Araştırma Makalesi
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“SESSİZİN PAYI”: AFRİKA TARİHİNİ BAĞIMSIZLAŞTIRMAK

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 230 - 254, 30.06.2018

Öz



Bu
makale, Türkiye’de hâlâ yeni bir araştırma sahası sayılabilecek Sahraaltı
Afrika’ya dair yeni bir tarihyazımının imkânlarını sorguluyor. Buradan
hareketle de temelde Madun Araştırmalarının açtığı yolu takip ederek, günümüzde
daha çok stratejik araştırma merkezleri bünyesinde yürütülen ve sömürgecilik
eleştirisinin Batı/ Avrupa karşıtlığına indirgendiği Afrika çalışmalarına bir
katkıda bulunmayı amaçlıyor. Bu doğrultuda, Afrika’yı özgünlüğü içinde
anlamanın ve anlatmanın ipuçlarını sunmayı hedefliyor. Bu amaçlar
doğrultusunda, çalışma üç bölümden oluşuyor: “Önbilgiler: Dünyanın ve
Dünya-Tarihinin Sınırında Afrika” başlıklı ilk bölümde, Afrika’nın sömürgecilik
öncesi tarihine dair temel bilgiler veriliyor ve ardından Afrika tarihyazımına
ilişkin sorunlar özetleniyor. “Tarihyazımının Sınırlarında: Madun
Araştırmaları” adlı ikinci bölümde bu araştırmalara dair genel bilgiler
verildikten sonra, madun araştırmalarının özellikle Afrika tarihyazımına
sunabileceği katkılar ele alınıyor. “Sömürgecilik Öncesi Afrika’da Kölelik”
başlığını taşıyan üçüncü bölümse sömürgecilik öncesi Afrika’daki iktidar/
tahakküm yapısı olarak Afrika içi köleliğe odaklanıyor. Bu haliyle de, Afrika’da
tesis edilen sömürgeci yapıların hangi temeller üzerinde yükseldiğini anlamayı
ve buradan hareketle yeni bir Afrika tarihyazımına katkı sunmayı amaçlıyor.



Kaynakça

  • UNESCO, The African Slave Trade from the Fiftheenth to the Ninetheenth Century. The General History of Africa. Studies and Reports -2, Reports and papers of the meeting of the experts organized by UNESCO at the Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 31 Ocak-4 Şubat 1948, Paris: UNESCO, 1979, 330 s
  • COOPER, Frederick, Africa since 1940. The Past and the Present, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 11. Baskı, 216 s
  • COOPER, Frederick et al. (ed.), Confronting Historical Paradigms. Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993, vii+422 s.
  • DİRLİK, Arif, Postkolonyal Aura. Küresel Kapitalizm Çağında Üçüncü Dünya Eleştirisi, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2005, 371 s.
  • GOODY, Jack, Tarih Hırsızlığı, Çeviren: Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Şubat 2017, 4. Basım, 420 s.
  • GORSKI, Philip S. (ed.), Bourdieu ve Tarihsel Analiz, Çeviren: Özlem Akkaya, Ankara: Heretik, 2015, 552 s.
  • GRAMSCI, Antonio, Hapishane Defterleri. Tarih, Politika, Felsefe ve Kültür Sorunları Üzerine Seçmeler, Çeviren: Kenan Somer, İstanbul: Onur Yayınları, 1988, 356 s.
  • GUHA, Ranajit, Dünya-Tarihinin Sınırında Tarih, Çeviren: Erkal Ünal, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2006, 139 s.
  • GÜRBİLEK, Nurdan, Sessizin Payı, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2015, 152 s.
  • İNCE, Hilal Onur (ed.), Günümüzde Yeni Siyasal Yaklaşımlar. Eleştiriler - Farklılıklar - Çözüm Arayışları, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ocak 2011, 525 s.
  • KARATANİ, Kojin, Dünya Tarihinin Yapısı, Çeviren: Ali Karatay, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Ocak 2017, 432 s.
