Environmental Sustainability in Humanitarian Supply Chains: A Case Study on the 6 February Earthquakes

Öz

Aim: This study aims to examine the relationship between humanitarian supply chains and environmental sustainability and to evaluate the effectiveness of sustainable approaches implemented in crisis regions. Method: The study was conducted as a case analysis based on the blankets distributed by the International Organization for Migration (IOM) in response to the earthquakes that struck Türkiye and Syria on 6 February 2023. The environmental impacts of the materials used in the production process were calculated using Güneşhan Group’s 2023 recycling report and IOM’s official distribution data. Findings: The research results show that approximately 1.47 kg of textile waste was reused in the production of each blanket, and 773 litres of water were saved compared to cotton-based production. When scaled up, a total of 508,000 kg of textile waste was recovered and about 13,461 million litres of water were saved. In addition, reductions in energy and natural resource consumption were achieved. Despite the addition of polyester and acrylic to enhance fibre durability, the environmental gains remained largely preserved. These findings confirm that recycling-based production models provide significant environmental and economic benefits in humanitarian logistics. Conclusion: The study demonstrates that environmental, economic, and social dimensions of sustainability can be jointly addressed in the context of humanitarian logistics, offering practical implications for policymakers in designing more sustainable humanitarian operations.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sustainability
• Humanitarian Aid
• Logistics
• Recycling
• Disaster

İnsani Yardım Tedarik Zincirinde Çevresel Sürdürülebilirlik: 6 Şubat Depremleri Üzerinden Bir Vaka Analizi

Öz

Amaç: Bu çalışma, insani yardım tedarik zinciri ile çevresel sürdürülebilirlik arasındaki ilişkiyi incelemeyi ve kriz bölgelerinde uygulanan sürdürülebilir yaklaşımların etkinliğini değerlendirmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Yöntem: Araştırma, 6 Şubat 2023 tarihinde Türkiye ve Suriye’de meydana gelen depremler örnek alınarak, Birleşmiş Milletler Uluslararası Göç Örgütü (IOM) tarafından dağıtılan battaniyeler üzerinden vaka analizi çerçevesinde yürütülmüştür. Üretim sürecinde kullanılan malzemelerin çevresel etkileri Güneşhan Grup’un 2023 yılına ait geri dönüşüm raporu ile IOM’un resmi dağıtım verileri kullanılarak hesaplanmıştır Bulgular: Araştırma sonuçları, her bir battaniye üretiminde yaklaşık 1,47 kg tekstil atığının yeniden kullanıldığını ve pamuk tabanlı üretime kıyasla 773 litre su tasarrufu sağlandığını göstermektedir. Bu değerler ölçeklendiğinde, toplamda 508.000 kg tekstil atığı geri kazanılmış ve yaklaşık 13.461 milyon litre su tasarrufu elde edilmiştir. Ayrıca, enerji ve doğal kaynak kullanımında azalma gerçekleşmiştir. Elyaf dayanıklılığını artırmak için eklenen polyester ve akrilik katkılara rağmen çevresel kazanımların yüksek düzeyde korunduğu görülmektedir. Bu sonuçlar, geri dönüşüm temelli üretim modellerinin insani yardım lojistiğinde hem çevresel hem de ekonomik açıdan önemli avantajlar sağladığını doğrulamaktadır. Sonuç: Çalışmanın sonuçları hem akademik literatüre katkı sağlamakta hem de uygulayıcılar için sürdürülebilir insani yardım operasyonları tasarlamada önemli çıkarımlar sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sürdürülebilirlik
• İnsani Yardım
• Lojistik
• Geri Dönüşüm
• Afet

