Farklı Organik Gübre Uygulamalarının %50 Kurak Stresi Altındaki Taşköprü Sarımsağının (Allium sativum) Biyoaktif bileşenleri ve Verim Üzerine Etkileri

Öz

Bu çalışma, farklı organik gübre karışımlarının [(kontrol (tarla), sığır, tavuk, keçi, ithal torf (PT), yerli torf (NPT), tarla toprağı (FS: serada tarla toprağı)] sera koşulları altında %50 su eksikliğine maruz bırakılan Taşköprü sarımsağında kuraklığa dayanımdaki etkilerini ölçmek için gerçekleştirilmiştir. Bu amaçla sarımsak başlarında verim ölçümleri yapılırken yaprak ve dişlerde pigment, flavonoit, fenolik bileşik, prolin, protein, serbest amino asit, şekerler (glikoz, sukroz), pürivik asit, malondialdehit (MDA), hidrojen peroksit (H2O2), askorbat peroksidaz (APX) ve süperoksit dismutaz (SOD) gibi bazı biyoaktif bileşiklerin miktar tayinleri ölçülmüştür. Sonuçlara göre fotosentetik pigment içeriği FS ve FS-IPT yapraklarında yüksek bulunurken flavonoit miktarı FS-CHICKEN, toplam fenolik FS-CATTLE örneklerinde, azotlu bileşikler ve şeker miktarı ise kontrol grubu (açık alan) bitkilerde yüksek bulunmuştur. Baş ağırlığı, uzunluk, çap ölçümleri ve ayrıca likopen, flavonoit, toplam fenolik ve serbest amino asit miktarı FS-CHICKEN-IPT, FS-CATTLE-GOAT, FS-CHICKEN-GOAT ve FS-GOAT-NPT örneklerinde daha yüksek belirlenmiştir. Hatta bu örneklerde askorbat peroksidaz ve süperoksit dismutaz aktivitesi artış göstermiş ancak MDA azalmıştır. Sonuç olarak, baş verimi, şeker içerikleri, enzimatik ve enzimatik olmayan biyoaktif bileşenler organik gübre ile yetiştirilen bitkilerde açık alanda inorganik gübre ile yetiştirilen örneklerden daha yüksek bulunmuştur. Ayrıca tüm veriler göz nünde bulundurulduğunda kuraklığa en duyarlı örnekler FS, FS-ITP, FS-NTP ve FS-CATTLE olmuştur.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Kimyasal
• kurak
• gübre
• sarımsak
• taşköprü

Effect of Different Organic Manures Application on the Bioactive Compound and Yield of Taşköprü Garlic (Allium sativum L.) under 50% Drought

Abstract

This study was carried out to assess the contribution of different organic fertilizer mixtures [(CONTROL (open field), CATTLE, CHICKEN, GOAT, İMPORTED PEAT (IPT), NATİVE PEAT (NPT), FİELD SOİL (FS: in greenhouse)] to drought tolerance of Taşköprü garlic, which was exposed to 50% water deficiency under greenhouse conditions. For this purpose, the measurement of yield was performed with bulbs, but the amount of some bioactive chemicals as chlorophyll, carotenoid, flavonoid, phenolic, proline, protein, free amino acid, sugars, pyruvic acid, malondialdehyde (MDA), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), ascorbate peroxidase (APX) and superoxide dismutase (SOD) activities obtained from the fresh leaf and cloves grown in the different soil mix. According to the result, while the amount of pigment was found to be higher in the leaf of FS and FS-IPT, the flavonoid in FS-CHICKEN and total phenolic in FS-CATTLE-GOAT samples, nitrogenous compounds, and sugars (glucose, sucrose) were found to be rich in the control group (open field). The measurement of bulb weight, length, diameter, and the amount of lycopene, flavonoid, total phenolic, and free amino acid of garlic cloves obtained from FS-CHICKEN-IPT, FS-CATTLE-GOAT, FS-CHICKEN-GOAT, and FS-GOAT-NPT was higher when compared to the control. Furthermore, APX and SOD increased, whereas malondialdehyde lowered in these samples. As a result, the amounts of bulb yield, enzymatic and non-enzymatic compound, and sugars estimated using organic fertilizer were higher than the control, which was grown with inorganic fertilizer in an open field. In addition, the most drought-susceptible examples are the samples of FS, FS-ITP, FS-NTP, and FS-CATTLE soils considering all data.

