The Crisis of the Thirteenth and Fourteenth-Century English Political Thought within the Scope of Lex Animata and Lex Facit Regem Principles

Öz

Medieval perception of English kingship as an office was definitively formed by two distinct legal sources for legitimacy in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. On the one hand, the revival of Roman Law tradition in the twelfth century became the basis of king-centered governance with reference to the conceptualisation of lex animata which places the King above Law by depicting the ruler as “Living Law”. On the other hand, English Common Law tradition developed in the twelfth and thirteenth centuries created a strong reference point for Medieval English lawyers to put constraints on the arbitrary exercise of power by the kings. This approach became concrete in the maxim of Lex Facit Regem (Law makes the king) formulated by thirteenth-century English lawyer Henry Bracton. Within this context, this study gives a general outline of English political thought in the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries around the notions of lex animata and lex facit regem. It argues that the tensions caused by two distinct notions about kingly governance remained unsolved and continued to become the source of theoretical and practical political crises in Late Medieval England.   

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Medieval Europe,England,Kingship,Political Thought,Law

Lex Animata ve Lex Facit Regem Prensipleri Çerçevesinde 13. ve 14. Yüzyıllarda İngiliz Siyaset Düşüncesinin Krizi

Öz

Ortaçağ’daki İngiliz kraliyet makamı algısı 13. ve 14. yüzyıllarda meşruiyet açısından iki farklı hukuki kaynak tarafından biçimlendirildi. Bir taraftan, 12. yüzyılda Avrupa’da Roma Hukuku geleneğinin yeniden canlanışı, kralı Yaşayan Yasa olarak tanımlayarak yasaların üzerine yerleştiren Lex Animata kavramsallaştırmasıyla kral merkezli bir yönetim için dayanak oldu. Diğer taraftan, 12. ve 13. yüzyıllarda geliştirilen İngiliz Örfi Hukuk geleneği (Common Law) kralların keyfi yönetimine sınırlandırma getirmek için İngiliz Ortaçağ hukukçularına güçlü bir dayanak noktası oluşturdu. Bu yaklaşım, 13. yüzyıl İngiliz hukukçusu Henry Bracton’un “Kralı Kral Yapan Yasadır” formülasyonunda somut halini aldı. Bu temelde, bu çalışma lex animata ve lex facit regem anlayışları çerçevesinde 13. ve 14. Yüzyıl İngiliz siyaset düşüncesinin genel bir çerçevesini çizmektedir. Çalışmada, krallık yönetimine dair iki farklı düşünceden kaynaklanan gerilimin çözümsüz kaldığı ve Geç Ortaçağ İngiltere’sinde teorik ve pratik açıdan siyasal krize kaynaklık teşkil ettiği savunulacaktır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• İngiltere,Krallık,Siyaset Düşüncesi,Ortaçağ Avrupası,Hukuk

Kaynakça

1. AQUINAS, Thomas, Political Writings, R.W. Dyson (der. ve çev.), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
2. BRACTON, Henry, De legibus et consuetudinibus Angliae: On the Laws and Customs of England, G.E. Woodbine and Samuel E. Thorne (der.), 4 Vols, Oxford, 1968-1977, Cilt ii. Bracton Online, http://bracton.law.harvard.edu/, (Erişim Tarihi: 01.02.2018).
3. BRAND, Paul, “Henry II and The Creation of the English Common Law”, Christopher Harper-Bill ve Nicholas Vincent (der.), Henry II: New Interpretations, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2007, s.215-241.
4. BRIGGS, Charles F., Giles of Rome’s De Regimine Principum: Reading and Writing Politics at Court and University c. 1275- c.1525, Cambridge Univerity Press, Cambridge.
5. CANNING, Joseph, A History of Medieval Political Thought: 300-1450, Routledge Edition, London 2003.
6. CARPENTER, David A., The Reign of Henry III, Hambledon Press, London, 1996.
7. CLARKE, Maude V., “Committees of Estates and the Deposition of Edward II”, J.G. Edwards and V.H. Galbraith (der.), Historical Essays in Honour of James Tait , Manchester University Press, Manchester, 1933, s. 27-45.
8. CONNELL, Charles W., Popular Opinion in the Middle Ages: Channeling Public Ideas and Attitudes, De Gruyter, Berlin 2016.