Kaynakça

1. ANJOMSHOAE, A., BANOMYONG, R., HOSSEIN AZADNIA, A., KUNZ, N., & BLOME, C. (2023). Sustainable humanitarian supply chains: a systematic literature review and research propositions. Production Planning & Control, 36(3), 357–377. https://doi.org/10.1080/09537287.2023.2273451
2. AVRUPA KOMİSYONU. EUROPEN COMISSION. (2022). Guidance on the operationalisation of the minimum environmental requirements and recommendations for EU-funded humanitarian aid operationsCivil Protection.
3. BAG, S., GUPTA, S. & WOOD, L. Big data analytics in sustainable humanitarian supply chain: barriers and their interactions. Ann Oper Res 319, 721–760 (2022). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10479-020-03790-7
4. BEAMON, B. M. (2004). Sustainable chain logistics: A theoretical framework. Logistics and Transportation Review, 40(3), 283-296.
5. CHARLES J. CORBETT & ALFONSO J. PEDRAZA‐MARTINEZ & LUK N. VAN WASSENHOVE, 2022. "Sustainable humanitarian operations: An integrated perspective," Production and Operations Management, Production and Operations Management Society, vol. 31(12), pages 4393-4406, December.
6. CUTTAREE, V. (2012). Sustainable humanitarian logistics: A green approach. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 42(1), 104-123.
7. DOUCOULIAGOS, H., & PALDAM, M. (2008). Aid effectiveness on growth: A meta study. European journal of political economy, 24(1), 1-24.
8. DUBEY, R., & GUNASEKARAN, A. (2016). The sustainable humanitarian supply chain design: agility, adaptability and alignment. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 19(1), 62-82. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2015.1015511

