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Circular Cities from a Sustainability Perspective: A Comparative Analysis of the Cities of Amsterdam and İzmir

Yıl 2025, Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 1321 - 1342
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1701772

Öz

Aim: This study aims to articulate the theoretical framework of the circular city concept, conduct a comparative analysis of its contributions to urban sustainability through the cases of Amsterdam and İzmir, and propose policy recommendations for its implementation in the context of Turkish cities.
Method: Using a comparative case study approach, the circular city practices of Amsterdam and Izmir were examined. During the data collection process, municipal strategic plans, sustainability reports, and implementation documents were reviewed. The qualitative data obtained were analyzed using thematic content analysis, and a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) analysis was conducted for both cities.
Results: Amsterdam is recognized for its pioneering practices in the circular economy, while İzmir stands out for its efforts toward sustainability-oriented urban circular transformation. Both cities are at different stages in adopting circular economy principles and pursue distinct priorities.
Conclusion: The circular city model holds considerable potential for achieving urban sustainability goals. The cases of Amsterdam and Izmir provide valuable insights into how this model can be implemented in different urban contexts. By adapting these experiences to its unique conditions and priorities, Turkey can progress toward circular urbanization.

Kaynakça

  • Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (AMS). (2025). Amsterdam circular: circular chain accelerator. Erişim tarihi: 11.04.2025, https://www.ams-institute.org/entrepreneurship/amsterdam-circular/
  • Amsterdam Open Research (AOR). (2025). Material passports. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://openresearch.amsterdam/en/page/64153/4.-material-passports
  • BIBRI, S.E. (2019). Smart sustainable cities of the future. Cham: Springer.
  • BRAUN, V., & CLARKE, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • CALISTO FRIANT, M., REID, K., BOESLER, P., VERMEULEN, W. J., & SALOMONE, R. (2023). Sustainable circular cities? Analysing urban circular economy policies in Amsterdam, Glasgow, and Copenhagen. Local Environment, 28(10), 1331-1369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2023.2206643
  • CAMPBELL-JOHNSTON, K., VERMEULEN, W. J., REİKE, D., & BRULLOT, S. (2020). The circular economy and cascading: towards a framework. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, 7, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100038
  • City of Amsterdam. (2020). Amsterdam green İnfrastructure vision 2050. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • City of Amsterdam. (2023). Implementation agenda for a circular Amsterdam 2023–2026. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • City of Amsterdam. (2025). Policy: circular economy. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/sustainability/circular-economy/
  • City Deal Circular City (CDCC). (2020). Cooperation is essential. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://hollandcircularhotspot.nl/case/city-deal-circular-city/
  • COSKUN, A., METTA, J., BAKIROĞLU, Y., ÇAY, D., & BACHUS, K. (2022). Make it a circular city: Experiences and challenges from European cities striving for sustainability through promoting circular making. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 185, 106495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106495
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (01.06.2013). Towards the circular economy Vol. 1: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition. Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2025, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/towards-the-circular-economy-vol-1-an-economic-and-business-rationale-for-an
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation & ARUP. (2019). Circular economy in cities: Project guide. Isle of Wight: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
  • European Circular Cities Declaration (ECCD). (2020a). İzmir, Türkiye. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/cities/i%CC%87zmir
  • European Circular Cities Declaration (ECCD). (2020b). Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/cities/the-metropolitan-region-of-amsterdam
  • European Commission. (2025). Delivering the EU green deal. Luxembourg: EU.
  • European Investment Bank (EIB). (2021). The 15 circular steps for cities (Second Edition). Luxembourg: EIB.
  • European Investment Bank (EIB). (2025). The Circular City Centre-C3. Erişim tarihi: 11.03.2025, https://advisory.eib.org/about/circular-city-centre.htm
  • European Union (EU). (2020). European circular cities declaration. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Images/Pages_Images/Circular_City_Declaration/CircularCities_Declaration_SupportDocument_noprintmarks.pdf
  • Gemeente Amsterdam. (2020). Amsterdam circular strategy 2020–2025. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • Gemeente Amsterdam. (2022). The Circular Economy Monitor: An Outline. Erişim tarihi: 11.03.2025, https://onderzoek.amsterdam.nl/publicatie/the-circular-economy-monitor-an-outline
  • HAAS, W., KRAUSMANN, F., WIEDENHOFER, D., & HEINZ, M. (2015). How circular is the global economy?: An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the world in 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 765-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12244