Keywords

• Chemical
• drought
• garlic
• manure
• taşköprü

Kaynakça

1. Abd El-Gha, H. M. (2007). Wheat production under water-limited sandy soil conditions using bio-organic fertilizer systems. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy, 29(1),17-27.
2. Abou El-Magd, M. M., El-Shourbagy, T., & Shehata, S. M. (2012). A comparative study on the productivity of four Egyptian garlic cultivars grown under various organic materials in comparison to conventional chemical fertilizer. Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(3), 415-421.
3. Acharya, S., & Kumar, H. (2018). Effect of some organic manure on growth and yield of garlic in greenhouse condition at cold desert high altitude Ladakh Region. Defence Life Science Journal, 3(2),100-104.
4. Adewale, O. M., Adebayo, O. S., & Fariyike, T. A. (2011). Effect of poultry manure on garlic (Allium Sativum L) production in Ibadan, South Western Nigeria Continental. Journal of Agricultural Science, 5(2), 7- 11.
5. Ahmed, O. H., Sumalatha G., & Nik Muhamad, A. M. (2010). Use of zeolite in maize (Zea mays) cultivation on nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus uptake and use efficiency. International Journal of Physical Sciences, 5(15), 2393-2401.
6. Akça, H., Taban, N., Turan, M. A., Taban, S., Oudraogo, A. R., & Türkmen, N. (2017). Türkiye’de sarımsak tarımı yapılan toprakların verimlilik durumu. Toprak Bilimi ve Bitki Besleme Dergisi, 5(2), 93-100.
7. Alphonse, J., Mary, L., & Nithiya, T. (2015). Effect of organic and inorganic fertilizer on growth, phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity of Solanum nigrum L. World Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, 4(5), 808-882.
8. Amiri, H., Ismaili, A., & Hosseinzadeh, S. R. (2017). Influence of vermicompost fertilizer and water deficit stress on morpho-physiological features of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. cv. Karaj). Compost Science & Utilization, 25, 152-165.

