Artan Vermikompost ve Azot-Fosfor (NP) Uygulamalarının Sümbülün (Hyacinthus orientalis L. “Purple Star”) Co, Ni, Cd ve Mo İçeriklerine Etkisi

Öz

Bu çalışma son yıllarda kullanımı oldukça yaygınlaşan vermikompostun sümbülün Co, Ni, Mo ve Cd içeriklerine etkisini araştırmak için arazi çalışması olarak yürütülmüştür. Deneme Siirt Üniversitesi Kezer Yerleşkesi içinde yer alan Bahçe Bitkileri Bölümüne ait deneme alanında 3 tekerrürlü olarak tesadüf blokları deneme desenine göre kurulmuştur. Denemede vermikompostun 4 dozu (0, 25, 50 ve 100 g/soğan) ve azot-fosfor (NP) olarak 20-20-0 (N-P-K) gübresinden 4 doz (0, 2, 4, 8 kg da^-1) uygulanmıştır. Deneme sonunda hasat edile sümbülün yaprak ve soğanında elementel analizler yapılmıştır. İstatistiksel analiz sonucunda vermikompost ve NP uygulamalarının sümbülün nikel, molibden ve kadmiyum içerikleri üzerine P<0.01 düzeyinde önemli etki yaptığı, kobalt içeriği üzerine etkisinin olmadığı belirlenmiştir. Soğan ve yaprağın element içeriklerinin birbirlerine göre önemli düzeyde farklılık gösterdiği (p<0.01) belirlenmiştir. Vermikompost uygulamaları ile kontrole göre sümbülün yaprak nikel ve kadmiyum içerikleri artarken, kobalt ve molibden içerikleri önce artmış sonra azalmıştır. Artan NP uygulamaları ile kontrole göre yaprak kobalt ve nikel içerikleri artmış, molibden ve kadmiyum içerikleri azalmıştır. Vermikompost ve NP uygulamaları ile sümbül soğanının nikel, molibden, kobalt ve kadmiyum içeriklerinde kontrole kıyasla değişimler belirlenmiş, en belirgin değişimler kobalt, kadmiyum ve molibden içeriklerinde ortaya çıkmıştır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• sümbül
• vermikompost
• ağır metal
• gübreleme
• ağır metal

Effects of Increased Vermicompost and Nitrogen-Phosphorus (NP) Applications on the Co, Ni, Cd, and Mo Contents of Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis L. “Purple Star”)

Abstract

This study has been conducted hyacinth Co, Ni, Mo and Cd contents as a field study to investigate the effects of vermicompost which have become increasingly popular in recent years. The experiment was carried out in the trial area belonging to the Department of Horticulture in Siirt University Kezer Campus according to randomized blocks trial design. In the experiment, 4 doses (0, 25, 50 and 100 g) of vermicompost and 4 doses of nitrogen-phosphorus (NP) (0, 2, 4, 8 kg da^-1) from 20-20-0 (N-P-K) fertilizer were applied. At the end of the experiment, elemental analysis was performed on the hyacinth leaves and bulbs. Statistical analysis showed that vermicompost and NP applications had a significant effect on hyacinth nickel, molybdenum and cadmium contents at P <0.01 level, but no effect on cobalt content. Bulb and leaf element contents were significantly different from each other (p<0.01). With vermicompost applications, the contents of nickel and cadmium in the hyacinth leaves were increased while the contents of cobalt and molybdenum were firstly increased and then decreased. With increasing NP applications, leaf cobalt and nickel contents increased compared to control, while molybdenum and cadmium contents decreased. The changes in nickel, molybdenum, cobalt and cadmium contents of the hyacinth bulb increased    were determined by vermicompost and NP applications compared to the control, and the most pronounced changes appeared in cobalt, cadmium and molybdenum contents.