  • KARATANİ, Kojin, Tarih ve Tekerrür, Çeviren: Erkan Ünal, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Mart 2013, 238 s.
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  • MANN, Micheal, İktidarın Tarihi II: Sınıfların ve Ulus-Devletlerin Yükselişi, 1760-1914, Çevirenler: Ali Rıza Gürgen; Gülben Şaş; Elçin Deniz Efe; Hüseyin Ali Sözen; Soner Torlak; Bilgesu Savcı; Mehmet Sait Türk, Ankara: Phoenix, Aralık 2012, 848 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, İktidarın Tarihi III: Küresel İmparatorluklar ve Devrim, 1890-1945, Çevirenler: Ali Rıza Günden Özgür Balkılıç, Ankara: Phoenix, Nisan 2017, 606 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 4: Globalizations, 1945-2011, Los Angeles: The University of California Press, Şubat 2013, 496 s.
  • MANNING, Patrick, Slavery and African Life. Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 248 s.
  • MERT, Ali Osman, Türkiye’nin Sahraaltı Ülkelerine Yönelik Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri (2005-2011), Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, Aralık 2012, 99 s.
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  • Makaleler
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  • DAVIS, David Brion, “Looking at Slavery from Broader Perspectives,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 2, Nisan 2000, ss. 452-466.
  • ENGERMAN, Stanley L., “Slavery at Different Times and Places,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 2, Nisan 2000, ss. 480-484.
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  • GÜNAYDIN, Yusuf Turan, “Kara Afrika Bibliyografyası,” Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, Cilt 2, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017, ss. 1121-1164.HART, Keith, “Jack Goody’s Vision of World History and African Development Today,” Goody Lecture 2011, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Department II, 2011, 29 s.
  • HOWARD-HASSMANN, Rhoda E., “Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 41, No. 3, Rethinking Rights in Africa: The Struggle for Meaning and the Meaning of the Struggle / Redéfinition des droits en Afrique: Le combat pour leur trouver un sens et le sens du combat, 2007, ss. 427-454.JACKSON, Robert H., “Negative Sovereignty in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, Ekim 1986, ss. 247-264.
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  • KOPYTOFF, Igor, “Slavery,” Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 1, 1982, ss. 207-230
  • KUSIMBA, Chapurukha M., “Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa,” The African Archaeological Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, Haziran 2004, ss. 59-88.
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  • LOVEJOY, Paul, “Slavery in the Context of Ideology,” in LOVEJOY, Paul (ed.), The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981, ss. 7-38.
  • LOVEJOY, Paul; KOPYTOFF, Igor; COOPER, Frederick, “Indigenous African Slavery,” Historical Reflections/ Réflexions Historiques, Vol. 6, No. 1, Roots and Branches: Current Directions in Slave Studies, Yaz 1979, ss. 19-83.
  • MAGGIO, J., “’Can the Subaltern Be Heard?’: Political Theory, Translation, Representation, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 32, No. 4, Ekim-Aralık 2007, ss. 419-443.
  • MAGID, Alvin, “Political Science Priorities in Local African Research,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 3, No. 1, Special Issue: Rural Africa, Kış 1969, ss. 87-93.
  • MAKOMBE, Rodwell, “Breaking Silences: Voicing Subaltern Consciousness in Mtutuzeli Nyoka’s I Speak to the Silent,” Otherness. Essays and Studies, Vol 2, No. 2 (2.2), Aralık 2011, 17 p.
  • MANNING, Patrick, “Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 88, No. 4, Ekim 1983, ss. 835-857.
  • MEİSENHELDER, Tom, “African Bodies: ‘Othering’ the African in Precolonial Europe,” Race, Gender & Class, Vol. 10, No. 3, Interdisciplinary Topics in Race, Gender, and Class, 2003, ss. 100-113.
