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THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 310 - 319, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399

Öz

In this study, the machinability of PET-G (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) material produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was experimentally investigated under various manufacturing and machining parameters. The effects of key parameters influencing delamination—namely infill percentage, layer thickness, spindle speed, and feed rate—were specifically examined. Statistical data were obtained using the Taguchi method, and the results were analyzed in terms of both mean values and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratios. The findings revealed that infill percentage has a significant effect on delamination. The lowest delamination values were observed at a 100% infill level, while the highest delamination occurred at a 33% infill ratio. When layer thickness was increased from 1 mm to 2 mm, a reduction in delamination tendency was observed. An increase in spindle speed resulted in a notable rise in delamination, particularly at high rotational speeds (4500 rpm), where elevated cutting forces and temperature led to structural damage and delamination. The influence of feed rate on delamination was relatively minor. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of both production parameters (infill percentage and layer thickness) and machining parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) for PET-G material. It is concluded that, for optimal machinability of PET-G manufactured via the FDM method, an infill percentage of 100% and a layer thickness of 2 mm are recommended. This work provides valuable guidance for quality control and parameter optimization in post-additive manufacturing machining processes.

Etik Beyan

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Destekleyen Kurum

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Proje Numarası

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Teşekkür

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Kaynakça

  • 1. Wang, X., Jiang, M., Zhou, Z., Gou, J., & Hui, D. 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol.110, Pages 442-458, 2017.
  • 2. Levy, G. N., Schindel, R., & Kruth, J. P. Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP annals, Vol. 52 Issue 2, Pages 589-609, 2003.
  • 3. Özsoy, K., Erçetin, A., & Çevik, Z. A. Comparison of mechanical properties of PLA and ABS based structures produced by fused deposition modelling additive manufacturing. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Vol. 27, Pages 802-809, 2021.
  • 4. Bruni, C., Gianangeli, C., Mancia, T., Greco, L., & Pieralisi, M.. Improving dimensional and surface quality of additive manufactured parts. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing, Vol. 1507, Issue 4, Pages 042003, 2020.
  • 5. Cianci, C., Pappalettera, G., Renna, G., Casavola, C., Laurenziello, M., Battista, G., ... & Ciavarella, D. Mechanical behavior of PET-G tooth aligners under cyclic loading. Frontiers in Materials, Vol. 7, Pages 104, 2020.
  • 6. Karataş, M. A., & Gökkaya, H. A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials. Defence Technology, Vol. 14 Issue 4, Pages 318-326, 2018.
  • 7. Boschetto, A., Bottini, L., & Veniali, F. Finishing of fused deposition modeling parts by CNC machining. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 41, Pages 92-101, 2016.
  • 8. Basurto-Vázquez, O., Sánchez-Rodríguez, E. P., McShane, G. J., & Medina, D. I. Load distribution on PET-G 3D prints of honeycomb cellular structures under compression load. Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 12, Pages 1983, 2021.
  • 9. Lozrt, J., Votava, J., Henzl, R., Kumbár, V., Dostál, P., & Čupera, J. Analysis of the Changes in the Mechanical Properties of the 3D Printed Polymer rPET-G with Different Types of Post-Processing Treatments. Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, Issue 16, Pages 9234, 2023.
  • 10. Kam, M., İpekçi, A., & Saruhan, H. Investigation of 3d printing filling structures effect on mechanical properties and surface roughness of PET-G material products. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 6(Özel Sayı (ISMSIT2017)), Pages 114-121, 2017.
  • 11. Santana, L., Lino Alves, J., & Da Costa Sabino Netto, A. Dimensional analysis of pla and petg parts built by open source extrusion-based 3d printing. In Proceedings of the 10◦ Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia de Fabricação, São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Pages 5-7, 2019.
  • 12. Guo, C., Liu, X., & Liu, G. Surface finishing of fdm-fabricated amorphous polyetheretherketone and its carbon-fiber-reinforced composite by dry milling. Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 13, Pages 2175, 2021.
  • 13. Xu, J., Huang, X., Davim, J. P., Ji, M., & Chen, M. On the machining behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide and PEEK thermoplastic composites. Polymer Composites, Vol. 41, Issue 9, Pages 3649-3663, 2020.