9. EM-Dat (2024). The International Disaster Database. ErişimAdresi: https://www.emdat.be/
10. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY. (2021). Fast Facts on Transportation Greenhouse Gas Emissions. EPA. Erişim Adresi: https://www.epa.gov/greenvehicles/fast-factstransportation-greenhouse-gas-emissions.
11. ERGÜN, M., KORUCUK, S., & MEMİŞ, S. (2020). Sürdürülebilir Afet Lojistiğine Yönelik İdeal Afet Depo Yeri Seçimi: Giresun İli Örneği. Çanakkale On sekiz Mart Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü Dergisi, 6(1), 144-165. https://doi.org/10.28979/comufbed.686301
12. GEDİK, Y. (2021). Sürdürülebilir tedarik zinciri yönetimi: kuramsal bir değerlendirme. Uluslararası Yönetim İktisat ve İşletme Dergisi, 17(3), 830-860. https://doi.org/10.17130/ijmeb.780246
13. GÜLER, Ü. A. (2018). Sürdürülebilir Afet Yönetiminde Atık Yönetimi. Doğal Afetler ve Çevre Dergisi, 4(2), 236-246. https://doi.org/10.21324/dacd.412380
14. HAAVISTO, I. & KOVÁCS, G. (2014), "Perspectives on sustainability in humanitarian supply chains", Disaster Prevention and Management, Vol. 23 No. 5, pp. 610-631. https://doi.org/10.1108/DPM-10-2013-0192
15. HAMMAR, T., PEÑALOZA, D., & HANNING, A.-C. (2024). Life cycle assessment of a circular textile value chain: The case of a garment made from chemically recycled cotton. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment, 29(8), 1880–1898. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-024-02346-2
16. Hedef Filo. (2024). Filo yönetimi nedir? Filo yönetiminin avantajları nelerdir. Erişim Adresi: https://www.hedeffilo.com/blog/filo-yonetimi-nedir-filo-yonetiminin-avantajlari-nelerdir
17. HOEKSTRA, A.Y. (2003). Virtual water trade. Proceedings of the International Expert Meeting on Virtual Water Trade, 12–13 December 2002, Delft, Value of Water Research Report Series No.12, UNESCO-IHE, Delft, the Netherlands, 2003.
18. IEA. (2022). Renewable Energy. Erişim adresi: https://www.iea.org/reports/renewables-2022/executive-summary
19. IOM (2023). Dünya Göç Raporu 2022. Erişim Adresi: https://publications.iom.int/books/world-migration-report-2022
20. ISO. (2017). Sustainable procurement Guidance. Erişim adresi: https://www.iso.org/obp/ui/#iso:std:iso:20400:ed-1:v1:en
21. BARANDA ALONSO, J., SANDWELL, P., & NELSON, J. (2021), The potential for solar-diesel hybrid mini-grids in refugee camps: a case study of Nyabiheke camp, Rwanda,Sustainable Energy Technol. Assess. 44 (2021), 101095, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.seta.2021.101095.
22. JACKSON, S. E., RENWİCK, D. W., JABBOUR, C. J., & MULLER-CAMEN, M. (2011). State-of-the-art and future directions for green human resource management: Introduction to the special issue. German Journal of Human Resource Management, 25(2), 99-116. Erişim Adresi: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/227486907_State-of-the-Art_and_Future_Directions_for_Green_Human_Resource_Management_Introduction_to_the_Special_Issue
23. KACHILALA, T., & DUMBA, S. (2022). Drivers of and barriers to the adoption of green fleet management practices in Zimbabwe: A case study of the funeral assurance sector. Journal of Transport and Supply Chain Management, 16, 13.
24. KARUPPİAH, K., SANKARANARAYANAN, B., ALİ, S. M., & Paul, S. K. (2021). Key Challenges to Sustainable Humanitarian Supply Chains: Lessons from the COVID-19 Pandemic. Sustainability, 13(11), 5850. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13115850
25. KOVÁCS, G., & SPENS, K. M. (2007). Humanitarian logistics in disaster relief operations. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 37(2), 206-222.
26. KUNZ, N., & GOLD, S. (2015). Sustainable humanitarian supply chain management – exploring new theory. International Journal of Logistics Research and Applications, 20(2), 85–104. https://doi.org/10.1080/13675567.2015.1103845
27. LI, C., ZHANG, F., CAO, C., LIU, Y., & QU, T. (2019). Organizational coordination in sustainable humanitarian supply chain: An evolutionary game approach. Journal of Cleaner Production, 219, 291–303. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.01.233
28. LOGIRED. (2024). Lojistikte yeşil depolar ve çevresel etkileri. Erişim Adresi: https://logired.com.tr/lojistikte-yesil-depolar-cevresel-etkileri/
29. LOGISTICS CLUSTER. (2022). Environmental Sustainability in Humanitarian Logistics. Erişim Adresi: https://logcluster.org/en/wrec/green-logistics
30. LÓPEZ-AGUILAR, J. F., DOMÍNGUEZ, J. M., & TABOADA-RODRIGUEZ, A. (2023). Life cycle environmental impact assessment of cotton recycling and the benefits of a take-back system. Cleaner Environmental Systems, 8, 100104. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cesys.2023.100104