  • MILLER, John, “Breaking the Historiographical Chains: Martin Klein and Slavery,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 34, No. 3, Special Issue: On Slavery and Islam in African History: A Tribute to Martin Klein, 2000, ss. 512-531. MOORE-GILBERT, Bart, “Plotting the South African Colonial Unconscious: Subaltern Studies and Literary Criticism,” African Identities, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2003, ss. 37-52.
  • MUDIMBE, V. Y., “Güç Tartışması ve Ötekilik Bilgisi,” Çeviren: Yeşim Tatlıhan Tuncel, Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, Cilt 1, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017, ss.
  • NJOH, Ambe J., “Colonial Philosophies, Urban Space, and Racial Segregation in British and French Colonial Africa,” Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, Mart 2008, ss. 579-599.
  • NUNN, Nathan, “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 123, No. 1, Şubat 2008, ss. 139-176.
  • OJO, Olatunji, “The Atlantic Slave Trade and Local Ethics of Slavery in Yorubaland,” African Economic History, Vol. 41, 2013, ss. 73-100.
  • PEABODY, Sue, “’A Nation Born to Slavery:’ Missionaries and Racial Discourse in Seventeenth-CenturyFrench Antilles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 38, No. 1, Sonbahar 2008, ss. 113-126.
  • PENNINGROTH, Dylan, “Writing Slavery’s History,” OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 23, No. 2. Antebellum Slavery, Nisan 2009, ss. 13-20.
  • PHILIPS, John Edward, “Slavery as a Human Institution,” Afrika Zamani, Nos. 11 & 12, 2003–2004, ss. 27–48.
  • PHILIPS, John Edward, "Some Recent Thinking on Slavery in Islamic Africa and the Middle East,” Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2, Aralık 1993, ss. 157-162.
  • PRAKASH, Gyan, “Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 5, Aralık 1994, ss. 1475-1490.QUIRK, Joel, “The Anti-Slavery Project: Linking the Historical and Contemporary,” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, Ağustos 2006, ss. 565-598.
  • ROLINGHER, Louise, “A Metaphor for Freedom: Olaudah Equiano and Slavery in Africa,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2004, ss. 88-122.
  • SIBEUD, Emmanuelle, “Du postcolonialisme au Questionnement Postcolonial: Pour un Transfert Critique,” Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, Vol. 27, No. 54-4, 2007, ss. 147-155.
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  • Dergi Özel Sayıları; Özel Koleksiyonlar
  • Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, 2 Cilt, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017.
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  • Internet Kaynakları
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“THE SHARE OF SILENT”: FREEING AFRICA’S HISTORY

Yıl 2018, Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6, 230 - 254, 30.06.2018

Öz



This article discusses the possibilities of a new
historiography on Sub-Saharan Africa, a relatively new study field in Turkey.
Following the subaltern studies’ path, it aims at contributing to African
studies’ literature in Turkey, a field which is mainly dominated by strategic
research centers and, therefore, stamped by a narrow anti-western/
anti-European stand. Thus, this article proposes exploring the possibilities of
a better understanding of Africa with its historical specifities. Within this
framework, it is composed of three chapters. The first chapter “Foreknowledge:
Africa at the Limit of the World and the World-History,” furnishes basic
information on the pre-colonial Africa and presents the main problems of
African historiography. The second chapter “At the Limit of Historiography:
Subaltern Studies” explores the main characteristics of the latter and then,
focuses on their contribution to a African historiography. The third chapter
“Slavery in Pre-Colonial Africa” deals with the internal slavery in
pre-colonial Africa as a form of power/ power structure. By doing so, it mainly
aims at understanding the basis of colonial power structures and thus,
contributing to a African historiography.



Kaynakça

  • UNESCO, The African Slave Trade from the Fiftheenth to the Ninetheenth Century. The General History of Africa. Studies and Reports -2, Reports and papers of the meeting of the experts organized by UNESCO at the Port-au-Prince, Haiti, 31 Ocak-4 Şubat 1948, Paris: UNESCO, 1979, 330 s
  • COOPER, Frederick, Africa since 1940. The Past and the Present, New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009, 11. Baskı, 216 s
  • COOPER, Frederick et al. (ed.), Confronting Historical Paradigms. Peasants, Labor, and the Capitalist World System in Africa and Latin America, Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1993, vii+422 s.
