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Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Ekstra Maliyeti ve İşsizlik Ödeneklerinin Maddi Yoksunluk Üzerine Etkisi

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3, 535 - 554, 02.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202136303

Öz

İşsizliğin yarattığı maddi kayıplar sebebiyle bireylerin yaşamlarında olumsuzluklara neden olduğu düşünülmektedir. Finansal kayıplar nedeniyle, işsizlerin maddi yoksunluğu bir işi olana kıyasla daha yüksek olabilir. Aynı standartlarda yaşayabilmek için işsiz bireyler, çalışanlara nazaran ilave maddi desteğe ihtiyaç duyabilmekte veya ekstra maliyetlere katlanmak zorunda kalabilmektedir. Bu çalışma Türkiye’de işsizliğin maddi yoksunluk üzerine etkisini ve işsiz bireylerin maddi yoksunluğu telafi etmek veya çalışanlarla aynı yaşam standardına sahip olmak için ne kadar ekstra maliyete katlanması gerektiğini ortaya koymayı amaçlamıştır. TÜİK Gelir ve Yaşam Koşulları Anketi (2013-2017) havuzlanmış yatay kesit mikro verilerinin kullanıldığı çalışmada Yaşam Standardı Yaklaşımı takip edilmiştir. Analizlerde Logit ve doğrusal regresyon modelleri tahmin edilmiştir. Bulgular, işsiz bireylerin çalışanlara kıyasla maddi yetersizlikler yüzünden daha az olasılıkla akraba ve aileleri ile sosyal aktiviteler için bir araya geldiği, daha az olasılıkla spor, sinema ve konser gibi aktivitelere para ayırabildiği ve daha az olasılıkla sadece kendileri için bir miktar parayı harcayabildiğini ortaya koymuştur. Bu bulgular bize, çalışmada Türkiye’deki işsizlik yardım ve ödeneklerinin etkinliğini araştırmayı da düşündürmüştür. İlgili sonuçlar yapılan ödemelerin bireylerin maddi yoksunluğunu azaltmada ya da yaşam standardını iyileştirmede etkisinin önemsenmeyecek küçüklükte pozitif olduğunu göstermiştir.

