Self-efficacy of teachers in special education schools for teaching through play
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19
Nejmi Yıldırım
,
Şerife Şenay İlik
Öz
This study aims to ascertain the degree to which special education teachers believe they can effectively teaching through play. A descriptive survey model was used in the research. Our study sample consisted of 241 teachers working in special education in a state institution under the Konya Provincial Directorate of National Education. The data collection tool of the research is the 18-item "Self-Efficacy Scale for Teachers Working in Special Education in the Process of Teaching Through Play" developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the teachers participating in the study had very high self-efficacy perceptions in terms of planning instruction according to program stages and developmental characteristics, as well as in the application process and evaluation related to developmentalcharacteristics. However, their perceptions of self-efficacy regarding the application method were high. Regarding gender, it was shown that female teachers have stronger self-efficacy, and preschool instructors have higher average scores than class teachers and special education teachers based on the undergraduate graduation variable. In addition, it was determined in the research that the self-efficacy perceptions of teachers in terms of the process of teaching through play are similar according to the professional seniority and the disability type of students they work with.
Etik Beyan
Necmettin Erbakan University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research Ethics Committee, 2021/164 on 19/03/2021.
Kaynakça
- Akandere, M. (2003). Eğitici okul oyunları [Educational school games]. Nobel Publishing.
- Brodin, J. (1999). Play in children with severe multiple disabilities: play with toys a review. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 46(1), 25-34.
- Bollen, K.A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
- Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136-136.
- Byrne, B. (1989). A Primer of LISREL, Basic Assumptions and Programming for Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models. Springer.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (Genişletilmiş 21. Baskı) [Manual de análisis de datos para las ciencias sociales (21ª edición ampliada]). Pegem Akademi.
- Cano, A.R., García-Tejedor, A.J., Alonso-Fernández, C., & Fernández-Manjón, B. (2019). Game analytics evidence-based evaluation of a learning game for intellectual disabled users. IEEE Access, 7, 123820-123829.
- Cantimer, G.G. (2015). Özel eğitim gereksinimli çocukların öğretmenlerinin mesleki ve matematik öğretim özyeterlilik algılarının belirlenmesi [determination of vocational and mathematics teaching self-efficacy perceptions of teachers of children with special education needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Marmara University.
- Celep, M.U. (2020). Okul öncesi özel eğitimde çalışan öğretmenlerin oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz yeterlikleri ve yaratıcı kişilik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of teachers' self-efficacy related to game teaching and creative personality characteristics of teachers working in preschool special education] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Marmara University.
- DeVellis, R.F. (2017). Scale development: theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
- Dickey, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship between special education administrative support and the self-efficacy of special education teachers [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. California State University.
- Ergin, G. (2017). Özel eğitimde oyun ve müzik [Play and music in special education]. Pegem Publications.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Meir-Goren, N., … Golan, O. (2017). ‘Emotiplay’: a serious game for learning about emotions in children with autism: results of a cross-cultural evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 26, 979–992.
- Guo, Y., Dynia, J.M., Pelatti, C.Y., & Justice, L.M. (2014). Self-efficacy of early childhood special education teachers: Links to classroom quality and children's learning for children with language impairment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 39, 12-21.
- Güneş, F. (2015). Oyunla öğrenme yaklaşımı [Game learning approach]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(11).
- Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Janson, U. (2001). Togetherness and diversity in pre-school play international journal of early years education. Carfax Publishing, 9(2), 135-143.
- Jeong, H., Park, M., Choe, M.S., Kwon, H.J., Sung, J.H. (2020). Development of Multi-Experience AR Board Game ‘ZOOCUS’ For Intellectual Disabled Students. Journal of Korea Game Society, 20(1), 121-132.
- Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Scientific Software International, Inc.
- Kadim, M. (2012). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerini oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz yeterliliklerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of self-efficacy of preschool teachers regarding play teaching] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Abant İzzet Baysal University.
- Kaner, S. (2010). Özel gereksinimli olan ve olmayan öğrencilerin öğretmenlerinin öz-yetkinlik inançları [Self-efficacy beliefs of teachers of students with and without special needs]. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences, 43(1), 193-217.