9. CROMARTIE, Alan, “Common Law, Counsel and Consent in Fortescue’s Political Theory”, Linda Clark and Christine Carpenter (der.), The Fifteenth Century IV: Political Culture in Late Medieval Britain, The Boydell Press, Woodbridge, 2004, s. 45-68.
10. DIGESTA, http://www.thelatinlibrary.com/justinian.html, (Erişim Tarihi: 02.02.2018).
11. DUNBABIN, Jean, “Government”, J.H. Burns (der.), The Cambridge History of Medieval Political Thought c.350-1450, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 1988, s.477-519.
12. DURGUN, Fatih, “Ortaçağ Avrupa Siyaset Düşüncesinde Süreklilik ve Özgünlük: John Fortescue’nün Siyaset ve Yönetim Anlayışının Tarihselliği”, Divan: Disiplinlerarası Çalışmalar Dergisi, Cilt 21, No 41, 2016, s.1-25.
13. GLANVILLE, De Ranulph, A Treatise on the Laws and Customs of the Kingdom of England: Composed in the Time of King Henry the Second, John Beames (Çev.), John Byrne & Co Law Publishers and Booksellers, Washington DC 1900.
14. HOLT, J.C., Magna Carta: Third Edition, (Yay.) George Garnett ve John Hudson, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2015.
15. KANTOROWICZ, Ernst, The King’s Two Bodies: A Study in Medieval Political Theology, Princeton University Press, Princeton 1957.
16. KEMPSHALL, Matthew, The Common Good in Late Medieval Political Thought, Oxford University Press Oxford 1999.
17. KESKİN, Oğuzhan Bekir, “Modern Hukuki Sistemin Temelleri Üzerine Bir Giriş Çalışması: Geç Ortaçağ’da Corpus Iuris Civilis’in Keşfi ve Etkileri”, İÜHFM, Cilt LXXII, No I, 2014, s. 599-614.
18. LANDAU, Peter, “The Development of Law”, David Luscombe veJonathan Riley-Smith (der.), The New Cambridge Medieval History IV: c. 1025- 1198, Part I, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004, s. 113-147.
19. LEWIS, Ewart, “King Above Law? ‘Quod Principi Placuit’ in Bracton”, Speculum, Cilt 39, No 2, 1964, s.240-69.
20. Magna Charta seu Magna Charta Libertatum: Büyük Sözleşme ya da Özgürlükler Sözleşmesi, çev. Çiğdem Dürüşken, Alfa, İstanbul 2017.
21. PENNINGTON, Kenneth, The Prince and the Law, 1200-1600: Sovereignty and Rights in the Western Legal Tradition, University of California Press, Berkeley 1993.
22. POLLOCK, Frederick, MAITLAND, William Frederick, The History of English Law Before The Time of Edward I, Vol: I, Second Edition, The Lawbook Exchange Ltd., New Jersey 2008.
23. SAUL, Nigel, “The Kingship of Richard II”, Anthony Goodman and James L. Gillespie (der.), Richard II: The Art of Kingship, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 1999, s.37-57.
24. SAUL, Nigel, The Three Richards: Richard I, Richard II and Richard III, Hambledon Continuum, London 2005.
25. SKINNER, Quentin, Visions of Politics: Vol II Renaissance Virtues, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 2004.
26. STALEY, Lynn, Languages of Power In The Age of Richard II, Pennsylvania State University Press, University Park 2006.
27. TURNER, V. Ralph, HEISER, Richard, R., The Reign of Richard Lionheart: Ruler of the Angevin Empire, 1189-99, Routledge, London 2013.
28. ULLMAN, Walter, The Carolingian Renaissance and the Idea of Kingship: The Birckbeck Lectures 1968-69, Routledge Edition, London 2010.
29. VALENTE, Claire, “The Deposition and Abdication of Edward II”, EHR, Cilt 113, No 453, 1998, s. 852-881
30. WATTS, John, Henry VI and The Politics of Kingship, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge 1996.