1970’LERDEN SONRA AMERİKA BİRLEŞİK DEVLETLERİ’NE ARTAN MEKSİKA GÖÇÜNÜN ALTINDA YATAN SEBEPLERİNİN BİR ANALİZİ

Öz

Yaygın inanışın aksine, Meksika Ekonomisi 1950'lerde denge ve istikrar içindeydi. Ancak, 1970'lerde Luis Echeverria yönetimi altında bir mali genişleme politikası ve yapısal reformlar duyurduktan sonra Meksika hükümeti bir borç yığını altına girdi. Bu durum Meksika Hükümeti’nde, yolsuzluk, eşitsizlik ve sınıf farklılıkları gibi sivil, siyasi ve ekonomik sorunlar ortaya çıkması Meksika toplumunda bir atmosfer değişikliğine neden oldu. Bu olayların ışığında, çoğunlukla kırsal ve yoksul bölgelerde yaşayan Meksikalılar, bu sorunların gerçekleriyle karşı karşıya kaldılar ve bu da ABD'ye göçü artırdı. Bu eğilim özellikle 1970'lerden sonra başladı. Meksika'da 1970'ler, Meksika göçünü hızlandırmasında bir kırılma noktasıydı ve nihayetinde bir domino etkisi yarattı. Bu nedenle, bu makale, çoğunlukla kırsal ve yoksul bölgelerdeki Meksikalı göçmenler ve Meksika toplumu ile ilgili temel sorunlara işaret ederken, Meksika göçündeki 1970'lerden 2010'lara kadar olan dönemi incelemektedir. Kuzey Atlantik Serbest Ticareti, Meksika siyasi partisinin başarısızlıkları, ekonomik krizler, eşitsizlik, yolsuzluk ve yoksulluk gibi temel sorunlar, 1980'lerde ve 1990'larda Meksika'nın Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne göçünün birincil itici gücünü oluşturdu. Bu bağlamda, bu makale, Meksika göçünü analiz etme yolunda somut bir zemin oluşturmak için, tarihsel olaylardan, siyasi söylemlerden ve tabandan gelen sorunlardan bahsederek Meksika göçündeki artışa katkıda bulunan itme-çekme faktörlerini uygulamaktadır. Sonuç olarak bu makale, Meksikalı göçmenlerin gerçeklerini anlamak için yakından incelenecek bir vaka olarak Amerika Birleşik Devletleri'ne Meksika göçünün önemini vurgulamayı amaçlamaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Meksika Göç
• İtme-Çekme Etkenleri Teorisi
• Eşitsizlik

AN ANALYSIS OF THE UNDERLYING CAUSES OF INCREASE IN MEXICAN IMMIGRATION TO THE UNITED STATES AFTER THE 1970S

Öz

Contrary to popular belief, the Mexican economy was in balance and stability in the 1950s. However, after announcing a fiscal expansion under the administration of Luis Echeverria in the 1970s, the Mexican government went under a pile of debt, which caused a change of atmosphere in Mexico by creating civil, political, and economic problems, such as corruption, inequality, and class differences. Ultimately, the Mexicans who mostly lived in rural and poor areas faced the realities of these problems, which increased immigration to the United States. This trend started specifically after the 1970s. The 1970s of Mexico was a breaking point to accelerate the Mexican immigration, and consecutively, this has created a domino effect. Thus, this article examines the period after the 1970s to the 2010s, while indicating the underlying problems regarding the Mexican immigrants and Mexican society, mostly in rural and poor areas. The underlying problems such as North Atlantic Free Trade, failures of the Mexican political party, economic crises, inequality, corruption, and poverty constituted the primary drive of Mexican immigration to the United States in the 1980s and 1990s, and moreover, these problems did not cease after all. To create a concrete groundwork to analyze Mexican immigration, the article applies push-pull factors that contribute to the increase in Mexican immigration by mentioning the historical events, political discourses, and grassroots' problems. Consequently, the article aims to assert the importance of Mexican immigration to the United States as a case to be examined closely to understand Mexican immigrants' realities.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Mexican Migration
• Push-Pull Factors Theory
• Inequality