Keywords

• Hyacinth
• vermicompost
• fertilizer
• heavy metal

Kaynakça

1. Açıkbaş, B., & Bellitürk, K. (2016). Vermikompostun Trakya İlkeren/5BB aşı kombinasyonundaki asma fidanlarının bitki besin elementi içeriklerine etkisi. Tekirdağ Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 13(4), 131-138.
2. Adiloğlu, A., & Eraslan, F. (2012). Gübreler ve Gübreleme Tekniği. Bitki Besleme “Sağlıklı Bitki, Sağlıklı Üretim” (Ed: M.R. Karaman). Gübretaş Rehber Kitaplar Dizisi: 2. Ankara. s. 420-421.
3. Adiloğlu, S. (2016). Using phytoremediation with canola to remove cobalt from agricultural soils. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 25(6), 2251-2254.
4. Adiloğlu, S., Bellitürk, K., Solmaz, Y., Zahmacıoğlu, A., Kocabaş, A., & Adiloğlu, A. (2017). Effect of the various doses of vermicompost ımplementation on some heavy metal contents (Cr, Co, Cd, Ni, Pb) of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.). Eurasian Journal of Forest Science, 5(1,: 29-34.
5. Adriano, D. C. (2001). Trace elements in terrestrial environments; biochemistry, bioavailability and risks of metals. Springer-Verlag, New York.
6. Aleagha, M. M., & Ebadi, A. G. (2016). Study of heavy metals bioaccumulation in the process of vermicomposting. African Journal of Biotechnology, 10(36), 6997-7001.
7. AlKhader, A. M. F. (2015). The impact of phosphorus fertilizers on heavy metals content of soils and vegetables grown on selected farms in Jordan. Agrotechnol, 5, 137.
8. Angelova, V., Ivanova, R., Pevicharova, G., & Ivanov, K. (2010). Effect of Organic Amendments on Heavy Metals Uptake by Potato Plants. 19th World Congress of Soil Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World (1-6 August 2010, Brisbane, Australia.