  • HOPWOOD, B., MELLOR, M., & O’BRIEN, G. (2005). Sustainable development: Mapping different approaches. Sustainable Development, 13(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.244
  • ICLEI. (2025). Izmir metropolitan municipality. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://iclei.org/network_city/izmir-metropolitan-municipality/
  • ICLEI Europe. (24.04.2024). New ICLEI Member Metropolregion Amsterdam supports the transition to a circular economy in Europe. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://iclei-europe.org/news/?New_ICLEI_Member_Metropolregion_Amsterdam_supports_the_transition_to_a_circular_economy_in_Europe_&newsID=e6KA5wlo
  • İzDönüşüm. (2024). Hakkımızda. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izdonusum.com.tr/hakkimizda
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2020a). İzmir Sürdürülebilir Enerji ve İklim Eylem Planı. İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2020b). Yeşil Şehir Eylem Planı. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2021). İzmir gönüllü yerel değerlendirme raporu 2021. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (22.12.2023). Başkan Soyer İzmir Vizyon 2050 programının ipuçlarını verdi. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/baskan-soyer-izmir-vizyon-2050-programinin-ipuclarini-verdi/49664/156
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2025a). 2025-2029 Stratejik Planı. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2025b). Açık veri portalı. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/dataset?_groups_limit=0&organization=iklim-degisikligi-ve-sifir-atik-dairesi-baskanligi
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (13.05.2025c). İzmir’in dijital ikizi geliyor. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-in-dijital-ikizi-geliyor/56234/156
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2022). İzmir’de yeşil dönüşüm ve mavi fırsatlar perspektifi. İzmir: İZKA.
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2024b). Koordinasyon. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://izka.org.tr/koordinasyon/
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2024a). Sanayide yeşil dönüşüm teknik destek programı. İzmir: İZKA.
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (09.05.2025). Sıfır atık projesi tanıtım toplantısı gerçekleştirildi. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://izka.org.tr/sifir-atik-projesi-tanitim-toplantisi-gerceklestirildi/#:~:text=%C4%B0zmir%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Ajans%C4%B1%2C%20Bornova%20Kaymakaml%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1,Suphi%20Koyuncuo%C4%9Flu%20Anadolu%20Lisesi%E2%80%99nde%20tan%C4%B1t%C4%B1ld%C4%B1
  • KENNEDY, C., CUDDİHY, J., & ENGEL‐YAN, J. (2007). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107
  • LUJINOVIC, E. (2019). Towards a circular economy in EU consumer markets–legal possibilities and legal challenges and the Dutch example. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 8(1), 4-13.
  • MOL, A.P.J., SPAARGAREN, G., & SONNENFELD, D. A. (2014). Ecological modernisation theory: Where do we stand? Ökologische Modernisierung. Zur Geschichte und Gegenwart eines Konzepts in Umweltpolitik und Sozialwissenschaften (ss. 35-66). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
  • MOREAU, V., SAHAKİAN, M., VAN GRİETHUYSEN, P., & VUİLLE, F. (2017). Coming full circle: why social and institutional dimensions matter for the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12598
  • PURVIS, B., MAO, Y., & ROBINSON, D. (2018). Three pillars of sustainability: In search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14, 681-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
  • RAWORTH, K. (2017). Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Repair Cafés. (2025). About Repair Cafés. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025, https://repaircafe.amsterdam/en/repaircafes
  • SAVINI, F. (2019). The economy that runs on waste: accumulation in the circular city. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 21(6), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2019.1670048
  • SCHRÖDER, P., & BARRIE, J. (2024). How the circular economy can revive the Sustainable Development Goals. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2025, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/2024-09-19-how-the-circular-economy-can-revive-the-sdgs-schr%C3%B6der-barrie.pdf
  • Social Enterprise. (2025). About us. Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2025, https://social-enterprise.nl/
  • Teşvik Merkezi. (2023). İzmir yatırım teşvikleri. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2025, https://www.tesvikmerkezi.net/iller/izmir-yatirim-tesvikleri
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2025). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2024. Erişim tarihi: 03.12.2025, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783
  • URBAN-GreenUP. (2022). Izmir'de URBAN GreenUP. Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2025, https://www.urbangreenup.eu/izmir/urban-greenup-in-izmir.kl
  • UNDP. (2025). Küresel Amaçlar. Erişim tarihi: 11.05.2025, https://www.kureselamaclar.org/
  • VANHUYSE, F., FEJZİĆ, E., DDIBA, D., & HENRYSSON, M. (2021). The lack of social impact considerations in transitioning towards urban circular economies: a scoping review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103394
  • World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifinden Döngüsel Kentler: Amsterdam ve İzmir Kentleri Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz

Yıl 2025, Sayı: Advanced Online Publication, 1321 - 1342
https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1701772

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, döngüsel kent kavramının kuramsal çerçevesini ortaya koyarak, Amsterdam ve İzmir örnekleri üzerinden bu modelin kentsel sürdürülebilirliğe katkılarını karşılaştırmalı olarak analiz etmeyi ve Türkiye’deki kentlerde uygulanmasına yönelik politika önerileri sunmayı amaçlamaktadır.
Yöntem: Araştırmada, karşılaştırmalı vaka analizi yöntemi kullanılarak Amsterdam ve İzmir'in döngüsel kent uygulamaları incelenmiştir. Veri toplama sürecinde belediyelerin stratejik planları, sürdürülebilirlik raporları ve uygulama dokümanları değerlendirilmiştir. Elde edilen nitel veriler, tematik içerik analizi yöntemiyle analiz edilmiş ve her iki kent için GZFT (Güçlü Yönler, Zayıf Yönler, Fırsatlar ve Tehditler) analizi gerçekleştirilmiştir.
Bulgular: Amsterdam, döngüsel ekonomi alanında öncü uygulamalarıyla dikkat çekerken; İzmir sürdürülebilirlik temelli kentsel döngüsel dönüşüm çabalarıyla öne çıkmaktadır. Her iki kent, döngüsel ekonomi ilkelerini benimseme sürecinde farklı aşamalarda olup, farklı önceliklere sahiptir.
Sonuçlar: Döngüsel kent modeli, kentlerin sürdürülebilirlik hedeflerine ulaşmasında önemli bir potansiyele sahiptir. Amsterdam ve İzmir örnekleri, bu modelin farklı bağlamlarda nasıl uygulanabileceğine dair değerli içgörüler sunmaktadır. Türkiye’nin, kendi özgün koşulları ve öncelikleri doğrultusunda bu deneyimlerden yararlanarak döngüsel kentleşme yolunda ilerlemesi mümkündür.