Kaynakça

1. Aguila, E., Akhmedjonov, A., Basurto-Davila, R., Kumar, K. B., Shatz, H. J., & Kups, S. (2012). United States and Mexico Ties That Bind, Issues That Divide. Santa Monica
2. Arnold, G. (2012). Migration: Changing the World. Pluto Press, London.
3. Cameron, M. A., and Wise, C. (2004). The Political Impact of NAFTA on Mexico: Reflections on the Political Economy of Democratization. Canadian Journal of Political Science, 37.4:301-323.
4. Castañeda, E. (2011). Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Immigration, and Identity. Contemporary Sociology: A Journal of Reviews, 40(55), 53rd ser.
5. Currencies. (n.d.). https://www.bloomberg.com/markets/currencies (27.08.2020).
6. Fedie, K. (2013). Globalization, Immigration, & Identity: The Transformation and Perception of Mexican Identity, Master's thesis, The University of Vermont, Vermont, https://www.uvm.edu/sites/default/files/S13_Thesis_Fedie.pdf. (20.09.2020)
7. Gasiorek, Michael and Smith, Alasdair and Venables, Anthony J, 1992. "`1992': Trade and Welfare; A General Equilibrium Model," CEPR Discussion Papers 672, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
8. Giddens, A. (1977). New rules of sociological method: A positive critique of interpretative sociologies, Hutchinson, London.

9. Gonzalez-Barrera, A., and Krogstad, J. M. (2019). What we know about illegal immigration from Mexico. Retrieved from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/06/28/what-we-know-about-illegal-immigration-from-mexico/#:~:text=There were 11.6 million immigrants,25% of all U.S. immigrants (11.10.2020).
10. Instituto Nacional de Estadística y Geografía (INEGI). (2017). https://www.inegi.org.mx/programas/encig/2017 (20.08.2020).
11. Jimenez, T. (2010). Replenished Ethnicity: Mexican Americans, Immigration, and Identity. University of California Press.
12. Jie Zong, J. B. (2018) Mexican Immigrants in the United States, https://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/mexican-immigrants-united-states (16.08.2020).
13. Massey, D. S. (2010). Immigration Statistics for the Twenty-First Century. 631(1): 124-140.
14. Musacchio, Aldo (2012). "Mexico's Financial Crisis of 1994-1995." Harvard Business School Working Paper, No. 12–101.
15. Piore, M. (1979). Migrant Labor and Industrial Societies, Cambridge University Press, New York.
16. Ravenstein, E. G. (1889). The Laws of Migration. London: Royal Statistical Society.
17. Results - 2019 - CPI. (2019). from https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2019/results, (20.07.2020)
18. Rodriguez-Sanchez, J. I., Ph.D. (2019). CORRUPTION AND DEMOCRACY IN MEXICO: AN EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS. Rice University’s Baker Institute for Public Policy, 1-17.
19. Rosen, K. (1987). The Protection of Judicial Independence in Latin America. The University of Miami Inter-American Law Review, 37. https://pdfs.semanticscholar.org/59f6/69ef4d9e9bed33f680cad3b463f473b25852.pdf, (20.08.2020).
20. The John W. Kluge Center at the Library of Congress. (2015). Mexican Immigration to the United States: A Brief History. Retrieved from https://time.com/3742067/history-mexican-immigration/#:~:text=Mexicans also left rural areas,per year during the 1920s, (29.08.2020).
21. Germano, R. (Director). (n.d.). The Other Side of the Immigration [Video file], from http://www.theothersideofimmigration.com/ (20.07.2020).
22. UNDP. (2010). Human Development Reports. Retrieved from http://hdr.undp.org/en/countries/profiles/MEX