HAKİKATİN ÖNEMSİZLEŞMESİ ÇAĞINDA GÖÇMEN KARŞITI SÖYLEM ÜZERİNE BİR DEĞERLENDİRME

Yıl 2020, Özel Sayı: Göç, 1 - 12, 30.12.2020

Gül Ceylan Tok

Öz

"Post-truth", 2016 yılında Oxford Dictionary tarafından "Yılın Kelimesi" seçildi. “Nesnel hakikatlerin belirli bir konu üzerinde kamuoyunu belirlemede duygulardan ve kişisel kanaatlerden daha az etkili olması durumu” olarak tanımlamıştır. Kavram 1992'den beri kullanılsa da, 2016’da Birleşik Krallık’ın Avrupa Birliği’nden Ayrılma Referandumu, diğer adıyla Brexit süreci ve aynı yıl Donald Trump’ın ABD başkanı seçilme süreci sırasında geniş bir kullanıma girmiştir. Bu makalede post-truth dönemi ve göçmen karşıtı söylemler arasındaki ilişki, Brexit ve Trump'ın başkanlık süreçlerine bakılarak incelenecektir. Göçmen karşıtı söylem, “AB'den Ayrıl” kampanyasında ve Trump'ın 2016'daki seçim kampanyasındaki siyasi propagandanın önemli bir parçasıydı. AB'den Ayrıl kampanyası ve Trump seçmen kitlelerinin korku ve önyargılarına dayanarak oluşturdukları göçmen karşıtı söylemler küresel ekonomik sistemin mağdur ettiği seçmen kitlelerini mobilize etmekte kullanılmıştır. Hakikatin önemsizleşmesi sürecinde teknoloji şirketleri, sosyal ağlar ve stratejik iletişim ajansları gibi aktörler önemli rol oynamaktadır. Toplum tarihin her döneminde yalan haberlerle yönlendirilmeye çalışılmıştır. Yeni medya düzenindeki yenilik bu aktörlerin de katkısıyla yalanın inanılmaz bir hızla yayılmasıdır. Makalede başkanlığı sırasındaki Donald Trump’ın göçmen karşıtı politikaları incelenmiş ve göçmen karşıtı söylem açısından 2016 ve 2020 seçim kampanyaları karşılaştırılmıştır. 2020 seçimleri öncesinde göç meselesinin seçmenlerin nezdinde azalan önemi sebebiyle, Trump’ın tehdit inşasını göçmenlerden Afrikalı Amerikalılara çevirdiği iddia edilecektir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Göç, Post-truth, Popülizm

A REFLECTION ON ANTI-MIGRANT DISCOURSE IN THE AGE OF POST-TRUTH

Öz

“Post-truth” was chosen as the “Word of the Year” by the Oxford Dictionary in 2016. It was defined as an adjective “relating to or denoting circumstances in which objective facts are less influential in shaping public opinion than appeals to emotion and personal belief.” Although the term has been in use since 1992, it was the British referendum regarding the nation’s withdrawal from the European Union and the US presidential election in 2016 that brought the term into wider usage. In this paper, the relation between the age of post-truth and anti-migrant discourses will be explored by looking into the case of Brexit and Trump’s presidency. Anti-migration discourse was a significant part of the political propaganda in the “Vote Leave” campaign and Donald Trump’s election campaign in 2016. Technology companies, social networks, and strategic communication agencies have become significant actors in the post-truth age. The peculiarity of the new media order in the post-truth age is the spread of lies at an incredible speed. It will be argued that Leave EU campaigners and Trump mobilized their voters by making post truth claims about migrants based on fears and prejudices of their targeted pool of voters. In this article Trump’s anti-migrant policies during his presidency will be examined and his presidential campaigns in 2016 and 2020 will be compared in terms of their approach to migration issue. The cases of Brexit and Trump’s presidency demonstrated that anti-migrant discourse based on lies have been spreading at unprecedented pace in the age of post-truth with the help of digital actors. It will be argued that since the issue of migration lost its urgency for the majority of voters before 2020 elections, Trump changed his threat construction from migrants to African Americans.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Migration, Post-truth, Populism

