Gıda Güvenliğinin Ekonomik ve Çevresel Belirleyicileri: BRICS-T Ülkeleri İçin Bir Analiz

Öz

Bu çalışma, BRICS-T ülkelerinde gıda güvenliğini etkileyen ekonomik ve çevresel faktörlerin uzun dönemli etkilerini analiz etmektedir. Çalışmada, gıda güvenliği endeksi, karbon emisyonları, kişi başına düşen gelir, nüfus artış oranı, ve enflasyon değişkenleri incelenmiştir. Panel eşbütünleşme testi ve FMOLS yöntemleri kullanılarak, karbon emisyonlarının gıda güvenliği üzerinde pozitif bir etkisi olduğu, ancak bu etkinin çevresel sürdürülebilirlik açısından risk oluşturabileceği tespit edilmiştir. Bulgular, sürdürülebilir tarım teknolojilerine yatırım yapılması, doğal kaynakların korunması ve uluslararası işbirliklerinin artırılması gerektiğine işaret etmektedir. Çalışma, BRICS-T ülkelerinin farklı ekonomik ve çevresel koşulları ışığında literatüre yeni bir bakış açısı sunmaktadır.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Gıda güvenliği
• BRICS-T ülkeleri
• karbon emisyonları
• Panel Eşbütünleşme
• FMOLS

Economic and Environmental Determinants of Food Security: An Analysis for BRICS-T Countries

Öz

This study analyzes the long-term effects of economic and environmental factors on food security in BRICS-T countries. Variables such as food security index, carbon emissions, per capita income growth, population growth rate, and inflation were examined. Using Panel cointegration tests and the FMOLS methods, the findings indicate that carbon emissions have a positive impact on food security, although this effect poses risks to environmental sustainability. The results highlight the need for investment in sustainable agricultural technologies, the preservation of natural resources, and enhanced international cooperation. The study provides a novel perspective to the literature by considering the unique economic and environmental conditions of BRICS-T countries.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Food security
• BRICS-T countries
• carbon emissions
• Panel Cointegration
• FMOLS

Kaynakça

1. Adetama, D. S., Fauzi, A., Juanda, B. ve Hakim, D. B. (2021). Measurement of composites index on low carbon development supporting food security. Sustainability, 13(23), 13352. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132313352
2. Allee, A. ve Lynd, L. R. (2021). Food security and bioenergy production: Bridging the gap. Environmental Research Letters, 16(10), 105003. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/ac1d58
3. Baquedano, F., Zereyesus, Y. A., Valdes, C. ve Ajewole, K. (2021). International food security assessment, 2021–31. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
4. Breitung, J. (2001). The local power of some unit root tests for panel data. İçinde Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (ss. 161-177). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
5. Cai, J., Ma, E., Lin, J., Liao, L. ve Han, Y. (2020). Exploring global food security patterns from the perspective of spatio-temporal evolution. Journal of Geographical Sciences, 30(2), 179–196. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11442-020-1722-y
6. Chen, X., Zhao, S. ve Zhang, H. (2018). The impact of climate change on food security in China. Environmental Science and Policy, 14(2), 212-221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envsci.2018.02.002
7. Chen, C.-C., Shih, J.-C., Chang, C.-C. ve Hsu, S.-H. (2015). Trade liberalization and food security: A case study of Taiwan using Global Food Security Index (GFSI). Agricultural & Applied Economics Association Annual Meeting Proceedings, San Francisco, CA. http://ageconsearch.umn.edu
8. Economist Group. (2021). Global Food Security Index 2021: The ten-year anniversary. Economist Intelligence Unit.

9. Economist Impact (2022). Global Food Security Index 2022: Brazil Country report. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024, https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/resource-library
10. Economist Impact (2022). Global Food Security Index 2022: China Country report. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024, https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/resource-library
11. Economist Impact (2022). Global Food Security Index 2022: India Country report. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024, https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/resource-library
12. Economist Impact (2022). Global Food Security Index 2022: South Africa Country report. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024, https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/resource-library
13. Economist Impact (2022). Global Food Security Index 2022: Turkey Country report. Erişim tarihi: 10.11.2024, https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/resource-library
14. Food and Agriculture Organization. (2020). The state of food security and nutrition in the world 2020: Transforming food systems for affordable healthy diets. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations. https://doi.org/10.4060/ca9692en
15. Global Food Security Index 2022: Country Profiles. Economist Impact 2022. https://impact.economist.com/sustainability/project/food-security-index/explore-countries.
16. Guo, J., Mao, K., Yuan, Z., Qin, Z., Xu, T., Bateni, S. M., Zhao, Y. ve Ye, C. (2021). Global food security assessment during 1961–2019. Sustainability, 13(24), 14005. https://doi.org/10.3390/su132414005
17. Gülmez, A. ve Yardımcıoğlu, F. (2012). OECD ülkelerinde Ar-Ge harcamaları ve ekonomik büyüme ilişkisi: Panel eşbütünleşme ve panel nedensellik analizi (1990-2010). Maliye Dergisi, 163(1), 335-353.
18. Halloran, A., Clement, J., Kornum, N., Bucatariu, C. ve Magid, J. (2014). Addressing food waste reduction in Denmark. Food Policy, 49, 294–301. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodpol.2014.09.005.
19. Im, K. S., M. H. Pesaran ve Y. Shin. (2003). Testing for unit roots in heterogeneous panels. Journal of Econometrics, 115: 53-74.
20. IOFS. (2021). Global Food Security Index (GFSI) framework and methodology. Islamic Organization for Food Security.
21. Kao, C. (1999). Spurious regression and residual-based tests for cointegration in panel data. Journal of Econometrics, 90, 1-44.
22. Pedroni, P. (1999). Critical values for cointegration tests in heterogeneous panels with multiple regressors. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 61,653-670.
23. Pedroni, P. (2001). Fully modified OLS for heterogeneous cointegrated panels. İçinde Nonstationary panels, panel cointegration, and dynamic panels (ss. 93-130). Emerald Group Publishing Limited.
24. Singh, A. K. (2018). Influence of climate and non-climatic factors on Global Food Security Index: A cross-sectional country-wise analysis. Social Sciences Journal, 1(1), 22–30. https://core.ac.uk/display/322551693
25. Somoye, R. O. ve Mar’I, Z. A. (2024). Does carbon dioxide emission influence food security in the United States amidst climate policy actions? Natural Resources Forum. https://doi.org/10.1111/1477-8947.12296
26. Thomas, A.-C., D’Hombres, B., Casubolo, C., Kayitakire, F. ve Saisana, M. (2017). The use of the Global Food Security Index to inform the situation in food insecure countries. Joint Research Centre (JRC) Technical Report, European Commission. https://doi.org/10.2760/83356
27. United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Economic Research Service. (2022). International food security assessment, 2022–32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
28. Zereyesus, Y. A., Cardell, L., Valdes, C., Ajewole, K., Zeng, W., Beckman, J., Ivanic, M., Hashad, R., Jelliffe, J. ve Kee, J. (2022). International food security assessment, 2022–32. U.S. Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service.
29. Zhang, Z., Liu, Y. ve Li, X. (2020). Increased greenhouse gas emissions intensity of major croplands in China. Global Change Biology, 26(10), 5817-5829. https://doi.org/10.1111/gcb.15234.