31. MUNUHWA, S., GOVERE, E., CHİBARO, M., CHİKWERE, D., & KANYEPE, J. (2020). Green fleet management practices in public service delivery by urban councils: Case of Makonde District in Mashonaland West Province of Zimbabwe. Journal of Economics and Sustainable Development, 11(10), 165-175.
32. OCHA (2023). Küresel İnsani Yardım Genel Bakışı 2024, Yıl Ortası Güncellemesi (31 Mayıs 2024 itibarıyla anlık görüntü). Erişim Adresi: https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/world/global-humanitarian-overview-2024-mid-year-update-snapshot-31-may-2024
33. ÖZCEYLAN, A., & TANYAŞ, M. (2023). Sürdürülebilir İnsani Yardım Lojistiği Alanındaki Yayınların İçerik ve Bibliometrik Açıdan Analizi. Journal of Turkish Operations Management, 7(2), 1644-1671. https://doi.org/10.56554/jtom.1214269
34. PRO CARTOON. (2018). European Consumer Packing Perceptions Study. An Independent Assessment of the Packing Sustainability on Customers’ Purchasing Decisions. Erişim Adresi: https://www.procarton.com/wp-content/uploads/2018/10/Pro-Carton-consumer-study-%E2%80%93-ENG-1.pdf
35. PROLOGIS. (2023). Elements of a Sustainable Warehouse. Erişim adresi: https://www.prologis.com/what-we-do/resources/elements-of-a-sustainable-warehouse
36. RAHMON E. (2018). Su Arayışı. Sürdürülebilir Kalkınma İçin Su. Mart 2018, Sayı 1 Cilt. LV 2018. Erişim Adresi: https://www.un.org/en/site-search?query=water
37. RENWICK, D. W., REDMAN, T., & MAGUIRE, S. (2013). Green human resource management: A review and research agenda. International journal of management reviews, 15(1), 1-14.
38. RICHTER, B. D. (2009). Re-thinking environmental flows: From allocations and reserves to sustainability boundaries. River Research and Applications. Erişim adresi: https://www.conservationgateway.org/documents/Richter%202009.pdf
39. ROY, S., CHU, J. C. Y., & CHOPRA, S. S. (2023). Life cycle environmental impacts associated with the integration of mechanical cotton recycling in take-back systems. Resources, Conservation and Recycling, 191, 106702. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2022.106702
40. SANDIN, G., PETERS, G. M., ROOS, S., SPAK, B., & ZAMANI, B. (2024). Life cycle assessment of a circular textile value chain: The case of a garment made from chemically recycled cotton. The International Journal of Life Cycle Assessment. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11367-024-02346-2
41. SCHOLTEN, K., & SCHILDER, S. (2015). The role of collaboration in supply chain resilience. Supply Chain Management: An International Journal, 20(4), 471–484. https://doi.org/10.1108/SCM-11-2014-0386
42. SWFA. (2021). Water and Sanitation: Realizing Human Rights and Achieving Sustainable Development Goals. A Handbook for Parliamentarians. Erişim Adresi: https://www.sanitationandwaterforall.org/sites/default/files/2022-10/En_Parliamentarian_Handbook_Web.pdf
43. THOMAS, A., & KOPCZAK, L. R. (2005). Supply chain management in humanitarian relief. International Journal of Physical Distribution & Logistics Management, 35(8), 609-628
44. UN (2022). Environment Program. Erişim Adresi: https://www.unep.org
45. UN Environment Program. (2022). Greening the Blue Report 2022. 2021 Data Highlights: Environmental Impacts. Erişim Adresi: https://www.un.org/en/peaceandsecurity?gad_source=1&gad_campaignid=20126487822&gbraid=0AAAAAD9kiAe_DtkVb9zRE42AssJdA_U1V&gclid=Cj0KCQjwxo_CBhDbARIsADWpDH6LL1w5sJce5xFXhFfOWuZUwdlVYuQgys7_dIiPKHOQGhigyW54LSEaAhXgEALw_wcB
46. UN. (2022). United Nations Global Marketplace. Sustainable procurement tools. What is sustainable procurement?, Erişim Adresi: https://www.ungm.org/Shared/KnowledgeCenter/Pages/PT_SUST
47. UNEP. UN Environment Program. (2021). The UN System’s Environmental Footprint and Efforts to Reduce It. Greening the Blue Report. Erişim Adresi: https://wedocs.unep.org/handle/20.500.11822/37330;jsessionid=771FF0848FD25C752E42A0C3571877CA
48. UNHCR. (2020). Waste Management Standards. UNHCR Emergency Handbook. Erişim Adresi: https://emergency.unhcr.org/entry/116073/emergency-waste-management-standard
49. VAN WASSENHOVE, L. N. (2006). Humanitarian aid logistics: Supply chain management in high gear. Journal of Operational Research Society, 57(4), 475-489.
50. VERAL, S. V. (2018). Döngüsel Ekonomiye Geçiş Doğrultusunda Yeni Tedbirler ve AB Üye Ülkelerin Stratejileri. Dergipark. Ankara Avrupa Çalışmaları Dergisi. Cilt:17, No: 2 (Yıl: 2018), s. 463-488.
51. ZAMANI, B., SANDIN, G., PETERS, G. M., & SVENSSON, N. (2016). Environmental assessment of Swedish fashion consumption. Journal of Cleaner Production, 133, 1221–1234. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.05.144
52. ZAREI, H., CARRASCO-GALLEGO, R., & RONCHI, S. (2019). An action research study on the environmental sustainability of humanitarian supply chains. Journal of Cleaner Production, 230, 1367–1382. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2019.05.366