  • 14. Kumar, M. A., Khan, M. S., & Mishra, S. B. Effect of machine parameters on strength and hardness of FDM printed carbon fiber reinforced PETG thermoplastics. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 27, Pages 975-983. (2020).
  • 15. Khoran, M., Amirabadi, H., & Azarhoushang, B. The effects of cryogenic cooling on the grinding process of polyether ether ketone (PEEK). Journal of manufacturing processes, Vol. 56, Pages 1075-1087. 2020.
  • 16. El Magri, A., El Mabrouk, K., Vaudreuil, S., Chibane, H., & Touhami, M. E. Optimization of printing parameters for improvement of mechanical and thermal performances of 3D printed poly (ether ether ketone) parts. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 137, Issue 37, Pages 49087, 2020.
  • 17. Kartal, F., & Kaptan, A. Experimental determination of the optimum cutting tool for CNC milling of 3D printed PLA parts. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 150-160, 2023
  • 18. Ergene, B., Atlıhan, G., & Pınar, A. Investigation of the effect of taper angle and boundary condition on natural frequency of the 3D printed PET-G beams. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 31-39, 2022.
  • 19. Karaca, M. M., Ekinci, İ., & Ali, D. Effect of geometrıc modıfıcatıons on the compressıve strength and mechanıcal performance of gyroıd-based bone scaffolds. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 9, Issue 1, Pages 63-72, 2025.
  • 20. Peduk, G. S. A., Dilibal, S., & Gürol, U. Effect of wire electrical discharge machining on the surface of ebm-additive manufactured NiTi alloys. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 5, Issue 3, Pages 606-613, 2021.
  • 21. Doğru, A., Sözen, A., Neşer, G., & Seydibeyoğlu, M. Ö. Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of delamination defect at materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced by additive manufacturing on flexural resistance. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Pages 382-391, 2022.
  • 22. Çevik, Z. A., Özsoy, K., & Erçetin, A. Metal eklemeli imalat ile üretilen 316l paslanmaz çeliğin mikro işlenmesinde kesme mesafesinin çapak genişliğine etkisi. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pages 338-346, 2022.
  • 23. Mercado-Colmenero, J. M., La Rubia, M. D., Mata-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Santiago, M., & Martin-Doñate, C. Experimental and numerical analysis for the mechanical characterization of petg polymers manufactured with fdm technology under pure uniaxial compression stress states for architectural applications. Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 10, Pages 2202, 2020.
  • 24. Özen, A., Abali, B. E., Völlmecke, C., Gerstel, J., & Auhl, D. Exploring the role of manufacturing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties in fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PETG. Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 28 Issue 6, Pages 1799-1828, 2021. 25. Kechagias, J. D., & Vidakis, N. Parametric optimization of material extrusion 3D printing process: an assessment of Box-Behnken vs. full-factorial experimental approach. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 121, Issue 5, Pages 3163-3172, 2022.
  • 26. Alzyod, H., & Ficzere, P. Optimizing fused filament fabrication process parameters for quality enhancement of PA12 parts using numerical modeling and taguchi method. Heliyon, Vol. 9 Issue 3, 2023

THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 310 - 319, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399

Öz

In this study, the machinability of PET-G (Polyethylene Terephthalate Glycol) material produced by Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) was experimentally investigated under various manufacturing and machining parameters. The effects of key parameters influencing delamination—namely infill percentage, layer thickness, spindle speed, and feed rate—were specifically examined. Statistical data were obtained using the Taguchi method, and the results were analyzed in terms of both mean values and Signal-to-Noise (S/N) ratios. The findings revealed that infill percentage has a significant effect on delamination. The lowest delamination values were observed at a 100% infill level, while the highest delamination occurred at a 33% infill ratio. When layer thickness was increased from 1 mm to 2 mm, a reduction in delamination tendency was observed. An increase in spindle speed resulted in a notable rise in delamination, particularly at high rotational speeds (4500 rpm), where elevated cutting forces and temperature led to structural damage and delamination. The influence of feed rate on delamination was relatively minor. This study presents a comprehensive experimental analysis of both production parameters (infill percentage and layer thickness) and machining parameters (spindle speed and feed rate) for PET-G material. It is concluded that, for optimal machinability of PET-G manufactured via the FDM method, an infill percentage of 100% and a layer thickness of 2 mm are recommended. This work provides valuable guidance for quality control and parameter optimization in post-additive manufacturing machining processes.

