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DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 344 - 351, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913

Öz

PLA (polylactic acid) is the most commonly used polymer in material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (MEX), which is one of the most innovative methods in the production of polymers. Its biodegradability, availability, and low cost drive its widespread use. Due to the nature of additive manufacturing, some discontinuities tend to occur in the production of polymer materials. Discontinuities such as junction problems between layers, voids, and solidification of extruded polymers occur between the production of layers. Non-destructive testing methods can be used to detect these discontinuities. Ultrasonic testing, a volumetric Non-destructive testing method, is well-suited to detect such discontinuities. This study evaluates how layer thickness influences ultrasonic detection of discontinuities in MEX-produced PLA specimens. 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.4 mm layer thicknesses of PLA specimens, each of which has artificial discontinuities (holes) placed at different depths and locations, were analyzed by the ultrasonic inspection technique. In the experimental studies, sound waves were sent to the specimens, and the reflected echoes were evaluated. Results show that layer thickness alters echo amplitude and the positional accuracy of detected discontinuities. In specimens with a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, the detection of discontinuities was clearer, while in specimens with a layer thickness of 0.4 mm, the sound echoes were more scattered, negatively affecting the measurement accuracy. These findings clarify how manufacturing parameters shape Non-destructive testing effectiveness in additive manufacturing and hold practical implications for industry.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Thomas, D.S.; Gilbert, S.W., “Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Additive Manufacturing A Literature Review and Discussion.”, 10-89, NIST Special Publication, Washington, 2014.
  • 2. Khan, L.S.; Yousaf, G.A.; Hussain, I. “3D Printing Techniques: Transforming Manufacturing with Precision and Sustainability.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts, Vol.3, Issue 3, 2024.
  • 3. Zhou, L.; Miller, J.; Vezza, J.; Mayster, M.; Raffay, M.; Justice, Q.; Al Tamimi, Z.; Hansotte, G.; Sunkara, L.D.; Bernat, J. “Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review.” Sensors, Vol.24, Issue 9, Page 2668-2024, 2024.
  • 4. Khan, I.; Barsoum, I.; Abas, M.; Al Rashid, A.; Koç, M.; Tariq, M. “A Review of Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Multi-Materials-Based Polymeric Laminated Structures.” Composite Structures, Vol.349-350, Issue 118490, 2024.
  • 5. Jasik, K.; Lucjan´, L.; Zek, L.; Kluczy´nski, J.; Kluczy´nski, K. “Additive Manufacturing of Metals Using the MEX Method: Process Characteristics and Performance Properties—A Review.” Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 12, Page 2744, 2025.
  • 6. Bacak, S.; Özkavak, H.V.; Tatlı, M. “FDM Yöntemi ile Üretilen PLA Numunelerin Çekme Özelliklerine İşlem Parametrelerinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi” Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, Vol.9, Issue 1, Page 209–216, 2021.
  • 7. Bacak, S.; Özkavak, H.V.; Sofu, M.M. “Comparison of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Specimens Manufactured Via FDM with Various Inner Geometries” Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, Vol.11, Issue 2, Pages 1444–1454, 2021.
  • 8. Camargo, J.C.; Machado, Á.R.; Almeida, E.C.; Silva, E.F.M.S. “Mechanical Properties of PLA-Graphene Filament for FDM 3D Printing” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.103, Pages 2423–2443, 2019.
  • 9. García Plaza, E.; Núñez López, P.J.; Caminero Torija, M.Á.; Chacón Muñoz, J.M. “Analysis of PLA Geometric Properties Processed by FFF Additive Manufacturing: Effects of Process Parameters and Plate-Extruder Precision Motion” Polymers, Vol.11, Issue 10, Pages 1581, 2019.
  • 10. Erdaş, M.U.; Yıldız, B.S.; Yıldız, A.R. “Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Different Production Directions on the Mechanical Characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG Materials Produced by FDM” Materials Testing, Vol.66, Issue 2, Pages 198–206, 2024.
  • 11. Kechagias, J.; Chaidas, D.; Vidakis, N.; Salonitis, K.; Vaxevanidis, N.M. “Key Parameters Controlling Surface Quality and Dimensional Accuracy: A Critical Review of FFF Process.” Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol.37, Issue 9, Pages 963–984, 2022.
  • 12. Gonabadi, H.; Yadav, A.; Bull, S.J. “The Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Characteristics of PLA Produced by a 3D FFF Printer.” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.111, Pages 695–709, 2020.
