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BATI RESİM SANATINDA ÖLÜM VE ÖLÜMLÜLÜĞÜN HATIRLATICISI OLARAK KULLANILAN TEMSİLLER

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 15.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.980213

Öz

Tüm insanların ortak olarak paylaştığı özelliklerden ikisi doğma ve sonunda da herkesin öleceği gerçeğidir. Doğum ile ilgili tartışmalar ilgi çekici görünse de ölüme karşı her zaman bir isteksizlik ve korku var olagelmiştir. Dünyadaki her kültürde yaşam meselelerini anlamak kadar ölüm meselelerini ve karmaşıklığını da anlamak önemlidir. Batıda özellikle insanların doğru bir şekilde yaşamaları ve erdemli bir hayat sürdükten sonra din referansları ile iyi bir insan olarak ölüme ulaşmak önemli görülmüştür. Yaşamın belirsizlikleri ve sahip olunan zenginliklerin geçici olması nedeniyle, insanlar ölümle başa çıkmak için birtakım stratejiler geliştirmek zorunda kalmışlardır. Batı Resim Sanatında, bu konu ile ilişkili olarak, Memento Mori geleneği paralelinde ölüm ve ölümlülüğe dair simge ve sembollerin kullanımı, 1300’lü yıllardan itibaren kullanılmaya başlamış zaman içerisinde kendi dönemlerinin anlayışlarına uygun olarak değişimlere uğrayarak günümüze kadar gelmiştir.
Bu kapsamda Batı Resim Sanatında ölüm ve ölümlülüğün hatırlatıcısı olarak kullanılan görsel temsillerin amaçlarının neler olduğu, hangi konuları içerdiği, hangi simge ve sembollerin kullanıldığı ele alınmış çeşitli yönleriyle araştırılarak irdelenmiştir. Araştırma da Batı Resim Sanatında ölüm ve ölümlüğe dair kullanılan simge ve sembollerin kendi dönemlerini etkileyen salgın, savaş, kıtlık gibi nedenlerle ortaya çıktığı, süreç içerisinde sanatçıların konu üzerinde yoğun olarak üretimlerde bulundukları görülmüş; farklı isimler adı altında bu simge ve sembollerin sosyal, ekonomik ve din gibi etkilerle değişime uğradığı sonucuna varılmıştır.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Abbas, M. B. (2016). The Emergence of Death Representations in Visual Arts:Stereotypes and Social Realities. International Journal of Social Sciences, Special İsaue Volume 2(1), 1733-1743. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijjs.2016.s21.17331743.
  • Aries, P. (1991). Batılının Ölüm Karşısında Tavırları. (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.) Ankara: Gece Yayınları.
  • Buchler, D. (2010). The Art of Dying. Depictions of death in the work of Andres Serrano, Joel-Peter Witkin and David Buchler. Master of Arts in Fine Arts, School of Literary Studies, Media and Creative Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
  • Byock, I. (2002). The Meaning and Value of Death. The Journal of Palliative Medicine, 5(2), 279-288. doi:10.1089/109662102753641278.
  • Cianflone, M. (2006). Fear and Joy in the Dance of Death: Re-İnterpreting the 14th Century Plague's Artistic Genre. Master of Arts Theatre and Dance . New Mexico: The Universty Of New Mexico.
  • DesOrmeaux, A. L. (2007). The Black Death and Its Effect on Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Art. Louisiana State Universty and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Louisiana: LSU Master's Theses-1641.
  • Gire, J. (2014). How Death Imitates Life: Cultural Influences on Conceptions of Death and Dying. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1120.
  • Karpiola, M., & Lahtinen , A. (2015). Cultures of Death and Dying in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: An Introduction. COLLeGIUM: Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 18, 1-32.
  • Kenaan, H. (2002). The 'Unusual Character' of Holbein's "Ambassadors". Artibus et Historiae, 23(46), 61-75. doi:10.2307/1483697.
  • Kitisakon, K. (2018). The Five Senses in Genre Paintings of the Dutch Golden Age. Journal of Urban Culture Research, (6), 124-139.
  • Mckay, B., & Mckay, K. (2012, October 29). Memento Mori: Art to Help You Meditate on Death and Become a Better Man. https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/memento-mori-art/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020.