Kaynakça

  • Amsterdam Institute for Advanced Metropolitan Solutions (AMS). (2025). Amsterdam circular: circular chain accelerator. Erişim tarihi: 11.04.2025, https://www.ams-institute.org/entrepreneurship/amsterdam-circular/
  • Amsterdam Open Research (AOR). (2025). Material passports. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://openresearch.amsterdam/en/page/64153/4.-material-passports
  • BIBRI, S.E. (2019). Smart sustainable cities of the future. Cham: Springer.
  • BRAUN, V., & CLARKE, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative research in psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
  • CALISTO FRIANT, M., REID, K., BOESLER, P., VERMEULEN, W. J., & SALOMONE, R. (2023). Sustainable circular cities? Analysing urban circular economy policies in Amsterdam, Glasgow, and Copenhagen. Local Environment, 28(10), 1331-1369. https://doi.org/10.1080/13549839.2023.2206643
  • CAMPBELL-JOHNSTON, K., VERMEULEN, W. J., REİKE, D., & BRULLOT, S. (2020). The circular economy and cascading: towards a framework. Resources, Conservation & Recycling: X, 7, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rcrx.2020.100038
  • City of Amsterdam. (2020). Amsterdam green İnfrastructure vision 2050. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • City of Amsterdam. (2023). Implementation agenda for a circular Amsterdam 2023–2026. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • City of Amsterdam. (2025). Policy: circular economy. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://www.amsterdam.nl/en/policy/sustainability/circular-economy/
  • City Deal Circular City (CDCC). (2020). Cooperation is essential. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://hollandcircularhotspot.nl/case/city-deal-circular-city/
  • COSKUN, A., METTA, J., BAKIROĞLU, Y., ÇAY, D., & BACHUS, K. (2022). Make it a circular city: Experiences and challenges from European cities striving for sustainability through promoting circular making. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 185, 106495. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106495
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation. (01.06.2013). Towards the circular economy Vol. 1: an economic and business rationale for an accelerated transition. Erişim tarihi: 11.02.2025, https://www.ellenmacarthurfoundation.org/towards-the-circular-economy-vol-1-an-economic-and-business-rationale-for-an
  • Ellen MacArthur Foundation & ARUP. (2019). Circular economy in cities: Project guide. Isle of Wight: Ellen MacArthur Foundation.
  • European Circular Cities Declaration (ECCD). (2020a). İzmir, Türkiye. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/cities/i%CC%87zmir
  • European Circular Cities Declaration (ECCD). (2020b). Amsterdam, The Netherlands. Erişim tarihi: 13.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/cities/the-metropolitan-region-of-amsterdam
  • European Commission. (2025). Delivering the EU green deal. Luxembourg: EU.
  • European Investment Bank (EIB). (2021). The 15 circular steps for cities (Second Edition). Luxembourg: EIB.
  • European Investment Bank (EIB). (2025). The Circular City Centre-C3. Erişim tarihi: 11.03.2025, https://advisory.eib.org/about/circular-city-centre.htm
  • European Union (EU). (2020). European circular cities declaration. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://circularcitiesdeclaration.eu/fileadmin/user_upload/Images/Pages_Images/Circular_City_Declaration/CircularCities_Declaration_SupportDocument_noprintmarks.pdf
  • Gemeente Amsterdam. (2020). Amsterdam circular strategy 2020–2025. Amsterdam: City of Amsterdam.
  • Gemeente Amsterdam. (2022). The Circular Economy Monitor: An Outline. Erişim tarihi: 11.03.2025, https://onderzoek.amsterdam.nl/publicatie/the-circular-economy-monitor-an-outline
  • HAAS, W., KRAUSMANN, F., WIEDENHOFER, D., & HEINZ, M. (2015). How circular is the global economy?: An assessment of material flows, waste production, and recycling in the European Union and the world in 2005. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 19(5), 765-777. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12244
  • HOPWOOD, B., MELLOR, M., & O’BRIEN, G. (2005). Sustainable development: Mapping different approaches. Sustainable Development, 13(1), 38-52. https://doi.org/10.1002/sd.244
  • ICLEI. (2025). Izmir metropolitan municipality. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://iclei.org/network_city/izmir-metropolitan-municipality/
  • ICLEI Europe. (24.04.2024). New ICLEI Member Metropolregion Amsterdam supports the transition to a circular economy in Europe. Erişim tarihi: 15.04.2025, https://iclei-europe.org/news/?New_ICLEI_Member_Metropolregion_Amsterdam_supports_the_transition_to_a_circular_economy_in_Europe_&newsID=e6KA5wlo
  • İzDönüşüm. (2024). Hakkımızda. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izdonusum.com.tr/hakkimizda
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2020a). İzmir Sürdürülebilir Enerji ve İklim Eylem Planı. İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2020b). Yeşil Şehir Eylem Planı. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2021). İzmir gönüllü yerel değerlendirme raporu 2021. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (22.12.2023). Başkan Soyer İzmir Vizyon 2050 programının ipuçlarını verdi. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/baskan-soyer-izmir-vizyon-2050-programinin-ipuclarini-verdi/49664/156