  • 13. Ameri, B.; Taheri-Behrooz, F.; Aliha, M.R.M. “Evaluation of the Geometrical Discontinuity Effect on Mixed-Mode I/II Fracture Load of FDM 3D-Printed Parts.” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol.113, Issue 102953, 2021.
  • 14. Doğru, A.; Sözen, A.; Neşer, G.; Seydibeyoğlu, M.Ö. “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of The Effect of Delamination Defect at Materials Of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Produced By Additive Manufacturing on Flexural Resistance.” International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.6, Issue 3, Pages 382–391, 2022.
  • 15. Havva, Y.; Özdemir, N.; Sözen, A.; Demir, M.; Doğru, A.; Seki, Y.; Özdemir, H.N. “Production of Waste Jute Doped PLA (Polylactic Acid) Filament for FFF: Effect of Pulverization.“ International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.7, Issue 1, Pages 124–128, 2023.
  • 16. Doğru, A.; İrez A.B., “The microstructural evolution of material extrusion based additive manufacturing of polyetheretherketone under different printing conditions and application in a spinal implant.” Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol.64, Issue 11, Pages 5486–5502, 2024.
  • 17. Doğru, A.; Kaçak, M.; Seydibeyoğlu, M.Ö. “Examination of Mechanical Properties of Fasteners Produced with PET and PLA Materials in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Method.” International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.8, Issue 3, Pages 407–415, 2024.
  • 18. Baechle-Clayton, M.; Loos, E.; Taheri, M.; Taheri, H. “Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additively Manufactured Polymers and Composites.” Journal of Composites Science, Vol.6, Issue 7, Pages 202, 2022.
  • 19. Alo, O.A.; Mauchline, D.; Otunniyi, I.O. “3D-Printed Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites: Defects Characterization and Product Quality Improvement.” Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol.24, Issue 10, 2022.
  • 20. Attalla, R.; Ling, C.; Selvaganapathy, P. “Fabrication and Characterization of Gels with Integrated Channels Using 3D Printing with Microfluidic Nozzle for Tissue Engineering Applications.” Biomed Microdevices, Vol.18, Issue 1, Pages 1–12, 2016.
  • 21. Pérez, B.; Nykvist, H.; Brøgger, A.F.; Larsen, M.B.; Falkeborg, M.F. ”Impact of Macronutrients Printability and 3D-Printer Parameters on 3D-Food Printing: A Review.” Food Chemistry, Vol.287, Pages 249–257, 2019.
  • 22. Zanjanijam, A.R.; Major, I.; Lyons, J.G.; Lafont, U.; Devine, D.M. “Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships.” Polymers, Vol.12, Issue 8, Pages 1665, 2020.
  • 23. Triyono, J.; Sukanto, H.; Saputra, R.M.; Smaradhana, D.F. “The Effect of Nozzle Hole Diameter of 3D Printing on Porosity and Tensile Strength Parts Using Polylactic Acid Material.” Open Engineering, Vol.10, Issue 1, Pages 762–768, 2020.
  • 24. Sandhu, K.; Singh, S.; Prakash, C. “Analysis of Angular Shrinkage of Fused Filament Fabricated Poly-Lactic-Acid Prints and Its Relationship with Other Process Parameters.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.561, Issue 012058, 2019.
  • 25. Allum, J.; Moetazedian, A.; Gleadall, A.; Mitchell, N.; Marinopoulos, T.; McAdam, I.; Li, S.; Silberschmidt, V. V. “Extra-Wide Deposition in Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: A New Convention for Improved Interlayer Mechanical Performance.” Additive Manufacturing, Vol.61, Issue 5, 2023.
  • 26. Gardner, J.M.; Hunt, K.A.; Ebel, A.B.; Rose, E.S.; Zylich, S.C.; Jensen, B.D.; Wise, K.E.; Siochi, E.J.; Sauti, G. “Machines as Craftsmen: Localized Parameter Setting Optimization for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing.” Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol.4, Issue 3, 2019.
  • 27. Inês Silva, M.; Malitckii, E.; Santos, T.G.; Vilaça, P. “Review of Conventional and Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Techniques for Detection and Characterization of Small-Scale Defects.” Progress in Materials Science, Vol.138, Issue 101155, 2023.
  • 28. Gupta, M.; Khan, M.A.; Butola, R.; Singari, R.M. “Advances in Applications of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): A Review.” Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, Vol.8, Isssue 4, Pages 2286–2307, 2022.
  • 29. Fayazbakhsh, K.; Honarvar, F.; Amini, H.; Varvani-Farahani, A. “High Frequency Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing of Thermoplastic Tensile Specimens Manufactured by Fused Filament Fabrication with Embedded Defects.” Additive Manufacturing, Vol.47, 2021.
  • 30. Butt, J.; Bhaskar, R.; Mohaghegh, V. “Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing to Analyse the Effects of Processing Parameters on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of FFF-Printed Graphene-Enhanced PLA.” Journal of Composites Science, Vol.6, Issue 5, Page 148, 2022.
  • 31. BASF 3D Printing Solutions BV Sales@basf-3dps.Com Www.Basf-3dps.Com General Information.

DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2, 344 - 351, 30.08.2025
https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913

Öz

PLA (polylactic acid) is the most commonly used polymer in material extrusion-based additive manufacturing (MEX), which is one of the most innovative methods in the production of polymers. Its biodegradability, availability, and low cost drive its widespread use. Due to the nature of additive manufacturing, some discontinuities tend to occur in the production of polymer materials. Discontinuities such as junction problems between layers, voids, and solidification of extruded polymers occur between the production of layers. Non-destructive testing methods can be used to detect these discontinuities. Ultrasonic testing, a volumetric Non-destructive testing method, is well-suited to detect such discontinuities. This study evaluates how layer thickness influences ultrasonic detection of discontinuities in MEX-produced PLA specimens. 0.1 mm, 0.2 mm, and 0.4 mm layer thicknesses of PLA specimens, each of which has artificial discontinuities (holes) placed at different depths and locations, were analyzed by the ultrasonic inspection technique. In the experimental studies, sound waves were sent to the specimens, and the reflected echoes were evaluated. Results show that layer thickness alters echo amplitude and the positional accuracy of detected discontinuities. In specimens with a layer thickness of 0.1 mm, the detection of discontinuities was clearer, while in specimens with a layer thickness of 0.4 mm, the sound echoes were more scattered, negatively affecting the measurement accuracy. These findings clarify how manufacturing parameters shape Non-destructive testing effectiveness in additive manufacturing and hold practical implications for industry.

