Effects of Solid and Liquid Vermicompost Application on Bean Growth and Common Bacterial Blight Disease in Different Growth Medium

Abstract

In this study, the effect of solid and liquid forms of vermicompost on plant growth and bacterial common blight disease in different growth media were investigated. Vermicompost was applied at the rate of 1/100, 1/150, 1/200 in liquid form and vermicompost in solid form at the rate of 10%, 20%, 40% to peat and soil growing medium. The pathogen, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), was applied to the leaves by spraying at a concentration of 107 CFU mL-1. The effects of applications on plant growth parameters, total chlorophyll content, and disease severity were evaluated. It was determined that the effects of the applications varied according to vermicompost form and growth medium. Liquid vermicompost applications displayed more positive effects on root growth in the soil growing medium. However, the application of liquid vermicompost did not affect disease severity. It was observed that the 40% dose of vermicompost in solid form inhibited plant growth and caused chlorosis in both growth media. However, 10 and 20% of doses had no adverse effects on plant growth. Also, the application of 10% solid vermicompost to peat growing medium reduced the disease development by 48%. In soil growth medium, application doses of 10% and 20% prevented disease development by 62% and 54%.

Keywords

• Vermicompost
• Common bean
• Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli
• Biological control

Katı ve Sıvı Solucan Gübresi Uygulamalarının Farklı Yetişme Ortamlarında Fasulye Gelişimine ve Bakteriyel Adi Yaprak Yanıklığı Hastalığına Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışmada, katı ve sıvı formlardaki Vermilkompostun farklı yetiştirme ortamlarında bitki büyümesi ve bakteriyel adi yaprak yanıklığı hastalığına etkisi araştırılmıştır. Vermilkompostun sıvı formu 1/100, 1/150, 1/200 oranlarında, katı formu ise %10, %20, %40 oranlarında torf ve toprak yetiştirme ortamına uygulanmıştır. Fasulye yaprak patojeni, Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (Xap), 107 CFU mL-1 konsantrasyonda yapraklara püskürtülerek uygulanmıştır. Uygulamaların bitki büyüme parametrelerine, toplam klorofil içeriğine ve hastalık şiddetine etkileri değerlendirilmiştir. Genel olarak uygulamaların bitki gelişimi ve hastalık şiddetine etkileri vermikompost formuna ve yetiştirme ortamına göre değiştiği belirlenmiştir. Sıvı vermikompost, toprak yetiştirme ortamında kök gelişimi üzerinde daha olumlu etkiler göstermiştir. Bununla birlikte, sıvı vermikompost hastalık şiddetini etkilememiştir. Katı vermikompostun %40'lık dozunun bitki büyümesini engellediği ve her iki büyüme ortamında kloroza neden olduğu belirlenmiştir. Bununla birlikte, %10 ve %20'lik dozların bitki büyümesi üzerinde hiçbir olumsuz etkisi gözlenmemiştir. Ayrıca, torf yetiştirme ortamına %10 katı vermikompost uygulanması hastalık gelişimini %48 oranında azaltmıştır. Toprak ortamında ise %10’luk katı formdaki vermikompost %62, %20 dozunda ise %54 oranında hastalık gelişimini önlemiştir.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Vermikompost
• Fasulye
• Xanthomonas axanopodis pv. phaseoli
• Biyolojik kontrol

Kaynakça

1. Adiloğlu, S., Açıkgöz, F. E., Solmaz, Y., Çaktü, E., & Adiloğlu, A. (2018). Effect of vermicompost on the growth and yield of lettuce plant (Lactuca sativa L. var. crispa). International Journal of Plant & Soil Science, 21, 1-5.
2. Akköprü, A. (2020). Potential using of transgenerational resistance against common bacterial blight in Phaseolus vulgaris. Crop Protection, 127. 104967.
3. Aksu, G., Köksal, S. B., & Altay, H. (2017). Effects of vermicompost on some soil properties and yield of chard plant. COMU Journal of Agriculture Faculty, 5(2), 123-128.
4. Atiyeh, R. M., Arancon, N. Q., Edwards, C. A., & Metzger, J. D. (2000). Influence of earthworm-proessed pig manure on the growth and yield of greenhouse tomatoes. Bioresour Technology, 75, 175-180.
5. Bademkıran, F., Çığ, A., & Türkoğlu, N. (2018). The effects of dosages of solid and liquid earthworm fertilizers on plant growth of daffodil (Narcissus cv. 'Royal Connection'). Turkish Journal Of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 5, 676-684.
6. Bellitürk, K., & Görres, J. H. (2012). Balancing vermicomposting benefits with conservation of soil and ecosystems at risk of earhworm invasions. VIII. International Soil Science Congress on Land Degradataion and Challenges in Sustainable Soil Management, Çeşme-İzmir.
7. Bruce, T. J. A. (2010). Tackling the threat to food security caused by crop pests in the new millennium. Food Security, 2, 133-141.
8. CABI. (2019). Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli (bean blight). Invasive Species Compendium. https://www.cabi.org/isc/datasheet/56962. Access date: 08 Ağustos 2020.

