The Biochemical Roles of The Boron Element and Its Effects on Human Metabolism

Öz

In this article, boron identified by the World Health Organisation as one of the essential elements for human health is of strategic importance due to its critical roles in physiological processes and its unique chemical structure based on electron deficiency. From ancient times to the present day, this trace element has, thanks to its unique structure, become an indispensable raw material across a very wide range of sectors, from agriculture to high-tech industries. This study provides a general overview of boron’s fundamental biological, historical and chemical properties, whilst assessing the element’s potential for innovative applications in modern science and future areas of research. In this context, this study provides a general overview at the molecular level of the mechanisms of boron absorption by the gastrointestinal system, transcellular transport and binding to plasma proteins. Boron’s vital roles in cellular homeostasis have been addressed from both mathematical and physiological perspectives, based on active transport systems such as NaBC1 (SLC4A11) and renal clearance kinetics. Furthermore, the formation of boron cyclic ester compounds and the regulation of NAD+/NADH systems and serine proteases via borate’s interaction with the cis-diol functional groups of biomolecules have been discussed in relation to this mechanism. Furthermore, the effect of boron on the activities of antioxidant defence enzymes, such as SOD and glutathione metabolic systems, and ALP enzymes has been discussed in detail from a biochemical perspective within the context of the existing literature. Boron is a dynamic metabolic accelerator that increases the retention of calcium and magnesium and prolongs the half-life of vitamin D, whilst also raising free testosterone levels by reducing SHBG affinity. At the cellular level, it triggers bone formation and reduces chronic inflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Furthermore, via the ‘proliferation paradox’, it accelerates repair in healthy tissues whilst disrupting the AKT/mTOR signalling pathway in cancer cells, thereby selectively triggering apoptosis (cell death) without damaging surrounding tissues.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioxidant defense
• biological functions
• boron
• boron metabolism
• cellular homeostasis.

Bor Elementinin Biyokimyasal Rolleri ve İnsan Metabolizması Üzerindeki Etkileri

Öz

Bu makalede, Dünya Sağlık Örgütü tarafından insan sağlığı için temel elementlerden biri olarak tanımlanan bor, fizyolojik süreçlerdeki kritik rolleri ve elektron eksikliğine dayanan benzersiz kimyasal yapısı nedeniyle stratejik öneme sahiptir. Antik çağlardan günümüze kadar, bu eser element, benzersiz yapısı sayesinde tarımdan yüksek teknoloji endüstrilerine kadar çok geniş bir yelpazede vazgeçilmez bir hammadde haline gelmiştir. Bu çalışma, borun temel biyolojik, tarihsel ve kimyasal özelliklerine genel bir bakış sunarken, modern bilimde ve gelecekteki araştırma alanlarında bu elementin yenilikçi uygulamalar için potansiyelini de değerlendirmektedir. Bu bağlamda, bu çalışma gastrointestinal sistem tarafından bor emilimi, transselüler taşıma ve plazma proteinlerine bağlanma mekanizmalarına moleküler düzeyde genel bir bakış sunmaktadır. Borun hücresel homeostazdaki hayati rolleri, NaBC1 (SLC4A11) gibi aktif taşıma sistemleri ve böbrek klirensi kinetiği temel alınarak hem matematiksel hem de fizyolojik perspektiflerden ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, bu mekanizma bağlamında, borun biyomoleküllerin cis-diol fonksiyonel gruplarıyla etkileşimi yoluyla bor siklik ester bileşiklerinin oluşumu ile NAD+/NADH sistemlerinin ve serin proteazlarının düzenlenmesi ele alınmıştır. Ayrıca, borun SOD ve glutatyon metabolik sistemleri gibi antioksidan savunma enzimlerinin ve ALP enzimlerinin aktiviteleri üzerindeki etkisi, mevcut literatür bağlamında biyokimyasal bir bakış açısıyla ayrıntılı olarak ele alınmıştır. Bor, kalsiyum ve magnezyumun tutulmasını artıran ve D vitamininin yarı ömrünü uzatan dinamik bir metabolik hızlandırıcıdır; aynı zamanda SHBG afinitesini azaltarak serbest testosteron seviyelerini de yükseltir. Hücresel düzeyde, kemik oluşumunu tetikler ve NF-κB yolunu inhibe ederek kronik iltihabı azaltır. Ayrıca, “proliferasyon paradoksu” yoluyla sağlıklı dokulardaki onarımı hızlandırırken, kanser hücrelerinde AKT/mTOR sinyal yolunu bozarak, çevre dokulara zarar vermeden seçici olarak apoptozu (hücre ölümü) tetikler.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Antioksidan savunma
• biyolojik işlevler
• bor
• bor metabolizması
• hücresel homeostaz.

Kaynakça

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