  • Vardal, H. (2019). The portrayal of the personification of death as a character in myth and fictional literature in the western world. From Antiquity to the 21th century. Oslo: Oslo Metropolitan Universty-Master Thesis.
  • Vasari, G. (2013). Sanatçıların Hayat Hikayeleri (1. Baskı b.). (E. Gökteke, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Walter, D. (2019). Memento Mori: A Positive and Contemporary Reflection Through Visual Art on a Life Spent Well. IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities, 6(2), 107-120. doi:doi.org/10.22492/ijah.6.2.10.
  • Woolley, D. (2018). Still Life, Vanitas and Commodity Culture In: Expending Communities of Sustainable Practice Symposium. Leeds: Leeds Arts Universty.
  • URL 1, Jones, J. (2012, 02 15). Brush with the Black Death: How Artist Painted through the Plague, The Guardian: htttps://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2012/feb/15/brush-black-death-artists-plague, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020.
  • URL 2, https://www.analisidellopera.it/la-trinita-di-masaccio/., Erişim Tarihi: 11/06/2020.
  • URL 3, La Trinità di Masaccio. (2018, 02 09), https://unpodipepe.ca/2018/02/09/la-trinita-di-masaccio/:, Erişim Tarihi: 05/06/2020.
  • URL 4, Masaccio, La Trinità, 1425-1426, Fresk, 667 x 317 cm. Floransa, Basilica di Santa Maria Novella https://www.analisidellopera.it/la-trinita-di-masaccio/, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 5, Fiore, J. (2018, 08 17). Decoding the Symbolism in Hans Holbein’s “Ambassadors”. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-symbolism-hans-holbeins-ambassadors, Erişim Tarihi: 12/06/2020.
  • URL 6, Hans Holbein the Younger, Büyükelçiler, Tahta Üzerine Yağlıboya, 207*209.5, 1533, Ulusal Galeri, Londra, https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hans-holbein-the-younger-the-ambassadors, Erişim Tarihi: 11/06/2020.
  • URL 7, Herrero, A. (2011, 05 11). Scenes of Fatality: Dance Macabre. http://fatalityinart.blogspot.com/2011/05/danse-macabre.html, Erişim Tarihi: 13/06/2020.
  • URL 8, Michael Wolgemut, Ölüm Dansı, Nurmberg Chronicle, 1493, https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Danse-Macabre--Nuremberg-Chronicle--1493-, SS2618347.html#/SearchResult&ITEMID=SS2618347&POPUPPN=1&POPUPIID=2OPEBMRRADVU, Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2020.
  • URL 9, https://dailystoic.com/history-of-memento-mori-art/., Erişim Tarihi: 14/06/2020.
  • URL 10, https://www.funeralguide.co.uk/blog/ars-moriendi, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2020.
  • URL 11, https://www.wdl.org/en/item/8976/, Erişim Tarihi: 12/06/2020.
  • URL 12, Master E.S., Ermutigung im Glauben, Gravür, 92X70, 1450 dolayları, https://commons. wikimedia. org/ wiki /File :Ars_moriendi_(Meister_E.S.),_L.176.png, Erişim Tarihi: 15/06/2020.
  • URL 13, https://brittanica.com/art/vanitas-art-ref837540, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 14, https://www.wga.hu/html_m/b/bailly/selfport.html, Erişim Tarihi: 04/06/2020.
  • URL 15, David Bailly, Oto-portreli Vanitas, Ahşap Üzerine Yağlıboya, 90X122, 1651, Stedeljik Müzesi, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2013/05/21/vanitas-still-life-with-a-portrait-of-a-young-painter-by-david-bailly/, Erişim Tarihi: 16/06/2020.
  • URL 16, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/still-life-of-food-and-drink-by-willem-claesz-heda/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2020.
  • URL 17, Willem Claesz Heda, Yiyecek ve İçecekli Natürmort, Panel Üzerine Yağlıboya, 1634, Ulusal Thyssen-Bornemisza Müzesi, Madrid, https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/heda-willem-claesz/still-life-fruit-pie-and-various-objects, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 18, Adrian Brauwer, Sigara İçen Adam, Ahşap Üzerine Yağlıboya, Metropolitan Müzesi, New York, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Adriaen_Brower_-_The_Smokers.jpg/800px-Adriaen_Brower_-_The_Smokers.jpg, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.

