Investigation of the role of methane injection timing and pressure on engine performance, emissions and environmental impact in a diesel engine

Öz

Methane diesel dual-fuel engines are gaining increasing interest because they offer lower emissions and higher efficiency compared to conventional single-diesel fuel engines. However, due to the low combustion efficiency and combustion stability of the methane-diesel dual-fuel application, there are still unresolved issues that need to be addressed. In this study, the effects of methane gas injection timing and pressure on engine performance and exhaust emissions are investigated in order to overcome problems related to the application of methane gas in dual-fuel engines. Additionally, the environmental and economic impacts of the exhaust emissions resulting from combustion are analyzed. The study is conducted with 5 different methane gas injection timings (25, 35, 45, 55, and 65 degrees after TDC) and 4 different methane gas injection pressures (1 bar, 1.5 bar, 2 bar, and 2.5 bar). In the experiments, the engine torque (5 Nm) and operating speed (1850 1/min) are kept constant. The results show that increasing the methane gas injection pressure (GIP) from 1 bar to 2.5 bar and delaying the methane gas injection timing (GIT) from 25° aTDC to 65° aTDC leads to an average reduction of 8.5% in SFC values and a 4% increase in thermal efficiency compared to diesel operation. Similarly, increasing GIP and delaying GIT results in an average reduction of 46% in NO emissions and an average reduction of 48% in soot emissions.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Diesel-methane dual fuel
• Engine performance
• Emissions
• Gas injection timing and pressure
• environmental impacts

Kaynakça

1. Van Fan Y, Perry S, Klemeš JJ, Lee CT. A review on air emissions assessment: Transportation. Journal of cleaner production, 194:673-84, 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2018.05.151
2. Chintala V, Subramanian K. A comprehensive review on utilization of hydrogen in a compression ignition engine under dual fuel mode. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 70:472-91, 2017. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2016.11.247
3. Altun Ş, Adin MŞ, Ilcin K. Monohydric aliphatic alcohols as liquid fuels for using in internal combustion engines: A review. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part E: Journal of Process Mechanical Engineering, 238(4):1941-75, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544089231160472
4. Erol D, Yeşilyurt MK, Yaman H, Doğan B. Evaluation of the use of diesel-biodiesel-hexanol fuel blends in diesel engines with exergy analysis and sustainability index. Fuel, 337:126892, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126892
5. Deheri C, Acharya SK, Thatoi DN, Mohanty AP. A review on performance of biogas and hydrogen on diesel engine in dual fuel mode. Fuel, 260:116337, 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2019.116337
6. Gulcan HE, Ciniviz M. Experimental study on the effect of piston bowl geometry on the combustion performance and pollutant emissions of methane-diesel common rail dual-fuel engine. Fuel, 345:128175, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2023.128175
7. Akcay M, Yilmaz IT, Feyzioglu A. The influence of hydrogen addition on the combustion characteristics of a common-rail CI engine fueled with waste cooking oil biodiesel/diesel blends. Fuel Processing Technology, 223:106999, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2021.106999
8. Gülcan HE, Ciniviz M. The effect of pure methane energy fraction on combustion performance, energy analysis and environmental-economic cost indicators in a single-cylinder common rail methane-diesel dual fuel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 230:120712, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2023.120712