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2025a). 2025-2029 Stratejik Planı. İzmir: İBB.
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (2025b). Açık veri portalı. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://acikveri.bizizmir.com/dataset?_groups_limit=0&organization=iklim-degisikligi-ve-sifir-atik-dairesi-baskanligi
  • İzmir Büyükşehir Belediyesi (İBB). (13.05.2025c). İzmir’in dijital ikizi geliyor. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://www.izmir.bel.tr/tr/Haberler/izmir-in-dijital-ikizi-geliyor/56234/156
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2022). İzmir’de yeşil dönüşüm ve mavi fırsatlar perspektifi. İzmir: İZKA.
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2024b). Koordinasyon. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://izka.org.tr/koordinasyon/
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (2024a). Sanayide yeşil dönüşüm teknik destek programı. İzmir: İZKA.
  • İzmir Kalkınma Ajansı (İZKA). (09.05.2025). Sıfır atık projesi tanıtım toplantısı gerçekleştirildi. Erişim tarihi: 17.02.2025, https://izka.org.tr/sifir-atik-projesi-tanitim-toplantisi-gerceklestirildi/#:~:text=%C4%B0zmir%20Kalk%C4%B1nma%20Ajans%C4%B1%2C%20Bornova%20Kaymakaml%C4%B1%C4%9F%C4%B1,Suphi%20Koyuncuo%C4%9Flu%20Anadolu%20Lisesi%E2%80%99nde%20tan%C4%B1t%C4%B1ld%C4%B1
  • KENNEDY, C., CUDDİHY, J., & ENGEL‐YAN, J. (2007). The changing metabolism of cities. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 11(2), 43-59. https://doi.org/10.1162/jie.2007.1107
  • LUJINOVIC, E. (2019). Towards a circular economy in EU consumer markets–legal possibilities and legal challenges and the Dutch example. Journal of European Consumer and Market Law, 8(1), 4-13.
  • MOL, A.P.J., SPAARGAREN, G., & SONNENFELD, D. A. (2014). Ecological modernisation theory: Where do we stand? Ökologische Modernisierung. Zur Geschichte und Gegenwart eines Konzepts in Umweltpolitik und Sozialwissenschaften (ss. 35-66). Frankfurt: Campus Verlag.
  • MOREAU, V., SAHAKİAN, M., VAN GRİETHUYSEN, P., & VUİLLE, F. (2017). Coming full circle: why social and institutional dimensions matter for the circular economy. Journal of Industrial Ecology, 21(3), 497-506. https://doi.org/10.1111/jiec.12598
  • PURVIS, B., MAO, Y., & ROBINSON, D. (2018). Three pillars of sustainability: In search of conceptual origins. Sustainability Science, 14, 681-695. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11625-018-0627-5
  • RAWORTH, K. (2017). Doughnut economics: seven ways to think like a 21st-century economist. Vermont: Chelsea Green Publishing.
  • Repair Cafés. (2025). About Repair Cafés. Erişim tarihi: 05.03.2025, https://repaircafe.amsterdam/en/repaircafes
  • SAVINI, F. (2019). The economy that runs on waste: accumulation in the circular city. Journal of Environmental Policy & Planning, 21(6), 675–691. https://doi.org/10.1080/1523908X.2019.1670048
  • SCHRÖDER, P., & BARRIE, J. (2024). How the circular economy can revive the Sustainable Development Goals. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2025, https://www.chathamhouse.org/sites/default/files/2024-09/2024-09-19-how-the-circular-economy-can-revive-the-sdgs-schr%C3%B6der-barrie.pdf
  • Social Enterprise. (2025). About us. Erişim tarihi: 05.04.2025, https://social-enterprise.nl/
  • Teşvik Merkezi. (2023). İzmir yatırım teşvikleri. Erişim tarihi: 10.04.2025, https://www.tesvikmerkezi.net/iller/izmir-yatirim-tesvikleri
  • Türkiye İstatistik Kurumu (TÜİK). (2025). Adrese dayalı nüfus kayıt sistemi sonuçları, 2024. Erişim tarihi: 03.12.2025, https://data.tuik.gov.tr/Bulten/Index?p=Adrese-Dayali-Nufus-Kayit-Sistemi-Sonuclari-2024-53783
  • URBAN-GreenUP. (2022). Izmir'de URBAN GreenUP. Erişim tarihi: 01.05.2025, https://www.urbangreenup.eu/izmir/urban-greenup-in-izmir.kl
  • UNDP. (2025). Küresel Amaçlar. Erişim tarihi: 11.05.2025, https://www.kureselamaclar.org/
  • VANHUYSE, F., FEJZİĆ, E., DDIBA, D., & HENRYSSON, M. (2021). The lack of social impact considerations in transitioning towards urban circular economies: a scoping review. Sustainable Cities and Society, 75, 103394. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scs.2021.103394
  • World Commission on Environment and Development (WCED). (1987). Our common future. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Toplam 53 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Çiğdem Tuğaç 0000-0002-2555-6641

Gönderilme Tarihi 18 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 10 Aralık 2025
Erken Görünüm Tarihi 14 Aralık 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Sayı: Advanced Online Publication

Kaynak Göster

APA Tuğaç, Ç. (2025). Sürdürülebilirlik Perspektifinden Döngüsel Kentler: Amsterdam ve İzmir Kentleri Üzerinden Karşılaştırmalı Bir Analiz. Istanbul Gelisim University Journal of Social Sciences(Advanced Online Publication), 1321-1342. https://doi.org/10.17336/igusbd.1701772

Creative Commons Lisansı
İstanbul Gelişim Üniversitesi Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi Creative Commons Atıf-GayriTicari-Türetilemez 4.0 Uluslararası Lisansı ile lisanslanmıştır.