Proje Numarası

-

Kaynakça

  • 1. Wang, X., Jiang, M., Zhou, Z., Gou, J., & Hui, D. 3D printing of polymer matrix composites: A review and prospective. Composites Part B: Engineering, Vol.110, Pages 442-458, 2017.
  • 2. Levy, G. N., Schindel, R., & Kruth, J. P. Rapid manufacturing and rapid tooling with layer manufacturing (LM) technologies, state of the art and future perspectives. CIRP annals, Vol. 52 Issue 2, Pages 589-609, 2003.
  • 3. Özsoy, K., Erçetin, A., & Çevik, Z. A. Comparison of mechanical properties of PLA and ABS based structures produced by fused deposition modelling additive manufacturing. Avrupa Bilim ve Teknoloji Dergisi, Vol. 27, Pages 802-809, 2021.
  • 4. Bruni, C., Gianangeli, C., Mancia, T., Greco, L., & Pieralisi, M.. Improving dimensional and surface quality of additive manufactured parts. In Journal of Physics: Conference Series, IOP Publishing, Vol. 1507, Issue 4, Pages 042003, 2020.
  • 5. Cianci, C., Pappalettera, G., Renna, G., Casavola, C., Laurenziello, M., Battista, G., ... & Ciavarella, D. Mechanical behavior of PET-G tooth aligners under cyclic loading. Frontiers in Materials, Vol. 7, Pages 104, 2020.
  • 6. Karataş, M. A., & Gökkaya, H. A review on machinability of carbon fiber reinforced polymer (CFRP) and glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) composite materials. Defence Technology, Vol. 14 Issue 4, Pages 318-326, 2018.
  • 7. Boschetto, A., Bottini, L., & Veniali, F. Finishing of fused deposition modeling parts by CNC machining. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing, Vol. 41, Pages 92-101, 2016.
  • 8. Basurto-Vázquez, O., Sánchez-Rodríguez, E. P., McShane, G. J., & Medina, D. I. Load distribution on PET-G 3D prints of honeycomb cellular structures under compression load. Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 12, Pages 1983, 2021.
  • 9. Lozrt, J., Votava, J., Henzl, R., Kumbár, V., Dostál, P., & Čupera, J. Analysis of the Changes in the Mechanical Properties of the 3D Printed Polymer rPET-G with Different Types of Post-Processing Treatments. Applied Sciences, Vol. 13, Issue 16, Pages 9234, 2023.
  • 10. Kam, M., İpekçi, A., & Saruhan, H. Investigation of 3d printing filling structures effect on mechanical properties and surface roughness of PET-G material products. Gaziosmanpaşa Bilimsel Araştırma Dergisi, 6(Özel Sayı (ISMSIT2017)), Pages 114-121, 2017.
  • 11. Santana, L., Lino Alves, J., & Da Costa Sabino Netto, A. Dimensional analysis of pla and petg parts built by open source extrusion-based 3d printing. In Proceedings of the 10◦ Congresso Brasileiro de Engenharia de Fabricação, São Carlos, SP, Brazil, Pages 5-7, 2019.
  • 12. Guo, C., Liu, X., & Liu, G. Surface finishing of fdm-fabricated amorphous polyetheretherketone and its carbon-fiber-reinforced composite by dry milling. Polymers, Vol. 13, Issue 13, Pages 2175, 2021.
  • 13. Xu, J., Huang, X., Davim, J. P., Ji, M., & Chen, M. On the machining behavior of carbon fiber reinforced polyimide and PEEK thermoplastic composites. Polymer Composites, Vol. 41, Issue 9, Pages 3649-3663, 2020.
  • 14. Kumar, M. A., Khan, M. S., & Mishra, S. B. Effect of machine parameters on strength and hardness of FDM printed carbon fiber reinforced PETG thermoplastics. Materials Today: Proceedings, Vol. 27, Pages 975-983. (2020).
  • 15. Khoran, M., Amirabadi, H., & Azarhoushang, B. The effects of cryogenic cooling on the grinding process of polyether ether ketone (PEEK). Journal of manufacturing processes, Vol. 56, Pages 1075-1087. 2020.
  • 16. El Magri, A., El Mabrouk, K., Vaudreuil, S., Chibane, H., & Touhami, M. E. Optimization of printing parameters for improvement of mechanical and thermal performances of 3D printed poly (ether ether ketone) parts. Journal of Applied Polymer Science, Vol. 137, Issue 37, Pages 49087, 2020.
  • 17. Kartal, F., & Kaptan, A. Experimental determination of the optimum cutting tool for CNC milling of 3D printed PLA parts. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 7, Issue 2, Pages 150-160, 2023
