MOBILE MONEY FOR FINANCIAL INCLUSION

Yıl 2017, Cilt: 2 Sayı: 4, 210 - 220, 17.12.2017

Basil Okoth , Çağlar Karamaşa Serpil Altınırmak

Öz

Developing countries have dragged in terms of financial inclusion as compared to the developed world. Banks and other traditional financial institutions have hesitated from engaging the bottom of the pyramid for lack of commercial viability. However, this trend has all but been reversed in the past decade, thanks (in most part) to mobile money. The application of mobile money has changed how business is conducted in many places and has been credit to economic advancement in some developing countries. It is, however, noted that not all countries have had the same level of success with mobile money; some have performed poorly while other have failed entirely.  We set out to discern the main reasons for this disparity by looking at the success of mobile money as displayed by the operators considered by many as model examples in mobile money- Kenya and the Philippines.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mobile Money, M-Pesa, SMART, Globe Telecom, Virtual Wallet

FİNANSAL İÇERME İÇİN MOBİL PARA

Öz

Gelişmiş dünyaya kıyasla Gelişmekte olan ülkeler
mali içerme açısından sürüncemede kalmaya devam ediyor. Bankalar ve diğer
geleneksel finans kuruluşları, ticari hayatta kalamama eksikliği nedeniyle
piramidin alt kısmından çekilmeye tereddüt etmektedirler. Bununla birlikte, bu
eğilim son on yılda mobil para uygulamasıyla tersine dönmüştür. Mobil paranın
uygulanması, işlerin birçok yerde nasıl yapıldığını ve gelişmekte olan bazı
ülkelerde de ekonomik ilerleme için kredi verilme biçimini değiştirmiştir.  
Bununla birlikte, tüm ülkelerin mobil para uygulamasında aynı seviyede bir
başarıya sahip olmadığını kaydedilmiştir; bazıları kötü bir geçiş dönemi
yaşarken, bazıları tamamen başarısız olmuştur.  Bu çalışmada mobil para
uygulamasının başarısına bakarak, bu farklılığın temel nedenlerini belirlemek
için Kenya ve Filipinler’deki mobil para uygulamaları incelenmiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Mobil Para, M-Pesa, SMART, Globe Telecom, Sanal Cüzdan

Kaynakça

• Afshana, S., and Sharif, A. (2016) Acceptance of mobile banking framework in Pakistan, Telematics and Informatics, 33 (2), pp.370-387.
• Alampay, E., and Bana, G. (2009). Mobile 2.0: m-money for the BOP in the Philippines.
• Anderson, J. (2010) M-banking in developing markets: Competitive and regulatory implications Info, 12 (1), pp. 18-25.
• Baptista, G., and Oliveira, T. (2015). Understanding mobile banking: The unified theory of acceptance and use of technology combined with cultural moderators, Computers in Human Behavior, 50, pp. 418-430
• Beshouri, C., and Gravråk, J. (2010). Capturing the promise of mobile banking in emerging markets, McKinsey Quarterly, February Issues.
• Di Castri, S. and Gidvani, L. (2014). Enabling Mobile Money Policies in Tanzania, Bill and Melinda Gate Foundation.
• Donovan, K., (2012). World Bank. Information and Communications for Development 2012: Maximizing Mobile. Washington, DC: World Bank.
• Evans, D.S., and Pirchio, A. (2015). An Empirical Examination of Why Mobile Money Schemes Ignite in Some Developing Countries but Flounder in Most, Coase-Sandor Working Paper Series in Law and Economics No. 723.
• Heyer, A. and Mas, I (2011). Fertile Grounds for Mobile Money: Towards a Framework for Analyzing Enabling Environments.
• Heyer, A., and Mas, I. (2011). Fertile Grounds for Mobile Money: Towards a Framework for Analyzing Enabling Environments. Enterprise Development and Microfinance, 22 (1), pp. 30-44.
• Ivatury, G. and Mas, I. (2008). The Early Experience with Branchless Banking. CGAP focus note; no. 46. Washington DC; World Bank Group.
• http://documents.worldbank.org/curated/en/499931468149380045/The-early-experience-with-branchless-banking
• Jack, W. and Suri, T. (2014). Risk Sharing and Transactions Costs: Evidence from Kenya’s Mobile Money Revolution. American Economic Review 2014, 104(1), pp.183–223
• Jenkins, B. (2008). Developing Mobile Money Ecosystems. Washington, DC: IFC and the Harvard Kennedy School.
• Luarn, P. and Lin, H.H. (2005). Toward an understanding of the behavioral intention to use mobile banking. Comput. Hum. Behav., 21 (6), pp. 873-891.
• Lyytinen, T. (2010). Preliminary Insights to the Role of the Private Sector in Developing Mobile Services for Low-Income Segment: Case M-Pesa and Ovi Life Tools, in Jakob Svensson and Gudrun Wicander (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on M4D Mobile Communication Technology for Development (M4D 2010), 10-11 November 2010 Kampala, Uganda.
• Mas, I. and Ng'weno, A. (2009). Three keys to M-Pesa's success: Branding, channel management and pricing. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. January 2009.
• Mas, I. and Radcliffe, D. (2010). Mobile Payments go Viral: M-Pesa in Kenya. Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. March 2010.
• Mendes, S. E., Alampay, E., and Soriano, C. (2007) The Innovative Use of Mobile Applications in the Philippines Lessons for Africa. Department for Infrastructure and Economic Development. SIDA.
• Mothobi, O and Grzybowski, L (2017). Infrastructure deficiencies and adoption of mobile money in Sub-Saharan Africa, Information Economics and Policy, pp.1–9.
• Ndiwalana, A., Morawczynski O., and Popov, O. (2010) Mobile Money Use in Uganda: A Preliminary Study, in Jakob Svensson and Gudrun Wicander (eds.) Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on M4D Mobile Communication Technology for Development (M4D 2010), 10-11 November 2010 Kampala, Uganda.
• Nyaga, J. k (2014). Mobile Banking Services in the East African Community (EAC): Challenges to the Existing Legislative and Regulatory Frameworks. Journal of Information Policy, 4, pp. 270-290.
• Pickens, M. (2009). Window on the Unbanked: Mobile Money in the Philippines, Washington, DC. CGAP Publications.
• Porteous, D (2009). Mobilizing Money through Enabling Regulation. Innovations: Technology, Governance, Globalization, 4(1), pp.75-90.
• Porteous, D. (2006). The Enabling Environment for Mobile Banking in Africa, DFID.
• Proenza, F. (2007) Enhancing Rural Development through Improved Infrastructure and Innovative Information Applications. Philippine Country Report: Applications, FAO Investment Centre 3 June 2007.
• Robb, G. (2015). Why Mobile Money has Flopped in SA. Retrieved from https://techcentral.co.za/why-mobile-money-has-flopped-in-sa/58282/
• Stryjak, J., Sharma, A., and Hatt, T. (2014). ANALYSIS Country overview: Philippines Growth through Innovation, GSMA Intelligence Country Overview: Philippine.
• Suárez, S. L. (2016). Poor people's money: The politics of mobile money in Mexico and Kenya, Telecommunications Policy, 40, pp.945–955.
• Tobbin, P. (2011). Understanding the Mobile Money Ecosystem: Roles, Structure and Strategies. Proceedings 2011 10th International Conference on Mobile Business ICMB, pp. 185-194.