REPRESENTATIONS USED AS THE REMINDER OF DEATH AND MORTALITY IN WESTERN PAINTING ART

Yıl 2022, Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1, 1 - 10, 15.08.2022
https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.980213

Öz

Two of the traits that all humans share in common are the fact that they are born and eventually all die. Although discussions about birth may seem interesting, there has always been a reluctance and fear of death. It is as important to understand the issues and complexity of death as it is to understand the issues of life in every culture around the world. In the West, it has been considered important to reach death as a good person with religious references, especially after people live a righteous life and lead a virtuous life. Due to the uncertainties of life and the temporary nature of wealth, people have had to develop some strategies to cope with death. In Western Painting, the use of signs and symbols related to death and mortality in parallel with the Memento Mori tradition has started to be used since the 1300s, and has survived to the present day by undergoing changes in accordance with the understanding of their own periods.
In this context, the purposes of the visual representations used as a reminder of death and mortality in Western Painting Art, what subjects they contain, which signs and symbols are used are discussed and examined in various aspects. In the research, it was seen that the signs and symbols used in Western Painting Art about death and mortality emerged due to reasons such as epidemics, wars and famines that affected their own periods, and that the artists produced intensively on the subject in the process; It has been concluded that these signs and symbols under different names have changed with social, economic and religious influences.