9. Azzini, E., Durazzo, A., Foddai, M. S., Temperini, O., Venneria, E., Valentini, S., & Maiani, G. (2014). phytochemicals content in ıtalian garlic bulb (Allium sativum L.) varieties. Journal of Food Research, 3(4), 26-32.
10. Baddour, A. G., Rashwan, E. M., & El-Sharkawy, T. A. (2017). Effect of organic manure, antioxidant and proline on corn (Zea mays L.) grown under saline conditions. Environment Biodiversity and Soil Security, 1, 200-201.
11. Badran, A. E. (2015). Comparative analysis of some garlic varieties under drought stress conditions. Journal of Agricultural Science, 7(10), 271-280.
12. Bates, L. S., Waldern, R. P., & Teare, I. D. (1973). Rapid determination of free proline for water-stress studies. Plant and Soil, 39, 205-207.
13. Bergmeyer, J., & Grabl, M. (1983). Methoden der enzymatischen analyse [Methods of enzymatic analysis]. Akademie Verlag, 1, 190-302.
14. Bizuayehu, D., Kebede, W., Wassu, M., Bekele, A., & Getachew, T. (2018). Duration of low temperature storage, clove topping and gibberellic acid on garlic sprouting and seedling vigor. African Journal of Food Agriculture Nutrition and Development, 18(2), 13420-13437.
15. Bradford, M. M. (1976). A rapid sensitive method for the quantitation of microprogram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding'. Analytical Biochemistry 72, 248-254.
16. Burritt, D. J. (2019). Crop Plant Adaption to Climate Change and Extreme Environments. Encyclopedia of Food Chemistry. Academic Press, Oxford.
17. Cakmak, I. (1994). The activity of ascorbate-dependent H2O2-scavenging enzymes and leaf chlorosis are enhanced in magnesium and potassium deficient leaves. Journal Experimental Botany, 45, 1259-1266.
18. Can, B. A., Ünal, M., & Can, O. N. (2019). The effects of different bat guano treatments on yield and quality in lettuce growing. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 5(1),18-24.
19. Çakmak, I., & Horst, W. J. (1991). Effect of aluminium on lipid peroxidation, superoxide dismutase, catalase and peroxidase activities in root tips of soybean (Glycine max). Physiologia Plantarum, 83, 463-468.
20. Clautildea, M., Luciena, T. T., Eric, N., Abba, M., & Hamadou, B. (2017). Field productivity of carrot (Daucus carota L.) in Adamawa Cameroon and chemical properties of roots according to chicken manure pretreatments and vivianite powder. Journal of Agriculture and Veterinary Science, 10(5),16-23.
21. Daba, G., Mulgeta, M., & Ayaa, T. (2018). Effect of cattle manure on growth and yield of carrot (Daucus carrota L.) under Jimma condition. Indian Journal of Agricultural Research, 52 (2),195-198.
22. Dikinya, O., & Mufwanzala, N. (2010). Chicken manure-enhanced soil fertility and productivity: Effects of application rates. Journal of Soil Science and Environmental Management, 1(3), 46-54.
23. Doğan, S., Acıbuca, V., & Doğan, Y. (2020). the effect and economic analysis of organic and ınorganic fertiliser applications on yield and quality of the 2nd product corn varieties. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6(39),592-604.
24. Duyar, H. (2014). Effect of green manure and poultry manure on yield and fruit quality in organic greenhouse tomato production. Journal of Agronomy, 20(1),10-18.
25. Edreva, A., Velikova V., Tsonev T., Dagnon S., Gürel A. L. & Aktas L. (2015). Stressprotective role of secondary metabolites: Diversity of functions and mechanisms. General Applied of Plant Physiology, 34, 67-78.
26. Farouk, S. (2015). Improving growth and productivity of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) by some biostimulants and lithovit with /or without boron. Journal of Agricultural Research, 45(6), 1871-1884.
27. Francois, L. E. (1994). Yield and quality response of salt-stressed Garlic. Hortscience, 29(11), 1314-1317.
28. Garcia, A. C., Santos, L. A., Izquierdo, F. G., Rumjanek, V. M., Castro, R. N., dos Santos, F. S., & de Souza, L. G. A. (2014) . Potentialities of vermicompost humic acids to alleviate water stress in rice plants (Oryza sativa L.). Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 136, 48-54.
29. Gulen, H., Kesici, M., Cetinkaya, C., & Ergin, S. (2018). Proline and antioxidant enzyme activities in some strawberry cultivars under drought and recovery. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 46(2), 570-578.
30. Gupta, K. J., & Igamberdiev, A. U. (2016). Reactive nitrogen species in mitochondria and their implications in plant energy status and hypoxic stress tolerance. Frontier in Plant Sciences, 24(7), 369.