9. Chaoui, H., Edwards, C. A., Brickner, A., Lee, S. S., & Arancon, N. Q. (2002). Suppression of the plant diseases, Pythium (damping-off), Rhizoctonia (root rot) and Verticillium (wilt) by vermicomposts. International Conference of Pests & Diseases, Brighton UK.
10. Conrath, U. (2006). Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Signaling & Behavior, 1, 179-184.
11. Datta, S., Singh, J., Singh, S., & Singh, J. (2016). Earthworms, pesticides and sustainable agriculture: a review. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23, 8227-8243.
12. Domínguez, J., & Edwards, C. A. (2011). Vermiculture Technology: Earthworms, Organic Waste and Environmental Management: In: R. L. Sherman (Ed.), Relationships Between Composting and Vermicomposting: Relative Values of The Products, (pp.1-14) 2nd ed. Florida, USA. CRC Press.
13. Edwards, C. A., & Arancon, N. Q. (2004). Interactions among organic matter earthworms and microorganisms in promoting plant growth. In C.A. Edwards (Editor in Chief), F. Magdoff, R. Weil (Eds.), Functions and Management of Organic Matter in Agro ecosystems. (pp. 327- 376), Florida, USA. CRC Press.
14. Edwards, C. A., Arancon, N. Q., & Sherman, R. L. (2010). Vermiculture technology: earthworms, organic wastes, and environmental management. CRC Press. Florida, USA.
15. EPPO, (2006). Data sheets on quarantine pests Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli. CABI and EPPO for the EU under Contract 90/399003. http://www.eppo.int/QUARANTINE/bacteria/Xanthomonas_phaseoli /XANTPH_ds.pdf. Access date: 09 Ağustos 2020.
16. Franke-Whittle, I. H., Juárez, M. F. D., Insam, H., Schweizer, S., Naef, A., Topp, A. R., & Manici, L. M. (2019). Performance evaluation of locally available composts to reduce replant disease in apple orchards of central Europe. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems, 34, 543-557.
17. Graham, P. H., & Ranalli, P. (1997). Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). Field Crops Research, 53, 131-146.
18. Griffin, K., Gambley, C., Brown. P., & Li, Y. (2017). Copper-tolerance in Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato and Xanthomonas spp. and the control of diseases associated with these pathogens in tomato and pepper; A systematic literature review. Crop Protection, 96, 144–150.
19. Gupta, S., Kushwah, T., & Yadav, S. (2014). Role of earthworms in promoting sustainable agriculture in India. International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences, 3, 449-460.
20. Hardoim, P. R., Van Overbeek, L. S., & Van Elsas, J. D. (2008). Properties of bacterial endophytes and their roposed role in plant growth. Trends in Microbiology, 16, 463-471.
21. Kadam, D., & Pathade, G. (2014). Effect of tendu (Diospyros melanoxylon RoxB.) leaf vermicompost on growth and yield of French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.). International Journal of Recycling of Organic Waste in Agriculture, 3(1), 44-51.
22. Kavroulakis, N., Ehaliotis, C., Ntougias, S., Zervakis, G. I., & Papadopoulou, K. K. (2005). Local and systemic resistance against fungal pathogens of tomato plants elicited by a compost derived from agricultural residues. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 66, 163-174.
23. Kharayat, B. S., & Singh, Y. (2016). Studies on interactions among bioagents colonized vermicompost, rhizospheric earthworms and stalk rot disease of sorghum caused by Erwinia chrysanthemi. AJAR, 1, 5.
24. Kibar, B. (2018). Determination of the interrelationships among plant properties, some quality properties and elements in lettuce. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 4, 149-160.