  • 18. Ergene, B., Atlıhan, G., & Pınar, A. Investigation of the effect of taper angle and boundary condition on natural frequency of the 3D printed PET-G beams. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 1, Pages 31-39, 2022.
  • 19. Karaca, M. M., Ekinci, İ., & Ali, D. Effect of geometrıc modıfıcatıons on the compressıve strength and mechanıcal performance of gyroıd-based bone scaffolds. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 9, Issue 1, Pages 63-72, 2025.
  • 20. Peduk, G. S. A., Dilibal, S., & Gürol, U. Effect of wire electrical discharge machining on the surface of ebm-additive manufactured NiTi alloys. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 5, Issue 3, Pages 606-613, 2021.
  • 21. Doğru, A., Sözen, A., Neşer, G., & Seydibeyoğlu, M. Ö. Numerical and experimental investigation of the effect of delamination defect at materials of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) produced by additive manufacturing on flexural resistance. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 3, Pages 382-391, 2022.
  • 22. Çevik, Z. A., Özsoy, K., & Erçetin, A. Metal eklemeli imalat ile üretilen 316l paslanmaz çeliğin mikro işlenmesinde kesme mesafesinin çapak genişliğine etkisi. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol. 6, Issue 2, Pages 338-346, 2022.
  • 23. Mercado-Colmenero, J. M., La Rubia, M. D., Mata-Garcia, E., Rodriguez-Santiago, M., & Martin-Doñate, C. Experimental and numerical analysis for the mechanical characterization of petg polymers manufactured with fdm technology under pure uniaxial compression stress states for architectural applications. Polymers, Vol. 12, Issue 10, Pages 2202, 2020.
  • 24. Özen, A., Abali, B. E., Völlmecke, C., Gerstel, J., & Auhl, D. Exploring the role of manufacturing parameters on microstructure and mechanical properties in fused deposition modeling (FDM) using PETG. Applied Composite Materials, Vol. 28 Issue 6, Pages 1799-1828, 2021. 25. Kechagias, J. D., & Vidakis, N. Parametric optimization of material extrusion 3D printing process: an assessment of Box-Behnken vs. full-factorial experimental approach. The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol. 121, Issue 5, Pages 3163-3172, 2022.
  • 26. Alzyod, H., & Ficzere, P. Optimizing fused filament fabrication process parameters for quality enhancement of PA12 parts using numerical modeling and taguchi method. Heliyon, Vol. 9 Issue 3, 2023
Toplam 25 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliğinde Optimizasyon Teknikleri, Üretim ve Endüstri Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Zihni Alp Çevik 0000-0003-3141-0160

Proje Numarası -
Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 22 Mayıs 2025
Kabul Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Çevik, Z. A. (2025). THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(2), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399
AMA Çevik ZA. THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH. IJ3DPTDI. Ağustos 2025;9(2):310-319. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399
Chicago Çevik, Zihni Alp. “THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2025): 310-19. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399.
EndNote Çevik ZA (01 Ağustos 2025) THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 2 310–319.
IEEE Z. A. Çevik, “THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH”, IJ3DPTDI, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 310–319, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399.
ISNAD Çevik, Zihni Alp. “THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/2 (Ağustos2025), 310-319. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399.
JAMA Çevik ZA. THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9:310–319.
MLA Çevik, Zihni Alp. “THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, c. 9, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 310-9, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1704399.
Vancouver Çevik ZA. THE EFFECT OF FDM PROCESS PARAMETERS ON THE MACHINABILITY OF PET-G MATERIAL: DELAMINATION ANALYSIS USING THE TAGUCHI APPROACH. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9(2):310-9.

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