Soft Power in Sports Diplomacy in the Context of Foreign Policy: A Systematic Literature Review

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 26 Sayı: 1, 98 - 120, 29.06.2024

Ali Rıza Tekerek Funda Koçak

Öz

The aim of this study is (1) to examine the literature on soft power in sports diplomacy, (2) to determine the trends related to soft power in sports diplomacy, and (3) to classify the results obtained from the researches according to the themes. In which the systematic literature review method was used, the determination of the selection criteria suitable for the purpose, the selection of the data source, the data extraction, the classification of the results and the reporting protocol were followed. Between 2010 and 2023, 487 articles on the concept of soft power in the sports were accessed in the WOS and after filtering processes, 27 articles were systematically reviewed in the light of keywords. Related studies are classified according to year, journal, focus, country, research method, data collection tool, theory, sport type, results. The results of the articles on soft power are discussed the effects of hosting organizations, the contribution of organizations to the country image, political effects of organizations themes. While the most researched organizations in the studies are 2008 Olympics and 2022 FIFA World Cup, mega sports events and football are the most focused topics. It has been determined that the studies generally refer to country image and nation branding. As a result, it has been determined that states have made huge investments in sports with the sense of confidence in the mission of sports as a soft power tool, but many countries have not been able to achieve the soft power gains they aimed for.

Anahtar Kelimeler

mega event, sport diplomacy, international relations, soft power

Dış Politika Bağlamında Spor Diplomasisinde Yumuşak Güç: Sistematik Literatür İncelemesi

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı (1) spor diplomasisinde yumuşak güç ile ilgili literatürün incelenmesi, (2) spor diplomasisinde yumuşak güç ile bağlantılı eğilimlerin belirlenmesi ve (3) araştırmalardan elde edilen sonuçların oluşturan temalara göre sınıflandırılmasıdır. Sistematik literatür taraması yönteminin kullanıldığı araştırmada, amaca uygun seçim kriterlerinin belirlenmesi, veri kaynağının seçilmesi, veri çıkarma, sonuçların sınıflandırılması ve raporlama protokolü izlenmiştir. Spor alanında yumuşak güç kavramını konu alan 2010-2023 yılları arasında Web of Science (WOS) veri tabanında yer alan 487 makaleye ulaşılmış filtreleme işlemlerinin ardından anahtar kelimeler ışığında 27 tam metinli makale sistematik incelemeye tabi tutulmuştur. İlgili çalışmalar yıl, dergi, odak noktası, ülke, araştırma yöntemi, veri toplama aracı, dayandığı kuram, spor türü ve elde edilen sonuçlara göre sınıflandırılmıştır. Yumuşak güç ile ilgili makalelerden elde edilen sonuçlar organizasyonlara ev sahipliği yapmanın etkileri, organizasyonların ülke imajına katkısı ve organizasyonların politik etkileri olmak üzere üç tema altında ele alınmıştır. Çalışmalarda en çok araştırılan organizasyonlar 2008 Olimpiyatları ve 2022 FIFA Dünya Kupası olurken, genel olarak bakıldığında ise mega spor etkinlikleri ve futbol en çok odaklanılan konulardır. Çalışmalarda genellikle ülke imajı ve ulus markalaşmasına atıfta bulunulduğu belirlenmiştir. Sonuç olarak devletler tarafından yumuşak güç aracı olarak sporun misyonuna olan güven duygusuyla spora devasa yatırımlar yapıldığı, ancak birçok ülkenin hedefledikleri yumuşak güç kazanımlarına ulaşamadıkları tespit edilmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

mega etkinlik, spor diplomasisi, uluslararası ilşkiler, yumuşak güç

Kaynakça

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