Kaynakça

• Acemoğlu, D. (2020). Trump Son Amerikalı Popülist Olmayacak | PERSPEKTİF. PERSPEKTİF. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.perspektif.online/trump-son-amerikali-populist-olmayacak/.
• Alpay, Y. (2017). Yalanın Siyaseti. Destek Yayınları.
• Aydın, A. (2020). Post Truth Döneminde Sosyal Medyada Dezenformasyon: COVID-19 (Yeni Koronavirüs) Pandemi Süreci. Asya Studies, 4(12), 76-90. https://doi.org/10.31455/asya.740420
• Bala, N., & Rizer, A. (2019). Opinion | Trump's family separation policy never really ended. This is why.. NBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.nbcnews.com/think/opinion/trump-s-family-separation-policy-never-really-ended-why-ncna1025376.
• Balta, E. (2020). Amerikan Seçimlerinin Ardından: Siyaset, Yine Yeniden - Evren Balta. Birikimdergisi.com. Retrieved 28 November 2020, from https://birikimdergisi.com/haftalik/10336/amerikan-secimlerinin-ardindan-siyaset-yine-yeniden.
• BBC. (2016). EU Referendum Results. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/politics/eu_referendum/results.
• BBC. (2016). 'Post-truth' declared word of the year by Oxford Dictionaries. BBC News. Retrieved 25 November 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-37995600.
• BBC. (2016). What Trump has said about Mexicans. BBC News. Retrieved 28 November 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-us-canada-37230916.
• BBC. (2018). Facebook verilerini satmakla suçlanan Cambridge Analytica'nın CEO'su: Trump'ın seçilmesinde önemli bir rol oynadık - BBC News Türkçe. BBC News Türkçe. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43469086.
• BBC. (2020). Sosyal medya etiketinden küresel harekete Black Lives Matter: Kurucuları gelinen noktayı nasıl görüyor? - BBC News Türkçe. BBC News Türkçe. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-55130715.
• BBC. (2018). 5 soruda Facebook verilerini 'usulsüz kullanmakla' suçlanan Cambridge Analytica - BBC News Türkçe. BBC News Türkçe. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/turkce/haberler-dunya-43469094.
• Birgün. (2019). Facebook’a Cambridge Analytica skandalı için para cezası. birgun.net. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.birgun.net/haber/facebook-a-cambridge-analytica-skandali-icin-para-cezasi-262851.
• Budiman, A. (2020). Key findings about U.S. immigrants. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2020/08/20/key-findings-about-u-s-immigrants/.
• Carcamo, C. (2020). Immigration fact check: 'Who built the cages?'. Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2020-10-27/presidential-immigration-debate-fact-check-and-who-built-the-cages.
• Castells, M. (2005). Enformasyon çağı. İstanbul Bilgi Universitesi.
• CNN. (2020). Biden and Trump discuss how 545 children separated from their families should be reunited.
• CNN. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://edition.cnn.com/politics/live-news/presidential-debate-coverage-fact-check-10-22-20/h_ee98bf2ccf1abe63f4f36725e8b80c24. Guardian. (2016). Why Vote Leave's £350m weekly EU cost claim is wrong. the Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/politics/reality-check/2016/may/23/does-the-eu-really-cost-the-uk-350m-a-week.
• Hansen, C. (2020). Immigration, Trump’s Signature Issue, Takes a Back Seat in 2020 Campaign. US News. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.usnews.com/news/elections/articles/2020-10-22/immigration-and-the-wall-fade-from-trumps-2020-campaign.
• Inglehart, R., & Norris, P. (2016). Trump, Brexit, and the Rise of Populism: Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash. SSRN Electronic Journal. https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2818659
• Jacobs, M., & Mazzucato, M. (2016). The Brexit-Trump Syndrome: it’s the economics, stupid. Eprints.lse.ac.uk. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/69142/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-The%20Brexit-Trump%20Syndrome%20its%20the%20economics%20stupid.pdf.
• Journo. (2016). 2016'nın kelimesi seçildi: Post-truth. Journo. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://journo.com.tr/2016nin-kelimesi-secildi-post-truth.
• Karagöz, K. (2018). Post-Truth Çağında Yayıncılığın Geleceği. TRT Akademi, 3(6).
• Keyes, R. (2004). The Post-Truth Era: Dishonesty and Deception in Contemporary Life. St. Martins Press.
• Kreitner, R. (2016). Post-Truth and Its Consequences: What a 25-Year-Old Essay Tells Us About the Current Moment. The Nation. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/post-truth-and-its-consequences-what-a-25-year-old-essay-tells-us-about-the-current-moment/.
• Krogstad, J. (2019). Key facts about refugees to the U.S.. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2019/10/07/key-facts-about-refugees-to-the-u-s/.
• Külcü, Ö. (2017). Kimin Doğrusu Gerçek Ötesi ve Yanlış Bilgiler Dünyasında Kanıt Olarak ve Arşivlere Yönelik InterPARES Truth Projesi. In Ö. Külcü, T. Çakmak & Ş. Eroğlu, Kamusal Alan Olarak Bilgi Merkezleri ve Yenilikçi Yaklaşımlar. Hiper Yayın. Retrieved 20 August 2018, from.
• Miroff, N. (2020). ‘Kids in cages’: It’s true that Obama built the cages at the border. But Trump’s ‘zero tolerance’ immigration policy had no precedent.. Washington Post. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.washingtonpost.com/immigration/kids-in-cages-debate-trump-obama/2020/10/23/8ff96f3c-1532-11eb-82af-864652063d61_story.html.
• Mishra, P. (2016). The Anti-Élite, Post-Fact Worlds of Trump and Rousseau. The New Yorker. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/for-the-love-of-the-poorly-educated.