31. Hancı, F., & Cebeci, E. (2014). Investigation of proline, chlorophyll and carotenoids changes under drought stress in some onion (Allium Cepa L.) Cultivars. Turkish Journal of Agricultural and Natural Sciences, 2 (S),1449-1504.
32. Hancı, F., Cebecı, E. (2015). Comparison of salinity and drought stress effects on some morphological and physiological parameters in onion (Allium Cepa L.) during early growth phase. Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science, 21 (6),1204-1210.
33. Handel, E. V. (1968). Direct micro determination of sucrose. Analytical Biochemistry, 22(2),280-283.
34. Hussein, M. M., & El-Faham, S. Y. (2018). Chlorophyll, carotenoids pigments and growth of three onion cultivars as affected by saline water ırrigation. Egyptian Journal of Agronomy, 40(3), 285-296.
35. Jaleel, C. A., Jayakumar, K., Chang-Xing, Z., & Azooz, M. M. (2008). Effect of soil applied cobalt on activities of antioxidant enzymes in Arachis hypogaea. Global Journal of Molecular Sciences, 3(2), 42-45.
36. Kacar, B., Taban, S., Alpaslan, A., & Fuleky, G. (1998). Zinc-Phosphorus Relationship in the Dry Matter Yield and the Uptake of Zn, P, Fe and Mn of Rice Plants (Oryza sativa L.) as Affected by the Total Carbonate Content of the Soil. Second International Zinc Symposium. Abstracts, pp, 20. October 2-3, Ankara-Turkey.
37. Kıran, S. (2019). Effects of vermicompost on some morphological, physiological and biochemical parameters of lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. crispa) under drought stress. Notulae Botanicae Horti Agrobotanici Cluj-Napoca, 47(2), 352-358.
38. Kibar, B. (2018). Determination of the interrelationships among plant properties, some quality properties and elements in lettuce. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 4(2), 149-160.
39. Kibar, B. (2020). Effects of microbial fertilizer application on germination and seedling growth in lettuce and white head cabbage. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6(3), 389-398.
40. Kopsell, D. A., Kopsell, D. E., & Curran-Celentano, J. (2007). Carotenoid pigments in kale are influenced by nitrogen concentration and form. Journal of the Science and Agriculture, 87, 900-907.
41. Kumaran, A., & Karunakaran, R. J. (2006). Antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of an aqueous extract of Coleus aromaticus. Food Chemistry, 97, 109-114.
42. Kurt, D., Yılmaz, A., & Kınay, A. (2020). Effects of environmental variations on yield of oriental tobaccos. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6(2), 310-324.
43. Lıchtenthaler, H. K. (1987). Chlorophyll and carotenoids: pigments of photosynthetic biomembranes. Methods in Enzymology, 148, 350-382.
44. Lisciani, S., Gambelli, L., Durazzo, A., Marconi, S., Camilli, E., Rossetti, C., Gabrielli, P., Aguzzi, A., Temperini, O, & Marletta, L. (2017). Carbohydrates components of some Italian local landraces: Garlic (Allium sativum L.). Sustainability, 9(11), 1922-1927.
45. Mafakheri, A., Siosemardeh, A., Bahramnejad, B., Struik P. C., ＆Sohrabi, Y. 2010. Effect of drought stress on yield, proline and chlorophyll contents in three chickpea cultivars. Australian Journal of Crop Science, 4(8), 50-585.
46. Mahmoody, M., Fahramand, M., Keykha, A., Noori, M., & Rigi, K. (2014). Influence of green manure on increase cropping system sustainability. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences, 8(2), 253-256.
47. McCready, R., Guggolz, M. J., Silviera, V., & Owens, H. S. (1950). Determination of starch and amylase in vegetables. Analytic Chemistry, 22, 1156-1158.
48. Mengesha, W., & Tesfaye, A. (2015).Effect of spacing in incidence and severity of garlic rust (Puccinia allii) and bulb yield and related traits of garlic at eastern Ethiopia. Plant Pathology and Microbiology, 6(10), 314-317.
49. Moore, S., & Stein, W. H. (1948). Photometric method for use in the chromatography of amino acids. Journal of Biological Chemistry, 176(1), 367-388.
50. Nagata, M., & Yamashita, I. (1992). Simple method for simultaneous determination of chlorophyll and carotenoids in tomato fruit. Nippon Shokuhin Kogyo Gakkaish, 39(10), 925-928.
51. Nakanao, Y., & Asada K. (1981). Hydrogen peroxide is scavenged by ascorbate-specific peroxidase in spinach chloroplasts. Plant Cell Physiology, 22(5), 867-880.
