The Effect of Heavy Metal Toxicity on Pollen Viability and Pollen Tupe Growth in Red Chief and Granny Smith Apple Cultivars

Öz

In plant, pollination is a key event for fruit set and affected by environmental factors. During pollen germination and pollen tube growth, the plant is sensitive and against the environmental pollution of the generative organs of the plant is more sensitive than vegetative parts due to the toxicity and fertilization of plant in inappropriate conditions such as pollination and fruit attitude is adversely affected. In this study, the influence of different concentration of the heavy metal (Cd, Co, Pb, Hg and Zn) on pollen germination and tube growth of two apple cultivars (Red Chief and Granny Smith) was investigated. In cultivars, pollen viability rates were determined by TTC (2-3-5-trifeniltetrazoliumklorid) and they were average 84.4% in Red Chief and 75.4% in Granny Smith. In additionally, cultivars were significantly affected by both heavy metal and levels of them. Pollen germination and tube length of cultivars were decrease with increase in metal concentrations. Cobalt (Co) showed lowest inhibitory effect on pollen germination and tube length in apple varieties while Mercury (Hg) had the highest effect.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Apple,heavy metal,pollen viability,pollen tube length

Ağır Metallerin Red Chief ve Granny Smith Elma Çeşitlerinde Polen Çimlenmesi ve Polen Tüpü Büyümesi Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bitkilerde, tozlaşma ve döllenme, çevresel faktörlerden etkilenen önemli bir olaydır. Polen çimlenmesi ve polen tüpü büyümesi boyunca bitkilerin hassasiyeti artmakta ve çevresel kirliliğe karşı bitkilerin generatif organları vejetatif kısımlarından daha duyarlıdır. Bu nedenle de metal toksisitesi ve gübreleme gibi uygun olmayan koşullardaki tozlaşma ve dolayısıyla meyve tutumu olumsuz etkilenmektedir. Bu çalışmada, farklı ağır metal dozlarının (Cd, Co, Pb, Hg ve Zn) Red Chief ve Granny Smith elma çeşitlerindeki polen çimlenmesi ve tüp büyümesi üzerine etkisi araştırılmıştır.  Çeşitlerin polen canlılığı oranları TTC (2-3-5-trifeniltetrazoliumklorid) canlılık testi ile belirlenmiş ve ortalama canlılık oranları Red Chief çeşidinde % 84.4 Granny Smith çeşidinde ise %75.4 olarak belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, çeşitler hem ağır metaller hem de doz uygulamasından önemli ölçüde etkilenmiştir. Çeşitlerin polen çimlenmesi ve tüp uzunluğu metal dozunun artışına bağlı olarak düşüş göstermiştir. Elma çeşitlerinde polen çimlenmesi ve tüp uzunluğu üzerine en yüksek engelleyici etkiyi civa  (Hg) düşük etkiyi ise kobalt (Co) göstermiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• ağır metal,polen canlılığı,Elma,polen tüp uzunluğu

Kaynakça

1. Alaoui-Sosse, B., Genet, P., Vinit-Dunand, F., Toussaint. M. L., Epron, D., & Badot, P. M. (2004). Effect of copper on growth in cucumber plants (Cucumis sativus) and its relationships with carbohydrate accumulation and changes in ion contents. Plant Science, 166, 1213-1218.
2. Albuquerque J. C. L. de., Denardi, F., Dantas, A. C. de M., & Nodari, R. O. (2010). Number of anthers per flower, pollen grains per anther and pollen germination capacity of different cultivars of apple trees. Revista Brasilera Fruticultura, 32, 1255-1260.
3. Basharat, A., Gill, R. A., Yang, S., Gill, M. B., Farooq, M. A., Liu, D., Daud, M. K., Shafaqat, A., & Zhou, W. (2015). Regulation of cadmium-induced proteomic and metabolic changes by 5-aminolevulinic acid in leaves of Brassica napus L. PLoS One, 24, 1-23.
4. Batos, B., & Nikolić, B. M. (2013). Variability of in vitro germination of Picea omorica pollen. Dendrobiology, 69, 13-19.
5. Brewbaker, J.L., & Kwack, B. H. (1963). The Essential role of calcium ion in pollen germination and pollen tube growth. American Journal of Botany, 50, 859-865.
6. Casella, S., Frassinetti, S., Lupi, F., & Squartini, A. (1988). Effect of cadmium, chromium and copper on symbiotic and free-living Rhizobium leguminosarium biovar trifolii. FEMS Microbiol Letters, 49, 343-347.
7. Chatterjee, S., Datta, S., Mallick, P. H., Mitra, A., Veer, V., & Mukhopadhyay, S. K. (2013). Use of wetland plants in bioaccumulation of heavy metals. In: Gupta DK (ed) Plant-based remediation processes (pp. 117-119) Springer, Germany.
8. Cox, R. M. (1988). The sensitive of pollen from various coniferious and broad-leaved trees to combiniations of acidity and trace metals. The New Phytologist, 109, 193-201.