Kaynakça

  • 1. Thomas, D.S.; Gilbert, S.W., “Costs and Cost Effectiveness of Additive Manufacturing A Literature Review and Discussion.”, 10-89, NIST Special Publication, Washington, 2014.
  • 2. Khan, L.S.; Yousaf, G.A.; Hussain, I. “3D Printing Techniques: Transforming Manufacturing with Precision and Sustainability.” International Journal of Multidisciplinary Sciences and Arts, Vol.3, Issue 3, 2024.
  • 3. Zhou, L.; Miller, J.; Vezza, J.; Mayster, M.; Raffay, M.; Justice, Q.; Al Tamimi, Z.; Hansotte, G.; Sunkara, L.D.; Bernat, J. “Additive Manufacturing: A Comprehensive Review.” Sensors, Vol.24, Issue 9, Page 2668-2024, 2024.
  • 4. Khan, I.; Barsoum, I.; Abas, M.; Al Rashid, A.; Koç, M.; Tariq, M. “A Review of Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing of Multi-Materials-Based Polymeric Laminated Structures.” Composite Structures, Vol.349-350, Issue 118490, 2024.
  • 5. Jasik, K.; Lucjan´, L.; Zek, L.; Kluczy´nski, J.; Kluczy´nski, K. “Additive Manufacturing of Metals Using the MEX Method: Process Characteristics and Performance Properties—A Review.” Materials, Vol. 18, Issue 12, Page 2744, 2025.
  • 6. Bacak, S.; Özkavak, H.V.; Tatlı, M. “FDM Yöntemi ile Üretilen PLA Numunelerin Çekme Özelliklerine İşlem Parametrelerinin Etkisinin İncelenmesi” Mühendislik Bilimleri ve Tasarım Dergisi, Vol.9, Issue 1, Page 209–216, 2021.
  • 7. Bacak, S.; Özkavak, H.V.; Sofu, M.M. “Comparison of Mechanical Properties of 3D-Printed Specimens Manufactured Via FDM with Various Inner Geometries” Journal of the Institute of Science and Technology, Vol.11, Issue 2, Pages 1444–1454, 2021.
  • 8. Camargo, J.C.; Machado, Á.R.; Almeida, E.C.; Silva, E.F.M.S. “Mechanical Properties of PLA-Graphene Filament for FDM 3D Printing” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.103, Pages 2423–2443, 2019.
  • 9. García Plaza, E.; Núñez López, P.J.; Caminero Torija, M.Á.; Chacón Muñoz, J.M. “Analysis of PLA Geometric Properties Processed by FFF Additive Manufacturing: Effects of Process Parameters and Plate-Extruder Precision Motion” Polymers, Vol.11, Issue 10, Pages 1581, 2019.
  • 10. Erdaş, M.U.; Yıldız, B.S.; Yıldız, A.R. “Experimental Analysis of the Effects of Different Production Directions on the Mechanical Characteristics of ABS, PLA, and PETG Materials Produced by FDM” Materials Testing, Vol.66, Issue 2, Pages 198–206, 2024.
  • 11. Kechagias, J.; Chaidas, D.; Vidakis, N.; Salonitis, K.; Vaxevanidis, N.M. “Key Parameters Controlling Surface Quality and Dimensional Accuracy: A Critical Review of FFF Process.” Materials and Manufacturing Processes, Vol.37, Issue 9, Pages 963–984, 2022.
  • 12. Gonabadi, H.; Yadav, A.; Bull, S.J. “The Effect of Processing Parameters on the Mechanical Characteristics of PLA Produced by a 3D FFF Printer.” International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol.111, Pages 695–709, 2020.
  • 13. Ameri, B.; Taheri-Behrooz, F.; Aliha, M.R.M. “Evaluation of the Geometrical Discontinuity Effect on Mixed-Mode I/II Fracture Load of FDM 3D-Printed Parts.” Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, Vol.113, Issue 102953, 2021.
  • 14. Doğru, A.; Sözen, A.; Neşer, G.; Seydibeyoğlu, M.Ö. “Numerical and Experimental Investigation of The Effect of Delamination Defect at Materials Of Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) Produced By Additive Manufacturing on Flexural Resistance.” International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.6, Issue 3, Pages 382–391, 2022.
  • 15. Havva, Y.; Özdemir, N.; Sözen, A.; Demir, M.; Doğru, A.; Seki, Y.; Özdemir, H.N. “Production of Waste Jute Doped PLA (Polylactic Acid) Filament for FFF: Effect of Pulverization.“ International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.7, Issue 1, Pages 124–128, 2023.
  • 16. Doğru, A.; İrez A.B., “The microstructural evolution of material extrusion based additive manufacturing of polyetheretherketone under different printing conditions and application in a spinal implant.” Polymer Engineering & Science, Vol.64, Issue 11, Pages 5486–5502, 2024.
  • 17. Doğru, A.; Kaçak, M.; Seydibeyoğlu, M.Ö. “Examination of Mechanical Properties of Fasteners Produced with PET and PLA Materials in Extrusion-Based Additive Manufacturing Method.” International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, Vol.8, Issue 3, Pages 407–415, 2024.
  • 18. Baechle-Clayton, M.; Loos, E.; Taheri, M.; Taheri, H. “Failures and Flaws in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) Additively Manufactured Polymers and Composites.” Journal of Composites Science, Vol.6, Issue 7, Pages 202, 2022.
  • 19. Alo, O.A.; Mauchline, D.; Otunniyi, I.O. “3D-Printed Functional Polymers and Nanocomposites: Defects Characterization and Product Quality Improvement.” Advanced Engineering Materials, Vol.24, Issue 10, 2022.
  • 20. Attalla, R.; Ling, C.; Selvaganapathy, P. “Fabrication and Characterization of Gels with Integrated Channels Using 3D Printing with Microfluidic Nozzle for Tissue Engineering Applications.” Biomed Microdevices, Vol.18, Issue 1, Pages 1–12, 2016.
  • 21. Pérez, B.; Nykvist, H.; Brøgger, A.F.; Larsen, M.B.; Falkeborg, M.F. ”Impact of Macronutrients Printability and 3D-Printer Parameters on 3D-Food Printing: A Review.” Food Chemistry, Vol.287, Pages 249–257, 2019.
  • 22. Zanjanijam, A.R.; Major, I.; Lyons, J.G.; Lafont, U.; Devine, D.M. “Fused Filament Fabrication of PEEK: A Review of Process-Structure-Property Relationships.” Polymers, Vol.12, Issue 8, Pages 1665, 2020.
  • 23. Triyono, J.; Sukanto, H.; Saputra, R.M.; Smaradhana, D.F. “The Effect of Nozzle Hole Diameter of 3D Printing on Porosity and Tensile Strength Parts Using Polylactic Acid Material.” Open Engineering, Vol.10, Issue 1, Pages 762–768, 2020.
  • 24. Sandhu, K.; Singh, S.; Prakash, C. “Analysis of Angular Shrinkage of Fused Filament Fabricated Poly-Lactic-Acid Prints and Its Relationship with Other Process Parameters.” IOP Conference Series: Materials Science and Engineering, Vol.561, Issue 012058, 2019.
  • 25. Allum, J.; Moetazedian, A.; Gleadall, A.; Mitchell, N.; Marinopoulos, T.; McAdam, I.; Li, S.; Silberschmidt, V. V. “Extra-Wide Deposition in Extrusion Additive Manufacturing: A New Convention for Improved Interlayer Mechanical Performance.” Additive Manufacturing, Vol.61, Issue 5, 2023.
  • 26. Gardner, J.M.; Hunt, K.A.; Ebel, A.B.; Rose, E.S.; Zylich, S.C.; Jensen, B.D.; Wise, K.E.; Siochi, E.J.; Sauti, G. “Machines as Craftsmen: Localized Parameter Setting Optimization for Fused Filament Fabrication 3D Printing.” Advanced Materials Technologies, Vol.4, Issue 3, 2019.
  • 27. Inês Silva, M.; Malitckii, E.; Santos, T.G.; Vilaça, P. “Review of Conventional and Advanced Non-Destructive Testing Techniques for Detection and Characterization of Small-Scale Defects.” Progress in Materials Science, Vol.138, Issue 101155, 2023.
  • 28. Gupta, M.; Khan, M.A.; Butola, R.; Singari, R.M. “Advances in Applications of Non-Destructive Testing (NDT): A Review.” Advances in Materials and Processing Technologies, Vol.8, Isssue 4, Pages 2286–2307, 2022.
  • 29. Fayazbakhsh, K.; Honarvar, F.; Amini, H.; Varvani-Farahani, A. “High Frequency Phased Array Ultrasonic Testing of Thermoplastic Tensile Specimens Manufactured by Fused Filament Fabrication with Embedded Defects.” Additive Manufacturing, Vol.47, 2021.
  • 30. Butt, J.; Bhaskar, R.; Mohaghegh, V. “Non-Destructive and Destructive Testing to Analyse the Effects of Processing Parameters on the Tensile and Flexural Properties of FFF-Printed Graphene-Enhanced PLA.” Journal of Composites Science, Vol.6, Issue 5, Page 148, 2022.
  • 31. BASF 3D Printing Solutions BV Sales@basf-3dps.Com Www.Basf-3dps.Com General Information.
Toplam 31 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Makine Mühendisliği (Diğer)
Bölüm Araştırma Makalesi
Yazarlar