• Morris, C. (2020). Brexit: Did Boris Johnson talk Turkey during referendum campaign?. BBC News. Retrieved 26 November 2019, from https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-46926119.
• Mudde, C. (2004). The Populist Zeitgeist. Government And Opposition, 39(4), 541-563. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1477-7053.2004.00135.x
• NAE. (2019). New American Fortune 500 in 2019. New American Economy. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://data.newamericaneconomy.org/en/fortune500-2019/.
• Narea, N. (2020). Immigration was at the core of the 2016 election. It’s no longer a winning issue for Trump.. Vox. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.vox.com/policy-and-politics/21540020/trump-immigration-2020-election. NewYorkTimes. (2020). Trump Says Administration Will Try Again to End ‘Dreamers’ Program. Nytimes.com. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.nytimes.com/2020/06/19/us/politics/trump-daca.html.
• Oliver, J., & Rahn, W. (2016). Rise of the Trumpenvolk. The ANNALS Of The American Academy Of Political And Social Science, 667(1), 189-206. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002716216662639
• Oxford Languages. (2020). Oxford Word of the Year 2016 | Oxford Languages. Languages.oup.com. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://languages.oup.com/word-of-the-year/2016/.
• PEW. (2016). Top voting issues in 2016 election. Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2016/07/07/4-top-voting-issues-in-2016-election/.
• PEW. (2018). Social media outpaces print newspapers in the U.S. as a news source. Pew Research Center. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2018/12/10/social-media-outpaces-print-newspapers-in-the-u-s-as-a-news-source/.
• PEW. (2020). Important issues in the 2020 election. Pew Research Center - U.S. Politics & Policy. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.pewresearch.org/politics/2020/08/13/important-issues-in-the-2020-election/.
• Portes, R. (2017). “The people of this country have had enough of experts” | London Business School. London Business School. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.london.edu/think/who-needs-experts.
• Reuters. (2018). Migrant caravan: What is it and why does it matter?. BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-latin-america-45951782.
• Schrank, D. (2018). Migrant caravan halted on Mexico-Guatemala border, pressure to turn back mounts. U.S. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-immigration-caravan-idUSKCN1MT1WM.
• Solon, O. (2018). Fact-checking Mark Zuckerberg's testimony about Facebook privacy. the Guardian. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/apr/11/fact-checking-mark-zuckerberg-testimony-congress.
• Statista. (2018). Instagram monthly active users | Statista. Statista. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/253577/number-of-monthly-active-instagram-users/.
• Statista. (2019). Twitter: monthly active users worldwide | Statista. Statista. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/282087/number-of-monthly-active-twitter-users/.
• Statista. (2020). Facebook MAU worldwide 2020 | Statista. Statista. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://www.statista.com/statistics/264810/number-of-monthly-active-facebook-users-worldwide/#:~:text=With%20over%202.7%20billion%20monthly,the%20biggest%20social%20network%20worldwide.
• Trump, D. (2018). Twitter. Twitter.com. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://twitter.com/realDonaldTrump/status/1054351078328885248.
• Turkan-İpek, I. (2018). Risk Toplumunda Seçimler. Sosyoekonomi, 26(36), 65-79. Retrieved 20 August 2018, from.
• Uzunoğlu, S. (2016). Post-truth nedir? Bu sirkte yaşamaya mecbur muyuz? - journo. Journo. Retrieved 20 August 2018, from https://journo.com.tr/post-truth-nedir. VoteLeave. (2016). Twitter. Twitter.com. Retrieved 26 November 2020, from https://twitter.com/vote_leave/status/734664463757004800?ref_src=twsrc%5Etfw%7Ctwcamp%5Etweetembed%7Ctwterm%5E734664463757004800%7Ctwgr%5E%7Ctwcon%5Es1_&ref_url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-politics-46926119.
• Walverde, M. (2016). PolitiFact - How Trump plans to build, and pay for, a wall along U.S.-Mexico border. @politifact. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.politifact.com/article/2016/jul/26/how-trump-plans-build-wall-along-us-mexico-border/.
• Ward, A. (2018). How the world is reacting to Trump’s family separation policy. Vox. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.vox.com/world/2018/6/20/17483738/trump-family-separation-border-trudeau-may-reaction.
• Watson, K. (2020). Trump says children separated from their parents were "so well taken care of". Cbsnews.com. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.cbsnews.com/news/child-separation-trump-says-taken-care-of/.
• Yabanci, B. (2016). Populism as the problem child of democracy: the AKP’s enduring appeal and the use of meso-level actors. Southeast European And Black Sea Studies, 16(4), 591-617. https://doi.org/10.1080/14683857.2016.1242204
• Yanık, A. (2010). Pozitivist Modern Bilimsel Yaklaşımın Eleştirisi. SOİD-Seyahat Ve Otel İşletmeciliği Dergisi. Retrieved 15 August 2018, from.
• Zurcher, A. (2020). What Supreme Court's Daca ruling means for Trump and Dreamers. BBC News. Retrieved 3 December 2020, from https://www.bbc.com/news/world-us-canada-53098453.