9. Dalkilic, Z., & Mestav, H. O. (2011). In vitro pollen quantity, viability and germination tests in quince. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10, 16516-16520.
10. Dane, F., Olgun, G., & Dalgiç, Ö. (2004). In vitro pollen germination of some plant species in basic culture medium. Journal of Cell and Molecular Biology, 3, 71-76.
11. Darrah, P. R., & Staunton, S. (2000). A mathematical model of root uptake of cations incorporating root turnover, distribution within the plant, and recycling of absorbed species. European Journal of Soil Science, 51, 643-653.
12. Derin, K., & Eti, S. (2001). Determination of pollen quality, quantity and effect of cross pollination on the fruit set and quality in the pomegranate. Türkish Journal of Agricultural and Foresty, 25, 169-173.
13. Douchiche, O., Driouich, A., & Morvan, C. (2010). Spatial regulation of cell-wall structure in response to heavy metal stress: Cadmium-induced alteration of the methyl-esterification pattern of homogalacturonans. Annals of Botany, 105, 481-491.
14. Duruibe, J. O. (2007). Heavy metal pollution and human bio toxic effects. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 2, 112-118.
15. Eti, S. (1991). Determination of pollen viability and germination capability of some fruit species and cultivars by different in vitro test. Çukurova University, Journal of Agricultural Faculty, 6, 69-80.
16. Florin, R. (1972). Pollen production and incompatibilities in apples and pears. The Horticultural Society of New York, 3, 87-118.
17. Ghosh, M., & Singh, S. P. (2005). A review on phytoremediation of heavy metals and utilization of its byproducts. Applied Ecology and Environmental Research, 3, 1-18.
18. Gill, R. A., Zang, L., Basharat, A., Farooq, M. A., Cui, P., Yang, S., Shafaqat, A., & Zhou, W. (2015). Chromium-induced physio-chemical and ultrastructural changes in four cultivars of Brassica napus L. Chemosphere, 120, 154-164.
19. Güçlü, F., Koyuncu, F., Yıldırım, A., & Celepaksoy, F. (2011). Seçilmiş bazı bedem genotiplerinin döllenme biyolojileri üzerine araştırmalar: II. Bazı kimyasal uygulamaların polen performensları üzerine etkisi. Süleyman Demirel Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 6, 28-33.
20. Jackson, J. E. (2003). The Biology Of Apples And Pears. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK.
21. Kavamura, V. N., & Esposito, E. (2010). Biotechnological strategies applied to the decontamination of soils polluted with heavy metals. Biotechnology Advances, 28, 61-69. Kramer, U., Talke, I. N., & Hanikenne, M. (2007). Transition metal transport. FEBS Letters, 581, 2263-2272.
22. Krupa, Z., Siedlecka, A., Maksymiec, W., & Baszyn´ski, T. (1993). In vivo response of photosynthetic apparatus of Phaseolus vulgaris L. to nickel toxicity. Journal of Plant Physiology, 142, 664-668.
23. Li, X., Yang, Y., Jia, L., Chen, H., & Wei, X. (2013). Zinc-induced oxidative damage, antioxidant enzyme response and proline metabolism in roots and leaves of wheat plants. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 89, 150-157.
24. Lin, C. C., Chen, L. M., & Liu, Z. H. (2005). Rapid effect of copper on lignin biosynthesis in soybean roots. Plant Science, 168; 855-861.
25. Mildenhall, D. (2006). Hypericum pollen determines the presence of burglars at the scene of a crime: An example of forensic palynology. Forensic Science International, 163, 231-35.
26. Moshtagh, F., Dadar, A., Moghadam, E. G., & Asgharzadeh, A. (2015). Investigation on Pollen Viability, Germination and Tube Growth in Some Apple Cultivars in Climate Conditions of Shirvan. Journal of Applied Environmental and Biological Science, 4, 295-302.
27. Mourelle, D., Gaiero, P., Speroni, G., Millán, C., Gutierrez, L., & Mazzella, C. (2016). Comparative pollen morphology and viability among endangered species of Butia (Arecaceae) and its implications for species de-limitation and conservation. Palynology, 40, 160-171.
28. Munzuroğlu, O., & Gür, N. (2000). Ağır Metallerin Elma (Malus sylvestris Miller cv.Golden)’da Polen Çimlenmesi ve Polen Tüpü Gelişimi Üzerine Etkileri). Turkish Journal of Biology, 24, 677-84.