25. Lazcano, C., & Dominguez, J. (2010). Effects of vermicompost as a potting amendment of two commercially-grown ornamental plant species. Spanish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8, 1260-1270.
26. Manivannan, S., Balamurugan, M. M., Parthasarathi, K., Gunasekeran, G., & Ranganathan, L. S. (2009). Effect of vermicompost on soil fertility and crop productivity-beans (Phaseolus vulgaris). Journal of Environmental Biology, 30, 275-281.
27. Mishra, S., Wang, K. H., Sipes, B. S., & Tian, M. (2018). Induction of host-plant resistance in cucumber by vermicompost tea against root-knot nematode. Nematropica, 48, 164-171.
28. Pathma, J., & Sakthivel, N. (2012). Microbial diversity of vermicompost bacteria that exhibit useful agricultural traits and waste management potential. SpringerPlus, 1, 1-26.
29. Saday, C. (2013). To give experience about vermiculture production, legal difficulties and solutions and production processes and development. TEMA Foundation National Vermiculture Workshop. İstanbul, Turkey
30. Sahni, S., Sarma, B. K., Singh, D. P., Singh, H. B., & Singh, K. P. (2008). Vermicompost enhances performance of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria in Cicer arietinum rhizosphere against Sclerotium rolfsii. Crop Protection, 27, 369-376.
31. Sarma, B. K., Singh, P., Pandey, S. K., & Singh, H. B. (2010). Vermicompost as modulator of plant growth and disease suppression. Dynamic Soil, Dynamic Plant, 4, 58-66.
32. Scheuerell, S., & Mahaffee, W. (2002). Compost tea: Principles amd prospects for plant disease control. Compost Science and Utilization, 10, 313-338.
33. Simsek-Ersahin, Y. (2011). The use of vermicompost products to control plant diseases and pests. In A. Karaca (Ed.) Biology of Earthworms (pp. 191-213). Springer, Berlin, Heidelberg.
34. Singh, S. P., & Schwartz, H. F. (2010). Breeding common bean for resistance to diseases: a review. Crop Science, 50, 2199-2223.
35. Singh, S. P., Miklas, P. N. (2015). Breeding common bean for resistance to common blight: A review. Crop Science, 55, 971-984.
36. Singh, R., Jagtap, G. P., Bannihatti, R. K., Jatwa, T. K., Khan, I., & Meena, N. K. (2017). Evaluation of organic amendments against ralstonia solanacearum causing bacterial wilt in ginger. International Journal of Bio-resource and Stress Management, 8, 556-560.
37. Tognetti, F. L., Mazzarino, M. J., & Hernández, M. T. (2005). Composting vs. vermicomposting: a comparison of end product quality. Compost Science & Utilization, 13, 6–13.
38. Tutar, U. (2013). Investigation of antimicrobial activity on some plant pathogens of obtained from the earthworm’s vermicompost. Cumhuriyet Science Journal, 34, 1-12.
39. Vallad, G. E., Cooperband, L., & Goodman, R. M. (2003). Plant foliar disease suppression mediated by composted forms of paper mill residuals exhibits molecular features of induced resistance. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 63, 65-77.
40. Vanlı, H., & Bedük, S. (2013). Sustainable trade; climate change and production of organic fertilizer with vermiculture system. II. Rize Development Symposium, Rize, Turkey.
41. Vidaver, A. K. (2002). Uses of antimicrobials in plant agriculture. Clinical Infectious Diseases, 34, 107-110.
42. Wang, C., Sun, Z. J., & Zheng D. (2006). Research advance in antibacterial immunity ecology of earthworm. The Journal of Applied Ecology, 17(3), 525-529.
43. Zaller, J. G. (2006). Foliar spraying of vermicornpost extracts: effects on fruit quality and indications of late-blight suppression of field-grown tomatoes. Biological Agriculture & Horticulture, 24, 165-180.
44. Zhang, W., Han, D. Y., Dick, W. A., Davis, K. R., & Hoitink. H. A. J. (1998). Compost and compost water extract-induced systemic acquired resistance in cucumber and Arabidopsis. Phytopathology, 88, 450-455.