- Kaner, S., Şekercioğlu, G., & Yellice-Yüksel, B. (2007). Öğretmenlerin ve anababaların öz-yetkinlik inançları, tükenmişlik algıları ve çocukların problem davranışları [Teachers' and parents' self-efficacy beliefs, burnout perceptions and children's problem behaviors]. Ankara University Scientific Research Projects.
- Kaplan, B. (2019). Zihin Yetersizliği Olan Öğrencilere Sayma Becerilerinim Kazandırılmasında Oyunla Öğretimin Etkililiği [The Effectiveness of Game Instruction in Teaching Counting Skills to Students with Mental Disabilities] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University.
- Kaptan, S. (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklara video modelle öğretim yöntemiyle sosyodramatik oyun öğretimi [Sociodramatic game teaching to children with autism spectrum disorder by video modelle teaching method] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Abant Izzet Baysal University.
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kaya, A. (2010). Oyun müdahale programının 3-5 yaş arasındaki özel gereksinimli çocukların bilişsel becerilerinin desteklenmesindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effectiveness of the play intervention program in supporting cognitive skills of 3-5 year old children with special needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Ankara University.
- Kayri, M. (2009). Araştırmalarda gruplar arası farkın belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşılaştırma (post-hoc) teknikleri [Multiple comparison (post-hoc) techniques for determining the difference between groups in research]. Fırat University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), 51-64.
- Koç, F. (2015). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin okul öncesi eğitim programındaki etkinliklere yönelik öz-yeterlik inançlarının incelenmesi [Investigation of preschool teachers' self-efficacy beliefs towards activities in preschool education program] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University.
- Manwarin, J.S. (2011). High stakes play: "early childhood special educators‟ perspectives of play in pre-kindergarten classrooms [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Florida: University of South Florida.
- MEB. (2014). Özel eğitimde oyun etkinlikleri [Play activities in special education]. Child Development and Education.
- Metin, N., Şahin, S., & Şanlı, E. (1999). Okul öncesi düzeyde ve dört -dokuz yaş grubundaki zihinsel engelli çocukların tercih ettikleri oyun köşeleri ve oynadıkları oyun tiplerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the preferred play corners and the types of games played by mentally disabled children in preschool level and four-nine age group]. Journal of Special Education, 2(3), 14-24.
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi (çok değişkenli analizler) [Statistical data analysis with package programs (multivariate analysis)]. Kaan Kitabevi.
- Pehlivan, H. (2014). Oyun ve Öğrenme [Play and Learning]. Anı Publishing.
- Piştav-Akmeşe, P., & Kayhan, N. (2017). Özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz-yeterlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of special education teachers' self-efficacy levels regarding play teaching]. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 18(1), 1-26.
- Sarı, Y.D. (2017). Erken çocuklukta oyun ve oyun yolu ile öğrenme [Play in early childhood and learning through play]. Nobel Publishing.
- Semerci, D., & Uyanık Balat, G. (2008). Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Sınıf Yönetimi Becerileri ve Öz Yeterlik Algıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi [Investigation of the Relationship Between Preschool Teachers' Classroom Management Skills and Self-Efficacy Perceptions]. Journal of Inonu University Faculty of Education, 19(3), 494-519.
- Stagnitti, K., & O'Connor, C. (2012). Impact of the Learn to Play program on play, social competence and language for children aged 5–8 years who attend a specialist school. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 302-311.
- Stanley, P. (2003). Security of attachment and symbolic play: a correlaction analysis of 3 to 5 year old children [Unpublished Dissertation]. USA: California School of Professional Psychology.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Tanaka, J.S., & Huba, G.J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2018). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS] (5. Baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu [Likert type scale development guide]. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
- Tortop, Y., & Ocak, Y. (2010). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin eğitsel oyun uygulamalarına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi [Examining the opinions of classroom teachers on educational game applications]. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 14-22.
- Tuğrul, B. (2014). Oyunun üç kuşaktaki değişimi [The change of the game in three generations]. International Journal of Social Science, 1-16.