29. Muradoğlu, F., Beyhan, Ö., & Sönmez, F. (2017). Response to heavy metals on pollen viability, germination and tube growth of some apple cultivars. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 26, 4456-4461.
30. Muradoğlu, F., Encu, T., Gündoğdu, M., & Canal, S. B. (2016). Influence of lead stress on growth, antıoxıdatıve enzyme actıvıtıes and ion change ın root and leaf of strawberry. Fresenious Environmental Bulletin, 25, 623-632.
31. Petrisor, C., Mitre, V., Mitre, I., Jantschi, L., & Balan, M. (2012). The Rate of Pollen Germination and the Pollen Viability at Ten Apple Cultivars in the Climatic Conditions of Transylvania. .Bulletin UASVM Horticulture, 69, 1843-5254.
32. Petropoulou, S. P., & Alston, F. H. (1998). Selecting for improved pollination at low temperatures in apple. The Journal of Horticultural Science and Biotechnology, 73, 507-512. Qiu, D. L., Liu, X. H., & Guo, S. Z. (2005). Effects of simulated acid rain on fertility of litchi. Journal of Environmental Sciences,17, 1034-1037.
33. Rakhshaee, R., Giahi, M., & Pourahmad, A. (2009). Studying effect of cell wall’s carboxyl-carboxylate ratio change of Lemna minor to remove heavy metals from aqueous solution. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 163, 165-173.
34. Sabrine, H., Afif, H., Mohamed, B., Hamadi, B., & Maria, B. (2010). Effects of cadmium and copper on pollen germination and fruit set in pea (Pisum sativum L. Scientia Horticulturae, 125, 551-555.
35. Sergio, C., Figueira, R., & Viegas Crespo, A. M. (2000). Observations of heavy metal accumulation in the cell walls of Fontinalis antipyretica, in a Portuguese stream affected by mine effluent. Journal of Bryology, 22, 251-255.
36. Shafaqat, A., Farooq, M. A., Yasmeen, T., Hussain, S., Arif, M. S., Abbas, F., Saima, A. B., & Zhang, G. (2013). The influence of silicon on barley growth, photosynthesis and ultra-structure under chromium stress. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety, 89, 66-72.
37. Sharafi, Y. (2011). Study of pollen germinetion in pome fruit tree of rosaceae family in vitro. African Journal of Plant Science, 5, 483-488.
38. Sharafi, Y. (2017). effect of heavy metals on male gametes of sweet cherry. Caryologia, 70, 166-173. Shaul, O. (2002). Magnesium transport and function in plants: the tip of the iceberg. Biometals, 15, 309-323.
39. Shivanna, K. R., & Rangaswamy, N. S. (1992). Pollen Biology. A Laboratory Manual. New York, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
40. Simpson, M. (2006). Plant systematics. Academic Press, New York.
41. Soares, T. L., de Jesus, O. N., dos Santos-Serejo, J. A., & de Oliveira, E. J. (2013). In vitro pollen germination and pollen viability in passion fruit (Passiflora spp.). Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura, 35, 1116-1126.
42. Soares, T. L., de Oliveira e Silva, S., de carvalho Costa, M.A. P., dos Santos-Serejo, J. A., Souza, A., Morais-Lino, L. S., Souza, E. H., & de Jesus, O. N. (2008). In vitro germination and viability of pollen grains of banana diploids. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 8, 111-118.
43. SPSS. (2015). IBM SPSS Statistics 23.0 for Windows. Armonk, NY.
44. Topdemir, A., Gür, N., & Koçak, K. (2015). Çeşitli Ağır Metallerin (Cu++, Pb++, Hg++, Cd++) Malus sylvestris Miller (elma) ve Cerasus vulgaris Miller (vişne) Bitkisi Polenlerinin Çimlenmesi ve Tüp Büyümesi Üzerine Etkileri. Anadolu Doğa Bilimleri Dergisi, 6, 108-112.
45. Visser, T., & Verhaeg, J. J. (1980). Pollen and polination experiments. II. The influence of the first pollination on the effectiveness of the second one in apple. Euphytica, 29, 385-390.
46. Wronska-Pilarek, D., & Tomlik-Wyremblewska, A. (2010). Pollen viability and in vitro germination of selected Central European species from genus Rosa analysed with different methods. Dendrobiology, 64, 43-53.
47. Wu, J., Qin, Y., & Zhao, J. (2008). Pollen tube growth is affected by exogenous hormones and correlated with hormone changes in styles in Torenia fournieri L. J. Plant Growth Regulation, 55, 137-148.
48. Yabe, J., Ishizuka, M., & Umemura, T. (2010). Current levels of heavy metal pollution in Africa. The Journal of Veterinary Medical Science, 72, 1257-1263.