9. Feroskhan M, Ismail S. Investigation of the effects of biogas composition on the performance of a biogas–diesel dual fuel CI engine. Biofuels, 7(6):593-601, 2016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2016.1168025
10. Demir U, Çelebi S, Özer S. Experimental investigation of the effect of fuel oil, graphene and HHO gas addition to diesel fuel on engine performance and exhaust emissions in a diesel engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52:1434-46, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.007
11. Zhang Z, Wang S, Pan M, Lv J, Lu K, Ye Y, et al. Utilization of hydrogen-diesel blends for the improvements of a dual-fuel engine based on the improved Taguchi methodology. Energy, 292:130474, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130474
12. Lawrence KR, Anchupogu P, Reddygari MR, Gangula VR, Balasubramanian D, Veerasamy S. Optimization of biodiesel yield and performance investigations on diesel engine powered with hydrogen and acetylene gas injected with enriched Jojoba biodiesel blend. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 50:502-23, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.09.166
13. Solmaz H, Calam A, Yılmaz E, Şahin F, Ardebili SMS, Aksoy F. Evaluation of MWCNT as fuel additive to diesel–biodiesel blend in a direct injection diesel engine. Biofuels, 14(2):147-56, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2022.2122154
14. Uyaroğlu A, Uyumaz A, Çelikten İ. Comparison of the combustion, performance, and emission characteristics of inedible Crambe abyssinica biodiesel and edible hazelnut, corn, soybean, sunflower, and canola biodiesels. Environmental Progress & Sustainable Energy, 37(4):1438-47, 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1002/ep.12794
15. Erol D, Yaman H, Doğan B, Yeşilyurt MK. The assessment of fusel oil in a compression-ignition engine in the perspective of the waste to energy concept: investigation of the performance, emissions, and combustion characteristics. Biofuels;13(10):1147-64, 2022. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/17597269.2022.2111779
16. Gürbüz H, Demirtürk S. Investigation of dual-fuel combustion by different port injection fuels (Neat Ethanol and E85) in a DE95 diesel/ethanol blend fueled compression ignition engine. Journal of Energy Resources Technology;142(12):122306, 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1115/1.4047328
17. Doğan B, Erol D, Yaman H, Kodanli E. The effect of ethanol-gasoline blends on performance and exhaust emissions of a spark ignition engine through exergy analysis. Applied Thermal Engineering, 120:433-43, 2017. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.04.012
18. Adin MŞ, Altun Ş, Adin MŞ. Effect of using bioethanol as fuel on start-up and warm-up exhaust emissions from a diesel power generator. International Journal of Ambient Energy;43(1):5711-7, 2022. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2021.1977387
19. Uyar M, Aydın H. Production of low sulfur diesel-like fuel from crude oil wastes by pyrolytic distillation and its usage in a diesel engine. Energy, 244:122683, 2022. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2021.12268
20. Rosha P, Dhir A, Mohapatra SK. Influence of gaseous fuel induction on the various engine characteristics of a dual fuel compression ignition engine: a review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 82:3333-49, 2018. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.rser.2017.10.055
21. Wei L, Geng P. A review on natural gas/diesel dual fuel combustion, emissions and performance. Fuel Processing Technology, 142:264-78, 2016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2015.09.018
22. Park H, Shim E, Bae C. Improvement of combustion and emissions with exhaust gas recirculation in a natural gas-diesel dual-fuel premixed charge compression ignition engine at low load operations. Fuel, 235:763-74, 2019. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2018.08.045
23. Hernández JJ, Lapuerta M, Barba J. Separate effect of H2, CH4 and CO on diesel engine performance and emissions under partial diesel fuel replacement. Fuel, 165:173-84, 2016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.054
24. Krishnan S, Biruduganti M, Mo Y, Bell S, Midkiff K. Performance and heat release analysis of a pilot-ignited natural gas engine. International Journal of Engine Research, 3(3):171-84, 2002. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1243/14680870260189280
25. Papagiannakis R, Hountalas D. Experimental investigation concerning the effect of natural gas percentage on performance and emissions of a DI dual fuel diesel engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 23(3):353-65, 2003. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/S1359-4311(02)00187-4
26. Di Blasio G, Belgiorno G, Beatrice C. Effects on performances, emissions and particle size distributions of a dual fuel (methane-diesel) light-duty engine varying the compression ratio. Applied energy, 204:726-40, 2017. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.07.103
27. Chen Z, Wang L, Wang X, Chen H, Geng L, Gao N. Experimental study on the effect of water port injection on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel/methane dual-fuel engines. Fuel, 312:122950, 2022. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122950