52. Rahbarian, R., Khavari-Nejad, R., Ganjeali, A., Bagheri, A., & Najafi, F. (2011). Drought stress effects on photosynthesis, chlorophyll fluorescence and water relations in tolerant and susceptible chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). Acta Biologica Cracoviensia Butanica, 53(1).
53. Rambo, L., Ma, B. L., Xiong, Y., & da Silvia P. 2010. Leaf and canopy optical characteristics as Crop-N-status indicators for field nitrogen management in corn. Journal of Plant Nutrition Soil Science, 173, 434-443.
54. Rekowska, E., & Skupień, K. (2008). estimation of yield and chemical composition of winter garlic grown for bunch-harvest. Journal of Central European Agriculture, 9(4),711-714.
55. Riahi, A., & Hdider, C. (2013). Bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity of organically grown tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) cultivars as affected by fertilization. Scientia Horticulturae, 151, 90-96.
56. Rohkin Shalom, S., Gillett, D., Zemach, H., Kimhi, S., Forer, I., Zutahy, Y., Tam, Y., Teper-Bamnolker, P., Kamenetsky, R., & Eshel, D. (2015). Storage temperature controls the timing of garlic bulb formation via shoot apical meristem termination. Planta, 242, 951-962.
57. Salehi, A., Tasdighi, H., & Gholamhoseini, M. (2016). Evaluation of proline, chlorophyll, soluble sugar content and uptake of nutrients in the German chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) under drought stress and organic fertilizer treatments. Asian Pacific Journal of Tropical Biomedicine, 6(10),886-891.
58. Schwimmer, S., & Weston, W. J. (1961). Enzymatic development of pyruvic acid in onion as a measure of pungency. Journal of Agriculture and Food Chemistry, 9(4),301-304.
59. Shafeek, M. R., Helmy, Y. I., Nadia, M., Rizk, Ö., & Rizk F. A. (2013). Effect of foliar fertilizer with nutritional compound and humic acid on growth and yield, of broad bean plants under sandy soil conditions. Journal of Applied Sciences Research, 9(6), 3674-3680.
60. Singleton, V. L., Orthofer, R., & Lamuela-Raventos, R. M. (1999). Analysis of total phenols and other oxidation substrates and antioxidants by means of Folin-Ciocalteu reagent. Methods Enzymol, 299,152-178.
61. Smith, N. G., & Dukes, J. S. (2013). Plant respiration and photosynthesis in global-scale models: incorporating acclimation to temperature and CO2. Global Change Biology, 19(1), 45-63.
62. Taban, S., Çıkılı, Y., Kebeci, F., Taban, N., & Sezer, S.M. (2004). Taşköprü yöresinde sarımsak tarımı yapılan toprakların verimlilik durumu ve potansiyel beslenme problemlerinin ortaya konulması. Ankara Üniversitesi Ziraat Fakültesi Tarım Bilimleri Dergisi, 10(3), 297-304.
63. Temesgen, T., Ayana, M., & Bedadi, B. (2018). Evaluating the effects of deficit irrigation on yield and water productivity of furrow irrigated Onion (Allium cepa L.) in Ambo, Western Ethiopia. Irrigation & Drainage Systems Engineering, 7, 1-6.
64. Türk, B., & Şen, F. (2020). Determination of physicochemical characteristic of strawberry cultivars that grown in Manisa-Köprübaşı. International Journal of Agriculture and Wildlife Science, 6(3),407-415.
65. Velikova, V., Yordanov, I., & Edreva, A. (2000). Oxidative stress and some antioxidant systems in acid rain-treated bean plants. Plant Science, 151(1),59-66.
66. Vidya vani, M., Osman basha, P., & Riazunnisa, K. (2019). Evaluation of biochemical responses of onion (Allium cepa L.) seedlings under drought stress. International Journal of Recent Scientific Research Research, 10(04), 31924-31927.
67. Vural, H., Eşiyok, D., & Duman, İ. (2000). Kültür Sebzeleri (Sebze Yetiştirme). Ege Üniversitesi Basımevi, İzmir.
68. Wang, L., Wang, S., Chen, W., Li, H., & Deng, X. (2017). Physiological mechanisms contributing to increased water-use efficiency in winter wheat under organic fertilization. PloS One, 12(6),1-21.
69. Yazgan, S., Ayas, S., Demirtas, C., Büyükcangaz, H., & Candogan, B. N. (2008) Deficit irrigation effects on lettuce (Lactuca sativa var. Olenka) yield in unheated greenhouse condition. Journal of Food Agriculture and Environment, 6, 357-361.
70. Zhang, E., Duan, Y., Tan, F., & Zhang, S. (2016). Effects of long-term nitrogen and organic fertilization on antioxidants content of tomato fruits. Journal of Horticulture, 3(1), 172.
71. Zoratti, L., Karppinen, K., Escobar, A. L., Häggman, H., & Jaakola, L. (2014). Light-controlled flavonoid biosynthesis in fruits. Frontiers in Plant Science, 5(534), 534.