9. Angelova, V. R., Akova, V. I., Artınova, N. S., & Ivanov, K. I. (2013). The effect of organic amendments on soil chemical characteristics. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 19(5), 958-971.
10. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., Bierman, P., Welch, C., & Metzger, J. D. (2004). Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: 1. Effects on growth and yields. Bioresource Technology, 93, 145-153.
11. Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., & Bierman, P. (2006). Influences of vermicomposts on field strawberries: Part 2. Effects on soil microbiological and chemical properties. Bioresource Technology, 97, 831-840.
12. Arancon, N. Q., Galvis, P. A., & Edwards, C. A. (2005), Suppression of insect pest population and damage to plants by vermicomposts. Bioresource Technology, 96, 1137-1142.
13. Atiyeh, R. M., Edwards, C. A., Subler, S., & Metzger, J. D. (2001). Pig manure as a component of a horticultural bedding plant medium: effects on physiochemical properties and plant growth. Bioresource Technology, 78, 11-20.
14. Atmaca, L. (2012). Fide yetiştirme ortamı olarak vermikompost kullanımının etkileri. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ege Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, İzmir.
15. Azarmi, R., Giglou, M. T., & Taleshmikail, R. D. (2008). Influence of vermicompost on soil chemical and physical properties in tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum) field. African Journal of Biotechnology, 7(14), 2397-2401.
16. Bhartiya, D. K., & Singh, K. (2012). Heavy metals remediation from maize (Zea mays) crop by the use of vermicomposts through vermicomposting by Eisenia fetida. American-Eurasian Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Science, 12(9), 1215-1222.
17. Bošković-Rakočević, L., Pavlović, R., & Đurić, M. (2017). Effect of phosphorus fertilizers on yield and cadmium content of potato tubers. Acta Agriculturae Serbica, 43, 37-461.
18. Brown, P. H. (2006). “Nickel”. In Handbook of Plant Nutrition, edited by A. V. Barker and D. J. Pilbeam, Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press Taylor and Francis Group. pp. 395–410.
19. Brown, P. H., Welch, R. M., & Cary, E. E. (1987). “Nickel: A micronutrient essential for higher plants”. Plant Physiology, 85, 801-803.
20. Chand, S., Pandey, A., & Patra, D. D. (2012). Influence of nickel and lead applied in combination with vermicompost on growth and accumulation of heavy metals by Mentha arveödis Linn cv Kosi. Indian Journal of Natural Products and Resources, 3, 256-261.
21. Chand, S., Kumari, R., & Patra, D. D. (2015). Effect of nickel and vermicompost on growth, yield, accumulation of heavy metals and essential oil quality of Tagetes minuta. Journal of Essential Oil Bearing Plants, 18(4), 767-774.
22. Chauhan, S. S., Thakur, R., & Sharma, G. D. (2008). Nickel: Its availability and reactions in soil. Journal of Industrial Pollution Control, 24(1), 1-8.
23. Czarnecki, S., & Düring, R. A. (2015). Influence of long-term mineral fertilization on metal contents and properties of soil samples taken from different locations in Hesse, Germany. Soil, 1, 23-33.
24. Çıtak, S., Sönmez, S., Koçak, F., & Yasin, S. (2011). Vermikompost ve ahır gübresi uygulamalarının ıspanak (Spinacia oleracea L.) bitkisinin gelişimi ve toprak verimliliği üzerine etkileri. Batı Akdeniz Tarımsal Araştırma Enstitüsü Derim Dergisi, 28(1), 56-69.
25. Demir, H., Polat, E., & Sönmez, İ. (2010). Ülkemiz için yeni bir organik gübre: solucan gübresi. Tarım Aktüel, 14, 54-60.
26. Edwards, C.A. (1998). The use of earthworms in the breakdown and management of organic wastes. In: Earthworm Ecology. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton, Fl, pp. 327-354. Edwards, C. A., & Bohlen, P. J. (1996). Biology and Ecology of Earthworms. 3rd. Ed. Chapman and Hall, New York.
27. Edwards, C. A., Dominguez, J., & Arancon, N. Q. (2004). The influence of vermicomposts on plant growth and pest incidence. In: Mikhail, W.Z.A., Shakir, S.H. (Eds.), Soil Animals and Sustainable Development, pp. 397-420.
28. Epstein, E. (1972). Mineral Nutrition of Plants: Principal and Perspective. John Wiley and Sons, New York.
29. Erşahin, Y. (2007). Vermikompost ürünlerinin eldesi ve tarımsal üretimde kullanım alternatifleri. Gaziosmanpaşa Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 24(2), 99-107.
30. Gad, N., & El–Metwally, I. M. (2015). Chemical and physiological response of maize to salinity using cobalt supplement. International Journal of ChemTech Research, 8(10): 45-52.
31. Garcia, W. J., Blessin, C. W., Sandford, H. W., & Inglett, C. E. (1979). Translocation and accumulation of seven heavy metals in tissue of corn plant grown on sludge treated strip-mined soil. Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 27, 1088-1094.
32. Gondek, K., & Filipek-Mazur, B. (2003). Biomass yields of shoots and roots of plants cultivated in soil amended by vermicomposts based on tannery sludge and content of heavy metals in plant tissues. Plant, Soil and Environmental, 49(9), 402-409.
33. Gopinath, K. A., Saha, S., Mina, B. L., Kundu, S., Selvakumar, G., & Gupta, H. S. (2009). Bell pepper yield and soil properties during conversion from conventional to organic production in İndian Himalayas. Scienceta Horticulturae, 122(3): 339-345.
34. Gutie´rrez-Miceli, F. A., Santiago-Borraz, J., Molina, J. A. M., Nafate, C. C., Abud-Archila, M., Llaven, M. A. O., Rinco´n-Rosales, R., & Dendooven, L. (2007). Vermicompost as a soil supplement to improve growth, yield and fruit quality of tomato (Lycopersicum esculentum). Bioresource Technology, 98: 2781-2786.
35. Harris, G. D., Platt, W. L., & Price, B. C. (1990). Vermicomposting in a rural community. Biocycle, 1990, 48-51.
36. Hoehne, L., de Lima, C. V. S., Martini, M .C., Altmayer, T., Brietzke, D. T., Finatto, J., Gonçalves, T. E., & Granada, C. E. (2016). Addition of vermicompost to heavy metal-contaminated soil ıncreases the ability of Black Oat (Avena strigosa Schreb) Plants to Remove Cd, Cr, and Pb. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 227, 443.