- Tuzcuoğlu, N., & Tuzcuoğlu, S. (2004). Dikkat Geliştiren Oyunlar [Attention Enhancing Games]. Morpa.
- Yaman, D. (2019). Oyunun özel gereksinimli çocuklarin sosyal gelişimine etkisi hakkindaki öğretmen görüşleri [Teachers' views on the effect of play on the social development of children with special needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Nicosia: Near East University Institute of Educational Sciences.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması [Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis]. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Business Administration, 46, 74-85.
- Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2014). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [SPSS Applied Scientific Research Methods]. Detay Yayıncılık.
Self-efficacy of teachers in special education schools for teaching through play
Yıl 2025,
Cilt: 12 Sayı: 1, 1 - 19
Nejmi Yıldırım
,
Şerife Şenay İlik
Öz
This study aims to ascertain the degree to which special education teachers believe they can effectively teaching through play. A descriptive survey model was used in the research. Our study sample consisted of 241 teachers working in special education in a state institution under the Konya Provincial Directorate of National Education. The data collection tool of the research is the 18-item "Self-Efficacy Scale for Teachers Working in Special Education in the Process of Teaching Through Play" developed by the researchers. As a result of the research, it was concluded that the teachers participating in the study had very high self-efficacy perceptions in terms of planning instruction according to program stages and developmental characteristics, as well as in the application process and evaluation related to developmental characteristics. However, their perceptions of self-efficacy regarding the application method were high. Regarding gender, it was shown that female teachers have stronger self-efficacy, and preschool instructors have higher average scores than class teachers and special education teachers based on the undergraduate graduation variable. In addition, it was determined in the research that the self-efficacy perceptions of teachers in terms of the process of teaching through play are similar according to the professional seniority and the disability type of students they work with.
Etik Beyan
Necmettin Erbakan University Social and Human Sciences Scientific Research Ethics Committee, 2021/164 on 19/03/2021.
Kaynakça
- Akandere, M. (2003). Eğitici okul oyunları [Educational school games]. Nobel Publishing.
- Brodin, J. (1999). Play in children with severe multiple disabilities: play with toys a review. International Journal of Disability, Development and Education, 46(1), 25-34.
- Bollen, K.A. (1989). A new incremental fit index for general structural equation models. Sociological Methods & Research, 17(3), 303-316.
- Browne, M.W., & Cudeck, R. (1993). Alternative ways of assessing model fit. Sage Focus Editions, 154, 136-136.
- Byrne, B. (1989). A Primer of LISREL, Basic Assumptions and Programming for Confirmatory Factor Analysis Models. Springer.
- Büyüköztürk, Ş. (2015). Sosyal bilimler için veri analizi el kitabı (Genişletilmiş 21. Baskı) [Manual de análisis de datos para las ciencias sociales (21ª edición ampliada]). Pegem Akademi.
- Cano, A.R., García-Tejedor, A.J., Alonso-Fernández, C., & Fernández-Manjón, B. (2019). Game analytics evidence-based evaluation of a learning game for intellectual disabled users. IEEE Access, 7, 123820-123829.
- Cantimer, G.G. (2015). Özel eğitim gereksinimli çocukların öğretmenlerinin mesleki ve matematik öğretim özyeterlilik algılarının belirlenmesi [determination of vocational and mathematics teaching self-efficacy perceptions of teachers of children with special education needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Marmara University.
- Celep, M.U. (2020). Okul öncesi özel eğitimde çalışan öğretmenlerin oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz yeterlikleri ve yaratıcı kişilik özelliklerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of teachers' self-efficacy related to game teaching and creative personality characteristics of teachers working in preschool special education] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Marmara University.
- DeVellis, R.F. (2017). Scale development: theory and applications (4th ed.). Sage.
- Dickey, A. (2017). Exploring the relationship between special education administrative support and the self-efficacy of special education teachers [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. California State University.
- Ergin, G. (2017). Özel eğitimde oyun ve müzik [Play and music in special education]. Pegem Publications.
- Field, A. (2013). Discovering Statistics Using IBM SPSS (4th ed.). Sage Publications.