  • DİRLİK, Arif, Postkolonyal Aura. Küresel Kapitalizm Çağında Üçüncü Dünya Eleştirisi, İstanbul: Boğaziçi Üniversitesi Yayınevi, 2005, 371 s.
  • GOODY, Jack, Tarih Hırsızlığı, Çeviren: Gül Çağalı Güven, İstanbul: Türkiye İş Bankası Kültür Yayınları, Şubat 2017, 4. Basım, 420 s.
  • GORSKI, Philip S. (ed.), Bourdieu ve Tarihsel Analiz, Çeviren: Özlem Akkaya, Ankara: Heretik, 2015, 552 s.
  • GRAMSCI, Antonio, Hapishane Defterleri. Tarih, Politika, Felsefe ve Kültür Sorunları Üzerine Seçmeler, Çeviren: Kenan Somer, İstanbul: Onur Yayınları, 1988, 356 s.
  • GUHA, Ranajit, Dünya-Tarihinin Sınırında Tarih, Çeviren: Erkal Ünal, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2006, 139 s.
  • GÜRBİLEK, Nurdan, Sessizin Payı, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, 2015, 152 s.
  • İNCE, Hilal Onur (ed.), Günümüzde Yeni Siyasal Yaklaşımlar. Eleştiriler - Farklılıklar - Çözüm Arayışları, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, Ocak 2011, 525 s.
  • KARATANİ, Kojin, Dünya Tarihinin Yapısı, Çeviren: Ali Karatay, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Ocak 2017, 432 s.
  • KARATANİ, Kojin, Tarih ve Tekerrür, Çeviren: Erkan Ünal, İstanbul: Metis Yayınları, Mart 2013, 238 s.
  • LOVEJOY, Paul (ed.), The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981, 307 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, İktidarın Tarihi I: Başlangıcından 1760’a Kadar Toplumsal İktidarın Kaynakları, Çevirenler: Emre Kolay, Olcay Sevimli, Soner Torlak, Esin Saraçoğlu, Ankara: Phoenix, 2013, 616 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, İktidarın Tarihi II: Sınıfların ve Ulus-Devletlerin Yükselişi, 1760-1914, Çevirenler: Ali Rıza Gürgen; Gülben Şaş; Elçin Deniz Efe; Hüseyin Ali Sözen; Soner Torlak; Bilgesu Savcı; Mehmet Sait Türk, Ankara: Phoenix, Aralık 2012, 848 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, İktidarın Tarihi III: Küresel İmparatorluklar ve Devrim, 1890-1945, Çevirenler: Ali Rıza Günden Özgür Balkılıç, Ankara: Phoenix, Nisan 2017, 606 s.
  • MANN, Micheal, The Sources of Social Power, Vol. 4: Globalizations, 1945-2011, Los Angeles: The University of California Press, Şubat 2013, 496 s.
  • MANNING, Patrick, Slavery and African Life. Occidental, Oriental, and African Slave Trades, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990, 248 s.
  • MERT, Ali Osman, Türkiye’nin Sahraaltı Ülkelerine Yönelik Kamu Diplomasisi Faaliyetleri (2005-2011), Uzmanlık Tezi, Ankara: Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Yurtdışı Türkler ve Akraba Topluluklar Başkanlığı, Aralık 2012, 99 s.
  • MIERS, Suzanne; KOPYTOFF, Igor, Slavery in Africa: Historical and Anthropological Perspectives, Madison, Wisconsin: The University of Wisconsin Press, 1977, xvii+474 s.
  • MILLER, Joseph C., The Problem of Slavery as History: A Global Approach, New Haven; Londra: Yale University Press, 2009, 240 p.
