Nomina Transscripticia as a Literal Contract in Roman Law

Abstract

Literal contracts are the least widely known and least common type of contract in the Roman law contract system. Gaius’ Institutiones and other literary texts are the main source of information concerning nomina transscripticia, as a type of the literal contract. Gaius’ Institutiones mentions two types of nomina transscripticia: nomina transscripticia a re in personam and nomina transscripticia a persona in personam. A debt arising from another legal ground is inscribed as a literal contract via nomina transscripticia a re in personam. The creditor inscribes another person as a debtor instead of the original debtor with nomina transscripticia a persona in personam. The entries in nomina transscripticia a re in personam and nomina transscripticia a persona in personam terminate the previous debt and result in a new contractus. These entries function as a novatio allowing changes to be made to the basis and parties of the legal transaction. Together with these entries, a strict law contract is concluded and the debtor, whose name is recorded in the ledger called codex accepti et expensi, is obliged to pay the amount of debt entered in the ledger. As a valid contractus under ius civile, nomina transscripticia benefits from legal protection through actio. Developments and needs in commercial life played a key role in the emergence of nomina transscripticia. Being not widely practiced until the end of the classical period, nomina transscripticia disappeared during the reign of Iustinianus. The emergence of constitutum agreements in this period was effective in the abandonment of nomina transscripticia.

Keywords

• Contractus Litteris
• Codex Accepti Et Expensi
• Novatio
• Nomina Transscripticia a Persona in Personam
• Nomina Transscripticia a re in Personam

Roma Hukukunda Yazılı Bir Akit Olarak Nomina Transscripticia

Abstract

Roma hukuku akitler sisteminde hakkında en az bilgi sahibi olunan ve en az yaygınlaşmış akit türü yazılı akitlerdir. Yazılı akitler arasında yer alan nomina transscripticia’nın da hakkında bilinenler ağırlıklı olarak Gaius’un Institutiones’inde ve diğer edebi metinlerde yer almaktadır. Nomina transscripticia’nın Gaius’un Institutiones’inde belirtilen türleri nomina transscripticia a re in personam ve nomina transscripticia a persona in personam’dır. Nomina transscripticia a re in personam vasıtasıyla başka bir hukuki sebeple ödenmesi gereken borç yazılı akit olarak kaydedilir. Nomina transscripticia a persona in personam ile ise alacaklı, asıl borçlu yerine bir başkasını borçlu olarak kaydeder. Nomina transscripticia a re in personam ve nomina transscripticia a persona in personam kayıtlarıyla birlikte önceki borç sona erer ve yeni bir contractus ortaya çıkar. Novatio işlevi gören bu kayıtlarla hukuki işlemin sebebinde ve taraflarında değişiklik yapılabilmektedir. Aynı zamanda bu yazılı kayıtlarla birlikte dar hukuk akdi kurulmuş olur ve codex accepti et expensi olarak adlandırılan deftere ismi kaydedilen borçlu, deftere kayıtlı borç miktarını ödeme yükümlülüğü altına girer. Nomina transscripticia, ius civile’ye göre geçerli bir contractus olduğu için actio vasıtasıyla himaye edilir. Nomina transscripticia’nın ortaya çıkışında ticari hayatta yaşanan gelişmeler ve ihtiyaçlar önemli rol oynamıştır. Klasik devrin sonlarına kadar yaygın şekilde olmasa da uygulanan nomina transscripticia, Iustinianus devrine gelindiğinde uygulamadan kalkmıştır. Bu devirde constitutum anlaşmalarının ortaya çıkışı nomina transscripticia’nın uygulamadan kalkmasında etkili olmuştur.

Keywords

• Contractus Litteris
• Codex Accepti Et Expensi
• Novatio
• Nomina Transscripticia a Persona in Personam
• Nomina Transscripticia a re in Personam

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