Yeni Teknolojiler ve İstihdam Artışı

Öz

Robot, yapay zekâ ve otomasyon teknolojilerindeki gelişmeler işin geleceğine dair endişenin artmasına neden olmuştur. Ana akım çalışmalarda teknolojik işsizlik kaygısı öne çıkarken eleştirel iş-sonrası düşüncede sadece belirli işlerin değil genel olarak işin ortadan kalkmakta olduğu ileri sürülmektedir. Bu çalışmaların çoğunda yeni teknolojilerin yalnızca emeğin yerini alma biçimindeki “teknik” etkisine odaklanarak, onların toplumsal karakterini göz ardı edilmekte ve böylece teknoloji fetişizmi tuzağına düşülmektedirler. Bu makale, teknolojiyi bağımsız, tarafsız bir faktör olarak görmemekte, bunun yerine içinde bulunduğu toplumsal bağlamla birlikte ele almakta ve teknolojinin bağlamsallığı yaklaşımını benimsemektedir. Makalede yeni teknolojilerin istihdamı artırıcı etkileri gösterilmektedir. Yoğun otomasyonun gerçekleştiği ülkelerde işçi sayısı ve oranı azalmak bir yana hızlı bir biçimde artmaktadır. İstihdamı artırıcı mekanizmalar üretkenlik, reel gelir artışı, tamamlayıcı işler, yeni işler ve sektörler, pazar genişlemesi ve metalaştırmayı kapsamaktadır. Bu etkilerin analizi, teorik ve ampirik çalışmaların kapsamlı bir incelemesine dayanmaktadır. Otomasyonun istihdam olanaklarında genel bir düşüşe yol açtığı iddiası, gerçek olgular ve eğilimler tarafından desteklenmemektedir; daha ziyade teknoloji fetişizminin yaygın etkisinin bir ürünüdür.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Teknoloji
• otomasyon
• istihdam
• teknoloji fetişizmi

New Technologies and Increase in Employment

Öz

Recent advancements in robotics, artificial intelligence and automation technologies have given rise to a range of concerns regarding the future of employment. While concerns regarding technological unemployment are prevalent in mainstream studies, critical post-work thought posits that not only certain jobs, but also jobs in general, are disappearing. The majority of extant studies focus exclusively on the "technical" aspect of new technologies replacing labour, thereby ignoring their social dimension and consequently falling into the trap of technology fetishism. This article adopts a contextual approach to technology, considering it in conjunction with the social context in which it is situated. The employment-enhancing effects of new technologies are demonstrated. In countries undergoing intensive automation, there has been a rapid increase in the number and proportion of workers, rather than a decline. The employment-enhancing mechanisms encompass productivity, real income growth, complementary jobs, new jobs and sectors, market expansion and commodification. The analysis of these effects is based on a comprehensive review of theoretical and empirical studies. The argument that automation is leading to a general decline in employment opportunities is not supported by actual facts and trends; rather, it is a product of the pervasive influence of technological fetishism.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Technology
• automation
• employment
• technology fetishism

Kaynakça

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