  • MILLER, Joseph, C., Slavery: A Comparative Teaching Biography, Waltham, Massachusetts: Crossroads/ African Studies Association, 1977.
  • NELSON Carry.; GROSSBERG, Lawrence. (ed.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, University of Illinois Press, 1988, 738 p.
  • PATTERSON, Orlando, Slavery and Social Death. A Comparative Study, Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1982, 511 s.
  • PERBI, Akosua Adoma, A History of the Indigenous Slavery in Ghana: From the 15th to the 19th Century, Accra: Sub-Saharan Publishers, 2004, 231 s.
  • SPIVAK, Gayatri Chakravorty, In Other Worlds. Essays in Cultural Politics, New York ve Londra: Methuen, 1987, 309 p.
  • THORTON, John, Africa and Africans in the making of the Atlantic world, 1400-1800, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1998, 2. Baskı, 380 s.
  • WATSON, J. L. (ed.), Asian and African Systems of Slavery, Berkeley & Londra: University of California Press,1980, 384 p.
  • YOUNG, Robert J., Postkolonyalizm. Tarihsel Bir Giriş, Çeviren: Burcu Toksabay Köprülü; Sertaç Şen, İstanbul, Matbu Kitap, 2016, 652 s.
  • Makaleler
  • AKKAYA, Adem, “Sömürgecilikten Yeni Sömürgeciliğie: Küresel Rekabette Sahraaltı Afrika,” Bildiriler Kitabı – II, IV. Türkiye Lisansüstü Çalışmalar Kongresi, Kütahya, 14-17 Mayıs 2015, ss. 109-122.
  • ALESINA, Alberto et al., “Fractionalization,” Journal of Economic Growth, Vol. 8, No. 2, Haziran 2003, ss. 155-194.
  • AROWOSEGBE, Jeremiah Oluwasegun, “State Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Africa: The Relevance of Ake’s Political Thought,” Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 46, No. 19, Mayıs 2011, ss. 60-67.
  • BANCEL, Nicolas et al., “Introduction: De la fracture coloniale aux ruptures postcoloniales,” in MBEMBE, Achille et al. Ruptures postcoloniales, Paris: La Découverte, “Cahiers Libres,” 2010, pp. 9-34.
  • BENDING, Tom, “Telling Stories: Representing the Anti-Logging Movement of the Penan of Sarawak,” The European Journal of Development Research, Vol. 13, No. 2, Aralık 2001, ss. 1-25.
  • BERKKURT, A. Günce, “Sosyolojinin Kaçınılmaz Nesnesi Devlet Üzerine: Pierre Bourdieu’nün 1989-1992 Yılları Arasında Collège de France’da Verdiği Dersler,” Sosyoloji Dergisi, 3. Dizi, 25. sayı, 2012/2, ss. 39-56.
  • BEZEMER, Dirk; BOLT, Jutta; LENSINK, Robert, “Slavery, Statehood, and Economic Development in Sub-Saharan Africa,” World Development, Volume 57, Mayıs 2014, ss. 148-163
  • BOULBINA, Selou et al., “Décoloniser les Savoirs. Internationalisation des Débats et des Luttes,” Mouvements, No. 72, 2012/ 2014, ss. 7-10.
  • COOPER, Frederick, “Conflict and Connection: Rethinking Colonial African History,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 99, No. 5, Aralık 1994, ss. 1516-1545.
  • ÇAMLIBEL, Doruk, “Bourdieu: Militan Sosyoloji ve Simgesel İktidar,” in Hilal Onur İnce (ed.), Günümüzde Yeni Siyasal Yaklaşımlar. Eleştiriler - Farklılıklar - Çözüm Arayışları, Ankara: Doğu Batı Yayınları, 2011, ss. 420-423.
  • ÇEĞİN, Güney, “‘Bilinçdışı Tarihtir’ Sözü Hakkında Birkaç Kelâm,” in GORSKI, Philip S. (ed.), Bourdieu ve Tarihsel Analiz, Çeviren: Özlem Akkaya, Ankara: Heretik, 2015, ss. 7-15.