28. Ouchikh S, Lounici M, Loubar K, Tarabet L, Tazerout M. Effect of diesel injection strategy on performance and emissions of CH4/diesel dual-fuel engine. Fuel, 308:121911, 2022. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121911
29. Tripathi G, Nag S, Sharma P, Dhar A. Effect of methane supplementation on the performance, vibration and emissions characteristics of methane-diesel dual fuel engine. Frontiers in Thermal Engineering, 3:1101333, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3389/fther.2023.1101333
30. Ahmad Z, Kaario O, Karimkashi S, Qiang C, Vuorinen V, Larmi M. Effects of ethane addition on diesel-methane dual-fuel combustion in a heavy-duty engine. Fuel, 289:119834, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.119834
31. Liu J, Guo Q, Guo J, Wang F. Optimization of a diesel/natural gas dual fuel engine under different diesel substitution ratios. Fuel, 305:121522, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121522
32. Di Iorio S, Magno A, Mancaruso E, Vaglieco BM. Diesel/methane dual fuel strategy to improve environmental performance of energy power systems. International Journal of Heat and Technology, 34(2):581-8, 2016. Doi: https://doi.org/10.18280/ijht.34S254
33. Khedkar ND, Sarangi AK, Sreedhara S. Impact of engine control variables on low load combustion efficiency and exhaust emissions of a methane-diesel dual fuel engine. Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D: Journal of Automobile Engineering, 09544070231197613, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1177/09544070231197613
34. Zarrinkolah MT, Hosseini V. Methane slip reduction of conventional dual-fuel natural gas diesel engine using direct fuel injection management and alternative combustion modes. Fuel, 331:125775, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125775
35. Cameretti MC, De Robbio R, Palomba M. Numerical Analysis of Dual Fuel Combustion in a Medium Speed Marine Engine Supplied with Methane/Hydrogen Blends. Energies, 16(18):6651, 2023. Doi: https://doi.org/10.3390/en16186651
36. Yin C, Wang C, Shen X, Zhang Z. Experimental and simulation study of diesel/methane/hydrogen triple-fuel combustion progression in a heavy-duty optical engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 62:562-78, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.10.198
37. Zhang X, Gao J, Fan D, Yang Q, Han F, Yu H. Impact of pilot diesel injection timing on performance and emission characteristics of marine natural gas/diesel dual-fuel engine. Scientific Reports, 14(1):10713, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-024-61672-5
38. Gülcan HE, Gültekin N, Ciniviz M. Experimental investigation of the effect of variable valve lift on combustion stability and exhaust emissions in a diesel/methane CRDI engine. Energy, 300:131603, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131603
39. Zheng J, Wang J, Zhao Z, Wang D, Huang Z. Effect of equivalence ratio on combustion and emissions of a dual-fuel natural gas engine ignited with diesel. Applied Thermal Engineering, 146:738-51, 2019. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2018.10.045
40. Gürbüz H, Akçay İH. Evaluating the effects of boosting intake-air pressure on the performance and environmental-economic indicators in a hydrogen-fueled SI engine. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 46(56):28801-10, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2021.06.099
41. Gürbüz H, Akçay H, Aldemir M, Akçay İH, Topalcı Ü. The effect of euro diesel-hydrogen dual fuel combustion on performance and environmental-economic indicators in a small UAV turbojet engine. Fuel, 306:121735, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.121735
42. Gülcan HE. Effect of methane injection strategy on combustion, exergetic performance, and enviro-economic analyses in a diesel/methane CRDI engine. Applied Thermal Engineering, 243:122654, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2024.122654
43. Yuvenda D, Sudarmanta B, Wahjudi A, Muraza O. Improved combustion performances and lowered emissions of CNG-diesel dual fuel engine under low load by optimizing CNG injection parameters. Fuel, 269:117202, 2020. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117202
44. Bora BJ, Saha UK, Chatterjee S, Veer V. Effect of compression ratio on performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a dual fuel diesel engine run on raw biogas. Energy conversion and management, 87:1000-9, 2014. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enconman.2014.07.080
45. Vijin Prabhu A, Manimaran R, Jeba P, Babu R. Effect of methane enrichment on the performance of a dual fuel CI engine. International Journal of Ambient Energy, 42(3):325-30, 2021. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1080/01430750.2018.1550017
46. Allouis C, De Robbio R, Mancaruso E, Vaglieco B. Effect of hydrogen and methane in dual fuel mode in light diesel engine by VIS and IR imaging. International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, 52:1491-501, 2024. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhydene.2023.08.163
47. Liu J, Yang F, Wang H, Ouyang M, Hao S. Effects of pilot fuel quantity on the emissions characteristics of a CNG/diesel dual fuel engine with optimized pilot injection timing. Applied Energy, 110:201-6, 2013. Doi: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apenergy.2013.03.024