla birlikte, kullanıcıların doğal dil aracılığıyla yapay zekâ sistemlerini yönlendirmesine olanak sağlayan istem mühendisliği (prompt engineering) yeni bir araştırma ve uygulama alanı olarak ortaya çıkmıştır. İstem mühendisliği, büyük dil modellerinden istenilen çıktıların elde edilmesi amacıyla istemlerin sistematik biçimde tasarlanması, optimize edilmesi ve değerlendirilmesini kapsayan disiplinlerarası bir yaklaşım olarak tanımlanmaktadır. Bu çalışma, istem mühendisliğini yalnızca teknik bir araç olarak değil, aynı zamanda insan-bilgisayar etkileşiminin yeni bir paradigması olarak ele almayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu doğrultuda çalışmada öncelikle yapay zekâ ve büyük dil modellerinin gelişim süreci incelenmiş, ardından insan-bilgisayar etkileşiminin tarihsel evrimi çerçevesinde istem mühendisliğinin ortaya çıkışı değerlendirilmiştir. Devamında istem mühendisliğinin kavramsal temelleri, temel istem teknikleri, avantajları, fırsatları, sorunları ve eleştirileri sistematik biçimde ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca eğitim, sağlık, turizm, finans ve kamu yönetimi gibi farklı uygulama alanlarında gerçekleştirilen güncel araştırmalar incelenerek alanın mevcut durumu ortaya konulmuştur. Literatür incelemesi sonucunda istem mühendisliğinin yapay zekâ sistemlerinin performansını artırdığı, insan-yapay zekâ iş birliğini güçlendirdiği ve bilgiye erişimi kolaylaştırdığı görülmektedir. Bununla birlikte halüsinasyon, önyargı, açıklanabilirlik, veri güvenliği ve etik sorunlar gibi önemli riskler barındırdığı da tespit edilmiştir. Sonuç olarak istem mühendisliği, yapay zekâ çağında insan ile makine arasındaki iletişimi yeniden tanımlayan stratejik bir yetkinlik ve yeni bir etkileşim paradigması olarak değerlendirilmektedir. Gelecekte yapılacak araştırmaların kuramsal çerçevenin geliştirilmesine, standart istem tasarım ilkelerinin oluşturulmasına ve farklı disiplinlerdeki uygulamaların değerlendirilmesine odaklanmasının alana önemli katkılar sağlayacağı düşünülmektedir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İstem Mühendisliği
• Büyük Dil Modelleri
• Yapay Zekâ
• İnsan-Bilgisayar Etkileşimi

Prompt Engıneering: A New Paradigm For Human-Computer Interaction In Artificial Intelligence Systems

Öz

Rapid advancements in artificial intelligence technologies in recent years have significantly transformed the ways in which humans and computers interact. In particular, with the widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs), prompt engineering—which enables users to guide AI systems through natural language—has emerged as a new field of research and application. Prompt engineering is defined as an interdisciplinary approach that involves the systematic design, optimization, and evaluation of prompts to elicit desired outputs from large language models. This study aims to address prompt engineering not merely as a technical tool, but also as a new paradigm in human-computer interaction. In this context, the study first examines the development process of artificial intelligence and large language models, followed by an evaluation of the emergence of prompt engineering within the historical evolution of human-computer interaction. Subsequently, the conceptual foundations of prompt engineering, fundamental prompt techniques, advantages, opportunities, challenges, and criticisms are systematically addressed. Additionally, current research conducted in various application areas such as education, healthcare, tourism, finance, and public administration is examined to outline the current state of the field. A review of the literature reveals that prompt engineering enhances the performance of artificial intelligence systems, strengthens human-AI collaboration, and facilitates access to information. However, it has also been found to entail significant risks, such as hallucination, bias, explainability, data security, and ethical issues. In conclusion, prompt engineering is regarded as a strategic competency and a new interaction paradigm that redefines communication between humans and machines in the age of artificial intelligence. It is believed that future research focused on developing a theoretical framework, establishing standard prompt design principles, and evaluating applications across different disciplines will make significant contributions to the field.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Prompt Engineering
• Large Language Models
• Artificial İntelligence
• Human-Computer İnteraction

Kaynakça

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