  • DAVIS, David Brion, “Looking at Slavery from Broader Perspectives,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 2, Nisan 2000, ss. 452-466.
  • ENGERMAN, Stanley L., “Slavery at Different Times and Places,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 105, No. 2, Nisan 2000, ss. 480-484.
  • GIBSON, E. M., “Slavery in Western Africa,” Journal of the Royal African Society, Vol. 3, No. , Ekim 1903, ss. 17-52.
  • GOODY, Jack, “L’hégémonie du grand récit européen,” Les Grands Dossiers des Sciences Humaines, Vol. 24, No. 9, 2011, ss. 12-12.
  • GOODY, Jack, "Slavery in Time and Space,” in WATSON, J.L. Watson (ed.), Asian and African Systems of Slavery, Berkeley & Londra: University of California Press,1980, ss. 16-42.
  • GÜNAYDIN, Yusuf Turan, “Kara Afrika Bibliyografyası,” Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, Cilt 2, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017, ss. 1121-1164.HART, Keith, “Jack Goody’s Vision of World History and African Development Today,” Goody Lecture 2011, Max Planck Institute for Social Anthropology Department II, 2011, 29 s.
  • HOWARD-HASSMANN, Rhoda E., “Reparations for the Slave Trade: Rhetoric, Law, History and Political Realities,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 41, No. 3, Rethinking Rights in Africa: The Struggle for Meaning and the Meaning of the Struggle / Redéfinition des droits en Afrique: Le combat pour leur trouver un sens et le sens du combat, 2007, ss. 427-454.JACKSON, Robert H., “Negative Sovereignty in Sub-Saharan Africa,” Review of International Studies, Vol. 12, No. 4, Ekim 1986, ss. 247-264.
  • KLEIN, Martin A., “Review: The Study of Slavery in Africa,” The Journal of African History, Vol. 19, No. 4, 1978, ss. 599-609.
  • KOPYTOFF, Igor, “Slavery,” Annual Review of Anthropology, Vol. 1, 1982, ss. 207-230
  • KUSIMBA, Chapurukha M., “Archaeology of Slavery in East Africa,” The African Archaeological Review, Vol. 21, No. 2, Haziran 2004, ss. 59-88.
  • LEVINE, Robert, “Patterns of Personality in Africa,” Ethos, Vol. 1, No. 2, Yaz 1973, ss. 123-152.
  • LOVEJOY, Paul, “Documents on Slavery in West Africa: An Introduction,” African Economic History, Vol. 40, Special Issue: Documents Relating to Slave Laws & Practices in West Africa, 2012, ss. 1-6.
  • LOVEJOY, Paul, “Slavery in the Context of Ideology,” in LOVEJOY, Paul (ed.), The Ideology of Slavery in Africa, Beverly Hills: Sage Publications, 1981, ss. 7-38.
  • LOVEJOY, Paul; KOPYTOFF, Igor; COOPER, Frederick, “Indigenous African Slavery,” Historical Reflections/ Réflexions Historiques, Vol. 6, No. 1, Roots and Branches: Current Directions in Slave Studies, Yaz 1979, ss. 19-83.
  • MAGGIO, J., “’Can the Subaltern Be Heard?’: Political Theory, Translation, Representation, and Gayatri Chakravorty Spivak,” Alternatives: Global, Local, Political, Vol. 32, No. 4, Ekim-Aralık 2007, ss. 419-443.
  • MAGID, Alvin, “Political Science Priorities in Local African Research,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 3, No. 1, Special Issue: Rural Africa, Kış 1969, ss. 87-93.
  • MAKOMBE, Rodwell, “Breaking Silences: Voicing Subaltern Consciousness in Mtutuzeli Nyoka’s I Speak to the Silent,” Otherness. Essays and Studies, Vol 2, No. 2 (2.2), Aralık 2011, 17 p.
