Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik için Yeşil Enerji Verimliliği: BRICS Ülkelerinden Kanıtlar

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, çevresel sürdürülebilirlik ve ekonomik büyüme arasındaki dengeyi esas alan yeşil büyüme çerçevesinde, BRICS ülkelerinde (Brezilya, Rusya, Hindistan, Çin, Güney Afrika) 1995–2023 dönemi boyunca yeşil enerji verimliliğinin gelişimini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmanın temel hedefi, bu ülkelerin enerji bileşiminde yaşanan dönüşümün çevresel ve ekonomik sonuçlarını değerlendirerek, yeşil enerji verimliliğindeki değişimin kaynaklarını teknik, yönetsel ve yapısal boyutlarıyla ortaya koymaktır. Yöntem: Araştırmada, enerji girdisinin sermaye ve emekle ikame edilebilirliğini dikkate alan ve çevre üzerindeki baskıyı istenmeyen çıktı olarak modele entegre eden veri zarflama analizine (Data Envelopment Analysis - DEA) dayalı Malmquist toplam faktör verimliliği endeksi kullanılmıştır. Bu yöntem aracılığıyla yeşil enerji verimliliğinde zaman içinde meydana gelen değişim, teknik değişim ve verimlilik değişimi bileşenleri bazında ayrıştırılmıştır. Bulgular: Ampirik bulgular, incelenen dönemde beş ülkenin ortalama yeşil enerji verimliliğinin %10,2 oranında arttığını ve bu artışın temel kaynağının teknik değişim olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Çin, %10,3’lük artışla yeşil enerji verimliliği artışında en yüksek performansı sergileyen ülke olurken, fosil yakıtlara yüksek bağımlılığı nedeniyle Rusya, %2,9 ile yeşil enerji verimliliğinde en düşük performansı göstermiştir. Sonuç: BRICS ülkelerinin yeşil enerji verimliliğinin gelişimi; düşük karbonlu ekonomiye geçişin, yeşil teknolojilerin ve sürdürülebilir kalkınma politikalarının başarılı şekilde hayata geçirildiğine işaret etmektedir. Ancak bu sürecin sürdürülebilirliğinin sağlanması için sadece teknolojik gelişmeler yeterli değildir; aynı zamanda yönetimsel, finansal ve birtakım yapısal reformların da geliştirilmesi gerekir. Böylece yeşil enerji verimliliği, ekonomik büyümenin ekolojik temelde sürdürülmesinde kilit bir araç hâline gelebilir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Yeşil Büyüme
• Enerji Verimliliği
• Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik
• BRICS
• Malmquist Verimlilik Endeksi

Green Energy Efficiency for Environmental Sustainability: Evidence from BRICS Countries

Öz

Aim: This study analyzes the development of green energy efficiency in BRICS countries (Brazil, Russia, India, China, and South Africa) between 1995 and 2023 within the framework of green growth, which emphasizes the balance between environmental sustainability and economic growth. The primary objective is to evaluate the environmental and economic outcomes of the transformation in the energy mix of these countries and to identify the sources of change in green energy efficiency from technical, managerial, and structural perspectives. Method: The study employs the Malmquist Total Factor Productivity Index based on Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA), which accounts for the substitutability of energy inputs with capital and labor, and incorporates environmental pressure as an undesirable output. Through this method, changes in green energy efficiency over time are decomposed into components of technical change and efficiency change. Results: Empirical findings reveal that the average green energy efficiency of the five countries increased by 10.2% during the period, with this improvement being primarily driven by technical change. China demonstrated the highest performance with a 10.3% increase in green energy efficiency, while Russia exhibited the lowest performance with a 2.9% increase, largely due to its continued dependence on fossil fuels. Conclusion: The improvement in green energy efficiency across BRICS countries indicates successful implementation of low-carbon economy transitions, green technologies, and sustainable development policies. However, ensuring the sustainability of this progress requires more than technological advancements; it also necessitates the development of managerial, financial, and structural reforms. In this context, green energy efficiency can become a key instrument for maintaining economic growth on an ecological foundation.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Green Growth
• Energy Efficiency
• Environmental Sustainability
• BRICS
• Malmquist Productivity Index

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