37. Hu, W., Huang, B., Tian, K., Holm, P. E., & Zhang, Y. (2017). Heavy metals in intensive greenhouse vegetable production systems along Yellow Sea of China: Levels, transfer and health risk. Chemosphere, 167, 82- 90.
38. Huang, B., Kuo, S., & Bembenek, R. (2004). Availability of cadmium in some phosphorus fertilizers to field-grown lettuce. Water, Air, and Soil Pollution, 158, 37-51.
39. Jadia, C. D., & Fulekar, M. H. (2008). Vermicomposting of vegetable waste: A bio-physicochemical process based on hydro-operating bioreactor. African journal of biotechonology, 7, 3726-3733.
40. Jadia, C. D., & Fulekar, M. H. (2009). Phytoremediation: The application of vermicompost to remove heavy metals by green plants (alfaalfa, sunflower and sorghum). Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plan,t 3(2), 91-96.
41. Jamaludin, A. A., & Mahmood, N. Z. (2010). Effects of vermicomposting duration to macronutrient elements and heavy metals concentratioöd in vermicompost. Sains Malaysiana 39(5), 711–715.
42. Jayakumar, K., & Jaleel, C. A. (2009).Uptake and accumulation of cobalt in plants: A study based on exogenous cobalt in soybean. Botany Research International, 2(4), 310-314.
43. Kacar, B., & İnal, A. (2008). Bitki Analizleri. Nobel Yayın No:1241, Fen Bilimleri.
44. Kacar, B., & Katkat, A.V. (2015). Bitki Besleme. Nobel Yayın. 6. Baskı.
45. Kayıkcıoğlu, H., Okur, N., & Bayız, O. (2016). Toprak solucanları ile kompostlaştırılmış tütün atıklarının vermikompost olarak değerinin belirlenmesi. Ege Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 53(1), 89-97.
46. Kurt, S. (2016). Biyokömür ve Vermikompostun Mısır Bitkisinin (Zea Mays L.) Kök Bölgesindeki Enzim Aktiviteleri Üzerine Etkisi. Yüksek Lisans Tezi. Ordu Üniversitesi, Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü. Ordu.
47. Lasat, M. M. (2002). Phytoextraction of toxic metals: A review of biological mechanisms. Journal of Environmental Quality, 31, 109-120.
48. Liua, F., Zhua, P., & Xue, J. (2012). Comparative study on physical and chemical characteristics of sludge vermicomposted by Eisenia fetida. Procedia Environmental Sciences, 16, 418-423.
49. Lugon-Moulin, N., Ryan, L., Donini, P., & Rossi, L. (2006). Cadmium content of phosphate fertilizers used for tobacco production. Agronomy for Sustainable Development, Springer Verlag. 26(3), 151-155.
50. McCauley, A., Jones, C., & Jacobsen, J. (2009). Nutrient Management. Nutrient Management Module 9. Montana State University Extension Servicez. Publication, 4449(9), 1-16.
51. Mendel, R. R., & Haensch, R. (2002). Molybdoenzymes and molybdenum cofactor in plants. Journal of Experimental Botany, 53, 1689-1698.
52. Mengel, K., & Kirkby, E. A. (2001). Principles of Plant Nutrition. 5th Edition. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht.
53. Morgan, J. E., & Morgan, A. J. (1999). The accumulation of metals (Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn and Ca) by two ecologically contrasting earthworm species. Applied Soil Ecology, 13, 9-20.
54. Özkan, N., Dağlıoğlu, M. T., Ünser, E., & Müftüoğlu, N. M. (2016). Vermikompostun ıspanak (Spinacia oleracea L.) verimi ve bazı toprak özellikleri üzerine etkisi. Çanakkale Onsekiz Mart Üniversitesi, Ziraat Fakültesi Dergisi, 4(1), 1-5.
55. Parthasarathi, K., Balamurugan, M., & Ranganathan, L. S. (2008). Influence of vermicompost on the physico-chemical and biological properties in different types of soil along with yield and quality of the pulse cropblackgram. Iranian Journal of Environmental Health Science and Engineering, 5(1), 51-58.
56. Ragsdale, S. (2009). Nickel-based enzyme systems. The Journal of Biological Chemistry, 284, 18571-18575.
57. Sinha, R. K., Soni, B. K., Agarwal, S., Shankar, B., & Hahn, G. (2013). Vermiculture for organic horticulture: Producing chemical-free, nutritive and health protective foods by earthworms. Agricultural Sci. Published by Science and Education Centre of North America, 1(1), 17-44.
58. Stiborova, M., Ditrichova, M., & Brezinova, A. (1988). Mechanism of action of Cu, Co and Zn on ribulose 1-5 biphosphate carboxylase from barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). Photosynthetica, 22, 161-167.
59. Sun, Y. B., Zhou, Q. X., Wang, L., & Liu, W. T. (2009). Cadmium tolerance and accumulation characteristics of Bidens pilosa L. as a potential Cd hyperaccumulator. Journal of Hazard Mater, 161(2-3), 808-814.
60. Tutar, U. (2013). Toprak solucanlarından elde edilen vermikompostun bazı bitki patojenleri üzerindeki antimikrobiyal aktivitelerinin araştırılması. Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi Faculty Science Journal, 34(2), 1-12.
61. Walker, D. J., Clemente, R., & Bernal, M. P. (2004). Contrasting effects of manure and compost on soil pH, heavy metal availability and growth of Chenopodium album L. in a soil contaminated by pyritic mine waste. Chemosphere, 57, 215-224.
62. Wang, K., Zhang, J., Zhu, Z., Huang, H., Li, T., He, Z., Yang, X., & Alva, A. (2012). Pig manure vermicompost (PMVC) can improve phytoremediation of Cd and PAHs co-contaminated soil by Sedum alfredii. Journal of Soils Sediments, 12, 1089-1099.
63. Wei, S. H., Zhou, Q. X., Zhan, J., Wu, Z. J., Sun T. H., Lyubu, Y., & Prasad, M. N. V. (2010). Poultry manured Bidens tripartite L. extracting Cd from soil-potential for phytoremediating Cd contaminated soil. Bioresource Technology, 101(22), 8907-8910.
64. Williams, R. J. P., & Frausto da Silva, J. J. R. (2002). The involvement of molybdenum in life. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications, 292, 293-299.
65. Yu-Ku,i R., Fu-Suo, Z., & Jian-Bo, S. (2009). Effects of nitrogen fertilization on heavy metal content of corn grains, ɸyton. 78, 101-104.
66. Zheljazkov, V. D., & Warman, P. R. (2004). Application of high-Cu compost to dill and peppermint. Journal of Agricultural Food Chemistry, 52, 2615-2622.
67. Zimmer, W. & Mendel, R. (1999). Molybdenum metabolism in plants. Plant Biology, 1, 160-168.