  • MANNING, Patrick, “Contours of Slavery and Social Change in Africa,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 88, No. 4, Ekim 1983, ss. 835-857.
  • MEİSENHELDER, Tom, “African Bodies: ‘Othering’ the African in Precolonial Europe,” Race, Gender & Class, Vol. 10, No. 3, Interdisciplinary Topics in Race, Gender, and Class, 2003, ss. 100-113.
  • MILLER, John, “Breaking the Historiographical Chains: Martin Klein and Slavery,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 34, No. 3, Special Issue: On Slavery and Islam in African History: A Tribute to Martin Klein, 2000, ss. 512-531. MOORE-GILBERT, Bart, “Plotting the South African Colonial Unconscious: Subaltern Studies and Literary Criticism,” African Identities, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2003, ss. 37-52.
  • MUDIMBE, V. Y., “Güç Tartışması ve Ötekilik Bilgisi,” Çeviren: Yeşim Tatlıhan Tuncel, Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, Cilt 1, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017, ss.
  • NJOH, Ambe J., “Colonial Philosophies, Urban Space, and Racial Segregation in British and French Colonial Africa,” Journal of Black Studies, Vol. 38, No. 4, Mart 2008, ss. 579-599.
  • NUNN, Nathan, “The Long-Term Effects of Africa’s Slave Trades,” The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 123, No. 1, Şubat 2008, ss. 139-176.
  • OJO, Olatunji, “The Atlantic Slave Trade and Local Ethics of Slavery in Yorubaland,” African Economic History, Vol. 41, 2013, ss. 73-100.
  • PEABODY, Sue, “’A Nation Born to Slavery:’ Missionaries and Racial Discourse in Seventeenth-CenturyFrench Antilles,” Journal of Social History, Vol. 38, No. 1, Sonbahar 2008, ss. 113-126.
  • PENNINGROTH, Dylan, “Writing Slavery’s History,” OAH Magazine of History, Vol. 23, No. 2. Antebellum Slavery, Nisan 2009, ss. 13-20.
  • PHILIPS, John Edward, “Slavery as a Human Institution,” Afrika Zamani, Nos. 11 & 12, 2003–2004, ss. 27–48.
  • PHILIPS, John Edward, "Some Recent Thinking on Slavery in Islamic Africa and the Middle East,” Middle East Studies Association Bulletin, Vol. 27, No. 2, Aralık 1993, ss. 157-162.
  • PRAKASH, Gyan, “Subaltern Studies as Postcolonial Criticism,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 9, No. 5, Aralık 1994, ss. 1475-1490.QUIRK, Joel, “The Anti-Slavery Project: Linking the Historical and Contemporary,” Human Rights Quarterly, Vol. 28, No. 3, Ağustos 2006, ss. 565-598.
  • ROLINGHER, Louise, “A Metaphor for Freedom: Olaudah Equiano and Slavery in Africa,” Canadian Journal of African Studies / Revue Canadienne des Études Africaines, Vol. 38, No. 1, 2004, ss. 88-122.
  • SIBEUD, Emmanuelle, “Du postcolonialisme au Questionnement Postcolonial: Pour un Transfert Critique,” Revue d’Histoire Moderne et Contemporaine, Vol. 27, No. 54-4, 2007, ss. 147-155.
  • SPIVAK, Gayatri Chakravorty, “Can the Subaltern Speak?”, in NELSON Carry.; GROSSBERG, Lawrence. (ed.), Marxism and the Interpretation of Culture, University of Illinois Press, 1988, ss. 271-313.
  • WALZ, Terence, “Pensée 4: The Fruit of the Africanist Contribution,” International Journal of Middle East Studies, Vol. 41, No. 2, Mayıs 2009, ss. 198-202.
  • ZEGEYE, Abebe Zegeye; VAMBE, Maurice, “African Indigenous Knowledge Systems,” Review (Fernand Braudel Center), Vol. 29, No. 4, 2006, ss. 329-358.
