Sosyal Medya Platformlarında Yükümlülük, Şeffaflık ve Denetim: DSA, Online Safety Act 2023 ve 5651 Sayılı Kanun Rejimlerinin Karşılaştırmalı Analizi

Öz

Sosyal medya platformlarının küresel ölçekte yaygınlaşması, bu hizmetlere uygulanacak yükümlülüklerin ve denetim usullerinin yeniden belirlenmesini gerektirmiştir. Bu çalışma, sosyal medya platformlarına yönelik yasal yükümlülükleri ile denetim mekanizmalarını Avrupa Birliği, Birleşik Krallık ve Türkiye örnekleri üzerinden karşılaştırmalı hukuk yöntemiyle incelemektedir. İnceleme, Türkiye bakımından etkili bir platform denetimi için gerekli kurumsal ve normatif unsurları ortaya koymayı amaçlamaktadır. Bu amaçla Avrupa Birliği'nin Digital Services Act'i (DSA), Birleşik Krallık'ın Online Safety Act 2023'ü (OSA 2023) ve 5651 sayılı Kanun ile 7253, 7418 ve 7578 sayılı Kanunlarla şekillenen Türk sosyal ağ sağlayıcı rejimi karşılaştırılmaktadır. Karşılaştırma, üç temel bulguya işaret etmektedir. İlk olarak platform düzenlemeleri, sorumluluk muafiyetini esas alan birinci nesil yaklaşımdan temsilci atama ve şeffaflık raporlamasına dayalı ikinci nesle; buradan da sistematik risk değerlendirmesi, bağımsız denetim ve algoritmik şeffaflık içeren üçüncü nesle yönelmektedir. İkinci olarak şeffaflık raporları, her üç sistemde düzenleyici denetimin bilgi kaynaklarından birini oluşturmaktadır. Ancak bağımsız denetim, sistematik risk değerlendirmesi, algoritmik şeffaflık ve araştırmacı veri erişimiyle desteklenmeyen raporlar, platform beyanı niteliğini aşamamaktadır. Üçüncü olarak Türkiye'nin sosyal ağ sağlayıcı rejimi, temsilci atama ve periyodik şeffaflık raporlaması bakımından karşılaştırmalı hukukla örtüşmektedir. 7418 sayılı Kanunla algoritmik açıklama ve reklam şeffaflığına ilişkin bazı unsurlar, 7578 sayılı Kanunla ise çocukların korunmasına yönelik ek yükümlülükler öngörülmüştür. Buna rağmen rejim, bağımsız denetim, sistematik risk değerlendirmesi ve araştırmacı veri erişimiyle bütünleşik bir denetim mimarisi bakımından yapısal eksiklikler taşımaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Sosyal Medya Platformları
• Sosyal Ağ Sağlayıcı
• Digital Services Act (DSA)
• Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA)
• 5651 Sayılı Kanun
• Şeffaflık Raporlaması
• Bağımsız Denetim
• Sistemik Risk Değerlendirmesi

Obligations, Transparency and Oversight of Social Media Platforms: A Comparative Analysis of the Regulatory Regimes Established by the DSA, the Online Safety Act 2023 and Law No. 5651

Öz

Social media platforms have acquired a scale that requires the legal system to specify both the obligations applicable to these services and the mechanisms for supervising compliance. This article examines these obligations and supervisory mechanisms through a comparative analysis of the European Union, the United Kingdom, and Türkiye. It seeks to identify the institutional and normative elements required for an effective platform-supervision framework in Türkiye. The analysis compares the European Union's Digital Services Act (DSA), the United Kingdom's Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA 2023), and Türkiye's social-network-provider regime established by Law No. 5651 and shaped by Laws Nos. 7253, 7418, and 7578. The comparison yields three principal findings. First, platform regulation is moving from a first-generation liability-exemption model to a second-generation model based on representative appointment and transparency reporting, and then to a third-generation model that incorporates systematic risk assessment, independent audit, and algorithmic transparency. Second, transparency reports are an information source for regulatory supervision in all three systems. Without independent auditing, systematic risk assessment, algorithmic transparency, and researcher access to data, however, they remain platform self-declarations. Third, Türkiye's social-network-provider regime corresponds with comparative models in requiring representative appointment and periodic transparency reporting. Although Law No. 7418 introduced certain algorithmic-disclosure and advertising-transparency elements and Law No. 7578 envisaged additional child-protection obligations, the regime lacks an integrated supervisory architecture combining independent auditing, systematic risk assessment, and researcher access to data.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Social Media Platforms
• Social Network Provider
• Digital Services Act (DSA)
• Online Safety Act 2023 (OSA)
• Law No. 5651
• Transparency Reporting
• Independent Audit
• Systemic Risk Assessment

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