- Fridenson-Hayo, S., Berggren, S., Lassalle, A., Tal, S., Pigat, D., Meir-Goren, N., … Golan, O. (2017). ‘Emotiplay’: a serious game for learning about emotions in children with autism: results of a cross-cultural evaluation. Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry, 26, 979–992.
- Guo, Y., Dynia, J.M., Pelatti, C.Y., & Justice, L.M. (2014). Self-efficacy of early childhood special education teachers: Links to classroom quality and children's learning for children with language impairment. Teaching and Teacher Education, 39, 12-21.
- Güneş, F. (2015). Oyunla öğrenme yaklaşımı [Game learning approach]. Electronic Turkish Studies, 10(11).
- Hu, L.T., & Bentler, P.M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling: A Multidisciplinary Journal, 6(1), 1-55.
- Janson, U. (2001). Togetherness and diversity in pre-school play international journal of early years education. Carfax Publishing, 9(2), 135-143.
- Jeong, H., Park, M., Choe, M.S., Kwon, H.J., Sung, J.H. (2020). Development of Multi-Experience AR Board Game ‘ZOOCUS’ For Intellectual Disabled Students. Journal of Korea Game Society, 20(1), 121-132.
- Jöreskog, K.G., & Sörbom, D. (1993). LISREL 8: Structural equation modeling with the simplis command language. Scientific Software International, Inc.
- Kadim, M. (2012). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerini oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz yeterliliklerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of self-efficacy of preschool teachers regarding play teaching] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Abant İzzet Baysal University.
- Kaner, S. (2010). Özel gereksinimli olan ve olmayan öğrencilerin öğretmenlerinin öz-yetkinlik inançları [Self-efficacy beliefs of teachers of students with and without special needs]. Journal of Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences, 43(1), 193-217.
- Kaner, S., Şekercioğlu, G., & Yellice-Yüksel, B. (2007). Öğretmenlerin ve anababaların öz-yetkinlik inançları, tükenmişlik algıları ve çocukların problem davranışları [Teachers' and parents' self-efficacy beliefs, burnout perceptions and children's problem behaviors]. Ankara University Scientific Research Projects.
- Kaplan, B. (2019). Zihin Yetersizliği Olan Öğrencilere Sayma Becerilerinim Kazandırılmasında Oyunla Öğretimin Etkililiği [The Effectiveness of Game Instruction in Teaching Counting Skills to Students with Mental Disabilities] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Necmettin Erbakan University.
- Kaptan, S. (2018). Otizm spektrum bozukluğu olan çocuklara video modelle öğretim yöntemiyle sosyodramatik oyun öğretimi [Sociodramatic game teaching to children with autism spectrum disorder by video modelle teaching method] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Abant Izzet Baysal University.
- Karasar, N. (2009). Bilimsel araştırma yöntemi [Scientific research method]. Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Kaya, A. (2010). Oyun müdahale programının 3-5 yaş arasındaki özel gereksinimli çocukların bilişsel becerilerinin desteklenmesindeki etkililiğinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the effectiveness of the play intervention program in supporting cognitive skills of 3-5 year old children with special needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Ankara University.
- Kayri, M. (2009). Araştırmalarda gruplar arası farkın belirlenmesine yönelik çoklu karşılaştırma (post-hoc) teknikleri [Multiple comparison (post-hoc) techniques for determining the difference between groups in research]. Fırat University Journal of Social Sciences, 19(1), 51-64.
- Koç, F. (2015). Okul öncesi öğretmenlerinin okul öncesi eğitim programındaki etkinliklere yönelik öz-yeterlik inançlarının incelenmesi [Investigation of preschool teachers' self-efficacy beliefs towards activities in preschool education program] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Van Yüzüncü Yıl University.
- Manwarin, J.S. (2011). High stakes play: "early childhood special educators‟ perspectives of play in pre-kindergarten classrooms [Unpublished PhD Thesis]. Florida: University of South Florida.
- MEB. (2014). Özel eğitimde oyun etkinlikleri [Play activities in special education]. Child Development and Education.