Kaynakça

  • Ashenfelter, O., Harmon, C., ve Oosterbeek, H. (1999). A Review of Estimates of the Schooling/Earnings Relationship, with Tests for Publication Bias. Labour economics, 6(4), 453-470.
  • Assaad, R., ve Rouchdy, M. (1999). Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Egypt, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
  • Bedard, K., ve Deschenes, O. (2005). Sex Preferences, Marital Dissolution, and the Economic Status of Women. Journal of Human Resources, 40(2), 411-434.
  • Bentolıla, S., Ve Ichino, A. (2008). Unemployment and Consumption Near and Far Away from the Mediterranean. Journal of Population Economics, 21(2), 255-280.
  • Björklund, A. (1985). Unemployment and Mental Health: Some Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4) 469-483.
  • Bradbury, B. (1993). Family Assistance and the Incomes of Low-Wage Families over the 1980s. Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
  • Brand, J. E. (2015), The Far –Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 359-375.
  • Broman, C. L., Hamılton, V. L., ve Hoffman W. S. (1990). Unemployment and Its Effect on Families: Evidence from a Plant Closing Study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(5), 643-659.
  • Browning, M., ve Crossley, T. F. (2000). Luxuries are Easier to Postpone: A Proof. Journal of Political Economy, 108(5), 1022-1026.
  • Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., ve House J. S. (2007). Toward a Better Estimation of the Effect of Job Loss on Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(4), 369-384.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, 1801-1863.
  • Carroll, N. (2007). Unemployment and Psychological Well‐Being. Economic Record, 83(262), 287-302.
  • Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton K., Margerison-Zilka, C., Subbaraman, M., Lewinn, K., ve Anderson, E., (2011). The Health Effects of Economic Decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 431-450.
  • Cha, Y., ve Morgan, S. L. (2010). Structural Earnings Losses and Between-Industry Mobility of Displaced Workers, Social Science Research, 39(6), 1137-1152.
  • Couch, K. A. (1998). Late Life Job Displacement. The Gerontologist, 38(1), 7-17.
  • Couch, K. A., Jolly, N. A., ve Placzek, D. W. (2010). Earning Losses of Displaced Workers Revisited. American Economic Review, 100(1), 572-89.
  • Couch, K. A., Jolly, N. A., ve Placzek, D. W. (2011). Earning Losses of Displaced Workers and the Business Cycle: An Analysis with Administrative Data, Economic Letters. 111(1), 16-19.
  • Cullinan, J., Gannon, B., ve Lyons, S. (2011). Estimating the Extra Cost Living for People with Disabilities. Health Economics, 20(5), 582-599.
  • Çizel, R.B., Güzeller, C. O., ve Mütevellioğlu, N. (2011). İşsizliğin Psikolojik Sonuçları: Antalya Örneği. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 2(1), 26-41.
  • Datt, G., Jolliffe, D., ve Sharma, M. P. (1998). A Profile of Poverty in Egypt: 1997. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Working Paper, 49, 1-110.
  • Dooley, D., Fieldıng J., ve Levi, L. (1996). Health and Unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health, 17(1), 449-465
  • Epstein, L. H., Roemmich, J. N., Robinson, J. L., Paluch, R. A., Winiewicz, D. D., Fuerch, J. H., ve Robinson, T. N. (2008). A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Reducing Television Viewing and Computer Use on Body Mass Index in Young Children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(3), 239-245.
  • Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Marmaot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. A., Smith, G. D. (1998). An Uncertain Future: The Health Effect of Threats to Employment Security and White-Collar Men and Woman. American Journal of Public Health, 88(7), 1030-1036.
  • Franks, P.J., Adamson, C., Bulpitt, P.F., ve Bulpitt, C.J., (1991). Stroke Death and Unemployment in London. Journal Epidemiol Community Health, 45, 16–18.
  • Gagan, D., ve Gagan, R. (1990). Working-Class Standards of Living in Late-Victorian Urban Ontario: A Review of the Miscellaneous Evidence on the Quality of Material Life. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de La Societe Historique du Canada, 1(1), 171-193.
  • Gallo, W. T., Bradley, E., Dubin, J., Jones, R., Flaba, T., Teng, H.M., ve Kasl, S.V. (2006). The Persistence of Depressive Symptoms in Older Workers who Experience Involuntary Job Loss: Results from the Health and Retirement Survey. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences. 55, 131–140.
  • Gallo, W.T., Bradley, E., Flaba, T., Dubin, J., Cramer L., Bogardus, S., ve Kasl, S.V. (2004). Involuntary Job Loss as a Risk Factor for Subsequent Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: Findings from the Health and Retirement. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45(5), 408-416.
  • Heckman, S.J., ve Hanna, S.D. (2015). Individual and Institutional Factors Related to Low-Income Household Saving Behavior. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 26(2), 187-199.
  • Helliwell, J. F., ve Putnam, R. D. (2004). The Social Context of Well–Being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1435-1446.
  • Hurlbert, Jeanne S., ve Acock, A.C (1990). The Effects of Marital Status on the Form and Composition of Social Networks. Social Science Quarterly, 71(1), 163-174.
  • ILO (2019). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2019. International Labor Office, Genova. ISBN 978-92-2-132952-7.
  • Jacobson, T., Vredin A., ve Warne, A. (1993). Are Real Wages and Unemployment Related?. IIES.
  • Junankar, P. N., ve Kapuscinski C. A. (1991). Aboriginal Employment and Unemployment: An Overview. Economic Papers, 10 (4), 30-43.
  • KAMU-SEN (2004). İstihdam, İşsizlik ve Ücret Sorunlarına Çözüm Arayışları. Türkiye Kamu Sen AR-GE Yayınları, Yayın No: 10, Ankara.
  • Kletzer, L. G. (1998). Job Displacement. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 115-136.
  • Kutal, M. (2003). Türk İşsizlik Sigortasında Sigortalılara Sağlanan Yardımlar ve Bunları Yapmakla Görevli Resmî Kurumlar, İşsizliğin İş Hukuku ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Açısından Sorunları Semineri. Kamu-İş Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Lusardı, A. (2008). Household Saving Behavior: The Role of Financial Literacy, Information, and Financial Education Programs No. w13824, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Macdonald, M., (2009). Income security for Women: What About Employment Insurance? Public Policy For Women In Canada: The State, Income Security and Labour Market Issues, (Ed. M.G. Cohen ve J. Pulkingham), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 251–270.
  • Marshall, S. J., Bıddle, S. J., Gorely, T., Cameron, N., ve Murdey, I. (2004). Relationships between Media Use, Body Fatness and Physical Activity in Children and Youth: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 28(10), 1238-1246.
  • Morciano, M., Hancock, R. M., ve Pudney, S. E. (2015). Birth-Cohort Trends in Older-Age Functional Disability and Their Relationship with Socio-Economic Status: Evidence from a Pooling of Repeated Cross-Sectional Population-Based Studies for the UK. Social Science & Medicine, 136, 1-9.
  • Myers, D. A., Burkhauser, R. V., ve Holden, K. C. (1987). The Transition From Wife To Widow: The Importance of Survivor Benefits To Widows. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 54(4), 752-759.
  • Ogunleye, A. A., Voss, C., ve Sandercock, G. R. (2012), Prevalence of High Screen Time in English Youth: Association with Deprivation and Physical Activity. Journal of Public Health, 34(1), 46-53.
  • Ozdamar, O., Gıovanis, E., ve Özdaş B. (2019). The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Health, Living Standards and Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Structural Equation Modelling and Regression Discontinuity Design. SSRN Working Papers, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3574286, (02.10.2019).
  • Paul, K. I., ve Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment Impairs Mental Health: Meta-Analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 264-282
  • Peet, E. D., Fink, G., ve Fawzi, W. (2015). Returns to Education in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Living Standards and Measurement Study Surveys. Economics of Education Review, 49, 69-90.
  • Pettee, K.K., Jennifer S. B., Andrea M. K., Robert B., Caroline R. R., Lisa H. C., ve Suzanne S. (2006). Influence of Marital Status on Physical Activity Levels among Older Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 3: 541-546.
  • Pissarides, C. A. (1998). The Impact of Employment Tax Cuts on Unemployment and Wages: The Role of Unemployment Benefits and Tax Structure. European Economic Review, 42(1), 155-183.
  • Podgursky, M., Swaim, P. (1987), Job Displacement and Earnings Loss: Evidence from the Displaced Worker Survey. ILR Review, 41(1), 17-29.
  • Ruhm, C. J. (1991), Are Workers Permanently Scarred by Job Displacement. The American Economic Review, 81(1), 319-324.
  • Sager, E. W., ve Baskerville, P. (1997). Unemployment, Living Standards, and the Working-class family in Urban Canada in 1901. The History of the Family, 2(3), 229-254.
  • Sen, A. K. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities, Professor Dr. P. Hennipman Lectures in Economics, Amsterdam, New York, North-Holland: Elsevier Science.
  • Sherraden, M. S., ve Mcbride, A. M. (2010). Striving to Save: Creating Policies for Financial Security of Low-Income families. University of Michigan Press.
  • Strully, K. W. (2009). Job Loss and Health in the US Labor Market. Demography, 46(2), 221-246.
  • Topbaş, F. (2007), İşsizlik ve İntihar İlişkisi: 1975-2005 VAR Analizi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2007(2), 161-172.
  • Topel, R. (1990). Specific Capital and Unemployment: Measuring the Costs and Consequences of Job Loss. In Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 33,181-214, North-Holland.
  • Tunstall-Pedoe H., Smith W. C. S, Crombie I. K., ve Tavendale R. (1989). Coronary Risk Factor and Lifestyle Variation Across Scotland: Results From the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scottish Medical Journal, 34:556–60.
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Extra Costs of Unemployment in Turkey and The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Material Deprivation