  • Dergi Özel Sayıları; Özel Koleksiyonlar
  • Hece, Afrika. 500 Yıllık Serencamın Hikâyesi, 2 Cilt, Sayı 246/ 247/ 248, Haziran 2017.
  • UND’nin Sesi: Türkiye Sahraaltı Afrika’ya Ticaretini Artırmak İçin Yollar Arıyor, No. 419, Temmuz 2017, 68 s.
  • UNESCO, General History of Africa Collection (8 cilt). 1974-…. URL: http://www.unesco.org/new/en/social-and-human-sciences/themes/general-history-of-africa/volumes/
  • Internet Kaynakları
  • African Online Digital Library - Africa: The Past & Present. The Podcast about African History, Culture, and Politics. URL: http://afripod.aodl.org/tag/slavery/. Erişim tarihi: 23 Mart 2018.BOURDIEU, Pierre, “Sembolik İktidar Üzerine,” Çeviren: Dr. Kadir Yoğurtçu, Academia.edu, 8 s. (“Sur le pouvoir symbolique,” Annales. Économies, Sociétés, Civilisations, Cilt 32, No. 3., ss. 405 – 411). URL: https://www.academia.edu/16688886/Sembolik_%C4%B0ktidar_%C3%9Czerine-Pierre_Bourdieu?auto=download. Erişim tarihi: 20 Şubat 2018.
  • NYONI, Philan, A., “What Africa had before Colonisation,” Opinion, 26 Mart 2015. URL: https://thisisafrica.me/africa-colonisation/. Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2018.
  • PERBI, Akosua, “Slavery and the Slave Trade in Pre-Colonial Africa,” Latin America Studies, 2001 (Illinois Üniversitesi’nde yapılmış sunuş, 5 Nisan 2001). URL: latinamericanstudies.org/slavery/perbi.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2018.
  • YETİŞKİN, Ebru, “Postkolonyal Düşünce ve Madun Çalışmalarından Neler Öğrenebiliriz?”, Türk Sosyal Bilimler Derneği 13. Ulusal Sosyal Bilimler Kongresi, Ankara, 4-6 Aralık 2013. URL: http://www.ebruyetiskin.com/postkolonyal-dusunce-ve-madun-calismalarindan-neler-ogrenebiliriz/. Erişim tarihi: 13 Aralık 2017.
  • SEN, Som Deep, “De-westernising Critical Security Studies.” URL: www.atlantic-community.org/app/webroot/files/articlepdf/SomdeepSen.pdf. Erişim tarihi: 29 Aralık 2017.
  • “Afrika Genel Tarihi,” İnanılmaz Tarih. URL: https://inanlmaztarih.wordpress.com/afrika-genel-tarihi/.Erişim tarihi: 2 Mart 2018.
  • “Bozdağ: Afrika’ya Açılım Politikası’nın Yerini Afrika Ortaklık Politikası Aldı,” Haberler.com, 24 Mayıs 2013. URL: https://www.haberler.com/bozdag-afrika-ya-acilim-politikasi-nin-yerini-4664945-haberi/. Erişim tarihi 29 Aralık 2017.
  • “Türkiye Afrika İlişkileri,” Türkiye Cumhuriyeti Dışişleri Bakanlığı. URL: http://www.mfa.gov.tr/turkiye-afrika-iliskileri.tr.mfa.https://www.turkiyeburslari.gov.tr/one-cikan-programlar/bolge-calismalari/afrika-calismalari/8504550982. Erişim tarihi: 29 Aralık 2017.
Toplam 88 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Zeynep Arıkanlı 0000-0003-0239-3795

Yayımlanma Tarihi 30 Haziran 2018
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2018 Cilt: 3 Sayı: 6

Kaynak Göster

APA Arıkanlı, Z. (2018). “SESSİZİN PAYI”: AFRİKA TARİHİNİ BAĞIMSIZLAŞTIRMAK. Uluslararası Afro-Avrasya Araştırmaları Dergisi, 3(6), 230-254.

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