- Metin, N., Şahin, S., & Şanlı, E. (1999). Okul öncesi düzeyde ve dört -dokuz yaş grubundaki zihinsel engelli çocukların tercih ettikleri oyun köşeleri ve oynadıkları oyun tiplerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of the preferred play corners and the types of games played by mentally disabled children in preschool level and four-nine age group]. Journal of Special Education, 2(3), 14-24.
- Özdamar, K. (2004). Paket programlar ile istatistiksel veri analizi (çok değişkenli analizler) [Statistical data analysis with package programs (multivariate analysis)]. Kaan Kitabevi.
- Pehlivan, H. (2014). Oyun ve Öğrenme [Play and Learning]. Anı Publishing.
- Piştav-Akmeşe, P., & Kayhan, N. (2017). Özel eğitim öğretmenlerinin oyun öğretimine ilişkin öz-yeterlik düzeylerinin incelenmesi [Investigation of special education teachers' self-efficacy levels regarding play teaching]. Ankara University Faculty of Educational Sciences Journal of Special Education, 18(1), 1-26.
- Sarı, Y.D. (2017). Erken çocuklukta oyun ve oyun yolu ile öğrenme [Play in early childhood and learning through play]. Nobel Publishing.
- Semerci, D., & Uyanık Balat, G. (2008). Okul Öncesi Öğretmenlerinin Sınıf Yönetimi Becerileri ve Öz Yeterlik Algıları Arasındaki İlişkinin İncelenmesi [Investigation of the Relationship Between Preschool Teachers' Classroom Management Skills and Self-Efficacy Perceptions]. Journal of Inonu University Faculty of Education, 19(3), 494-519.
- Stagnitti, K., & O'Connor, C. (2012). Impact of the Learn to Play program on play, social competence and language for children aged 5–8 years who attend a specialist school. Australian Occupational Therapy Journal, 302-311.
- Stanley, P. (2003). Security of attachment and symbolic play: a correlaction analysis of 3 to 5 year old children [Unpublished Dissertation]. USA: California School of Professional Psychology.
- Tabachnick, B.G., & Fidell, L.S. (2007). Using multivariate statistics (5th ed.). Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
- Tanaka, J.S., & Huba, G.J. (1985). A fit index for covariance structure models under arbitrary GLS estimation. British Journal of Mathematical and Statistical Psychology, 38(2), 197-201.
- Tavşancıl, E. (2018). Tutumların ölçülmesi ve SPSS ile veri analizi [Measurement of attitudes and data analysis with SPSS] (5. Baskı). Nobel Yayın Dağıtım.
- Tezbaşaran, A. (2008). Likert tipi ölçek geliştirme kılavuzu [Likert type scale development guide]. Türk Psikologlar Derneği Yayınları.
- Tortop, Y., & Ocak, Y. (2010). Sınıf öğretmenlerinin eğitsel oyun uygulamalarına yönelik görüşlerinin incelenmesi [Examining the opinions of classroom teachers on educational game applications]. Spor ve Performans Araştırmaları Dergisi, 1(1), 14-22.
- Tuğrul, B. (2014). Oyunun üç kuşaktaki değişimi [The change of the game in three generations]. International Journal of Social Science, 1-16.
- Tuzcuoğlu, N., & Tuzcuoğlu, S. (2004). Dikkat Geliştiren Oyunlar [Attention Enhancing Games]. Morpa.
- Yaman, D. (2019). Oyunun özel gereksinimli çocuklarin sosyal gelişimine etkisi hakkindaki öğretmen görüşleri [Teachers' views on the effect of play on the social development of children with special needs] [Unpublished Master's Thesis]. Nicosia: Near East University Institute of Educational Sciences.
- Yaşlıoğlu, M.M. (2017). Sosyal bilimlerde faktör analizi ve geçerlilik: Keşfedici ve doğrulayıcı faktör analizlerinin kullanılması [Factor analysis and validity in social sciences: Using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis]. Journal of Istanbul University Faculty of Business Administration, 46, 74-85.
- Yazıcıoğlu, Y., & Erdoğan, S. (2014). SPSS Uygulamalı Bilimsel Araştırma Yöntemleri [SPSS Applied Scientific Research Methods]. Detay Yayıncılık.