Alperen Doğru 0000-0003-3730-3761

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Ağustos 2025
Gönderilme Tarihi 8 Temmuz 2025
Kabul Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2025
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2025 Cilt: 9 Sayı: 2

Kaynak Göster

APA Doğru, A. (2025). DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, 9(2), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913
AMA Doğru A. DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION. IJ3DPTDI. Ağustos 2025;9(2):344-351. doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913
Chicago Doğru, Alperen. “DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9, sy. 2 (Ağustos 2025): 344-51. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913.
EndNote Doğru A (01 Ağustos 2025) DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9 2 344–351.
IEEE A. Doğru, “DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION”, IJ3DPTDI, c. 9, sy. 2, ss. 344–351, 2025, doi: 10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913.
ISNAD Doğru, Alperen. “DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry 9/2 (Ağustos2025), 344-351. https://doi.org/10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913.
JAMA Doğru A. DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9:344–351.
MLA Doğru, Alperen. “DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION”. International Journal of 3D Printing Technologies and Digital Industry, c. 9, sy. 2, 2025, ss. 344-51, doi:10.46519/ij3dptdi.1737913.
Vancouver Doğru A. DETECTION OF ARTIFICIAL DISCONTINUITIES LOCATED IN DIFFERENT LOCATIONS IN PLA SPECIMENS MANUFACTURED WITH MEX AT DIFFERENT LAYER THICKNESSES BY ULTRASONIC INSPECTION. IJ3DPTDI. 2025;9(2):344-51.

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