Kaynakça

  • Al-Abbas, M. B. (2016). The Emergence of Death Representations in Visual Arts:Stereotypes and Social Realities. International Journal of Social Sciences, Special İsaue Volume 2(1), 1733-1743. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.20319/pijjs.2016.s21.17331743.
  • Aries, P. (1991). Batılının Ölüm Karşısında Tavırları. (M. A. Kılıçbay, Çev.) Ankara: Gece Yayınları.
  • Buchler, D. (2010). The Art of Dying. Depictions of death in the work of Andres Serrano, Joel-Peter Witkin and David Buchler. Master of Arts in Fine Arts, School of Literary Studies, Media and Creative Arts, University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg.
  • Byock, I. (2002). The Meaning and Value of Death. The Journal of Palliative Medicine, 5(2), 279-288. doi:10.1089/109662102753641278.
  • Cianflone, M. (2006). Fear and Joy in the Dance of Death: Re-İnterpreting the 14th Century Plague's Artistic Genre. Master of Arts Theatre and Dance . New Mexico: The Universty Of New Mexico.
  • DesOrmeaux, A. L. (2007). The Black Death and Its Effect on Fourteenth and Fifteenth Century Art. Louisiana State Universty and Agricultural and Mechanical College. Louisiana: LSU Master's Theses-1641.
  • Gire, J. (2014). How Death Imitates Life: Cultural Influences on Conceptions of Death and Dying. Online Readings in Psychology and Culture, 6(2), 3-22. doi:https://doi.org/10.9707/2307-0919.1120.
  • Karpiola, M., & Lahtinen , A. (2015). Cultures of Death and Dying in Medieval and Early Modern Europe: An Introduction. COLLeGIUM: Studies across Disciplines in the Humanities and Social Sciences, 18, 1-32.
  • Kenaan, H. (2002). The 'Unusual Character' of Holbein's "Ambassadors". Artibus et Historiae, 23(46), 61-75. doi:10.2307/1483697.
  • Kitisakon, K. (2018). The Five Senses in Genre Paintings of the Dutch Golden Age. Journal of Urban Culture Research, (6), 124-139.
  • Mckay, B., & Mckay, K. (2012, October 29). Memento Mori: Art to Help You Meditate on Death and Become a Better Man. https://www.artofmanliness.com/articles/memento-mori-art/, Erişim Tarihi: 06.06.2020.
  • Vardal, H. (2019). The portrayal of the personification of death as a character in myth and fictional literature in the western world. From Antiquity to the 21th century. Oslo: Oslo Metropolitan Universty-Master Thesis.
  • Vasari, G. (2013). Sanatçıların Hayat Hikayeleri (1. Baskı b.). (E. Gökteke, Çev.) İstanbul: Sel Yayıncılık.
  • Walter, D. (2019). Memento Mori: A Positive and Contemporary Reflection Through Visual Art on a Life Spent Well. IAFOR Journal of Arts & Humanities, 6(2), 107-120. doi:doi.org/10.22492/ijah.6.2.10.
  • Woolley, D. (2018). Still Life, Vanitas and Commodity Culture In: Expending Communities of Sustainable Practice Symposium. Leeds: Leeds Arts Universty.
  • URL 1, Jones, J. (2012, 02 15). Brush with the Black Death: How Artist Painted through the Plague, The Guardian: htttps://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/jonathanjonesblog/2012/feb/15/brush-black-death-artists-plague, Erişim Tarihi: 12.06.2020.
  • URL 2, https://www.analisidellopera.it/la-trinita-di-masaccio/., Erişim Tarihi: 11/06/2020.
  • URL 3, La Trinità di Masaccio. (2018, 02 09), https://unpodipepe.ca/2018/02/09/la-trinita-di-masaccio/:, Erişim Tarihi: 05/06/2020.
  • URL 4, Masaccio, La Trinità, 1425-1426, Fresk, 667 x 317 cm. Floransa, Basilica di Santa Maria Novella https://www.analisidellopera.it/la-trinita-di-masaccio/, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 5, Fiore, J. (2018, 08 17). Decoding the Symbolism in Hans Holbein’s “Ambassadors”. https://www.artsy.net/article/artsy-editorial-decoding-symbolism-hans-holbeins-ambassadors, Erişim Tarihi: 12/06/2020.
  • URL 6, Hans Holbein the Younger, Büyükelçiler, Tahta Üzerine Yağlıboya, 207*209.5, 1533, Ulusal Galeri, Londra, https://www.nationalgallery.org.uk/paintings/hans-holbein-the-younger-the-ambassadors, Erişim Tarihi: 11/06/2020.
  • URL 7, Herrero, A. (2011, 05 11). Scenes of Fatality: Dance Macabre. http://fatalityinart.blogspot.com/2011/05/danse-macabre.html, Erişim Tarihi: 13/06/2020.
  • URL 8, Michael Wolgemut, Ölüm Dansı, Nurmberg Chronicle, 1493, https://www.sciencesource.com/archive/Danse-Macabre--Nuremberg-Chronicle--1493-, SS2618347.html#/SearchResult&ITEMID=SS2618347&POPUPPN=1&POPUPIID=2OPEBMRRADVU, Erişim Tarihi: 16.06.2020.
  • URL 9, https://dailystoic.com/history-of-memento-mori-art/., Erişim Tarihi: 14/06/2020.
  • URL 10, https://www.funeralguide.co.uk/blog/ars-moriendi, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2020.
  • URL 11, https://www.wdl.org/en/item/8976/, Erişim Tarihi: 12/06/2020.
  • URL 12, Master E.S., Ermutigung im Glauben, Gravür, 92X70, 1450 dolayları, https://commons. wikimedia. org/ wiki /File :Ars_moriendi_(Meister_E.S.),_L.176.png, Erişim Tarihi: 15/06/2020.
  • URL 13, https://brittanica.com/art/vanitas-art-ref837540, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 14, https://www.wga.hu/html_m/b/bailly/selfport.html, Erişim Tarihi: 04/06/2020.
  • URL 15, David Bailly, Oto-portreli Vanitas, Ahşap Üzerine Yağlıboya, 90X122, 1651, Stedeljik Müzesi, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2013/05/21/vanitas-still-life-with-a-portrait-of-a-young-painter-by-david-bailly/, Erişim Tarihi: 16/06/2020.
  • URL 16, https://mydailyartdisplay.wordpress.com/2011/02/11/still-life-of-food-and-drink-by-willem-claesz-heda/, Erişim Tarihi: 03/06/2020.
  • URL 17, Willem Claesz Heda, Yiyecek ve İçecekli Natürmort, Panel Üzerine Yağlıboya, 1634, Ulusal Thyssen-Bornemisza Müzesi, Madrid, https://www.museothyssen.org/en/collection/artists/heda-willem-claesz/still-life-fruit-pie-and-various-objects, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
  • URL 18, Adrian Brauwer, Sigara İçen Adam, Ahşap Üzerine Yağlıboya, Metropolitan Müzesi, New York, https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Adriaen_Brower_-_The_Smokers.jpg/800px-Adriaen_Brower_-_The_Smokers.jpg, Erişim Tarihi: 17/06/2020.
Toplam 33 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Bölüm Derleme
Yazarlar

Bayram Dağlı 0000-0003-4573-3710

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 1 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlanma Tarihi 15 Ağustos 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2022 Cilt: 8 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Dağlı, B. (2022). BATI RESİM SANATINDA ÖLÜM VE ÖLÜMLÜLÜĞÜN HATIRLATICISI OLARAK KULLANILAN TEMSİLLER. İnönü Üniversitesi Kültür Ve Sanat Dergisi, 8(1), 1-10. https://doi.org/10.22252/ijca.980213