Yıl 2021, Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3, 535 - 554, 02.09.2021
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202136303

Öz

Unemployment can have undesirable effects on people’s life by creating material deprivation. Due to material deprivation, living standards of the unemployed can be lower than those of the rest employed. To be able to live in the same standards, the unemployed may bear extra costs or need some extra amount of financial support compared to the employed. This study aims at revealing the effect of the unemployment on material deprivation and sheds in the light of a question that how much extra costs that the unemployed people bear to compensate material deprivation or to have the same living standards with the people employed. Living standards approach is applied using TURKSTAT Income and Living Conditions Survey (2008-2017) pooled cross sectional micro level data. Logit and the linear regression models are estimated for the analysis. The findings reveal that unemployed individuals are less likely to get together with their relatives and families for the social activities, less likely to spend money for activities such as sports, movies and concerts, and less likely to spend some money just for themselves, due to financial inadequacies, compared to the employed. These findings have also led us to investigate the effectiveness of unemployment benefits and allowances in Turkey. The relevant results show that the effect of the payments is positive but negligibly small in reducing the material deprivation of individuals or improving the standard of living.

Kaynakça

  • Ashenfelter, O., Harmon, C., ve Oosterbeek, H. (1999). A Review of Estimates of the Schooling/Earnings Relationship, with Tests for Publication Bias. Labour economics, 6(4), 453-470.
  • Assaad, R., ve Rouchdy, M. (1999). Poverty and Poverty Alleviation Strategies in Egypt, Cairo: American University in Cairo Press.
  • Bedard, K., ve Deschenes, O. (2005). Sex Preferences, Marital Dissolution, and the Economic Status of Women. Journal of Human Resources, 40(2), 411-434.
  • Bentolıla, S., Ve Ichino, A. (2008). Unemployment and Consumption Near and Far Away from the Mediterranean. Journal of Population Economics, 21(2), 255-280.
  • Björklund, A. (1985). Unemployment and Mental Health: Some Evidence from Panel Data. Journal of Human Resources, 20(4) 469-483.
  • Bradbury, B. (1993). Family Assistance and the Incomes of Low-Wage Families over the 1980s. Social Policy Research Centre, University of New South Wales.
  • Brand, J. E. (2015), The Far –Reaching Impact of Job Loss and Unemployment. Annual Review of Sociology, 41, 359-375.
  • Broman, C. L., Hamılton, V. L., ve Hoffman W. S. (1990). Unemployment and Its Effect on Families: Evidence from a Plant Closing Study. American Journal of Community Psychology, 18(5), 643-659.
  • Browning, M., ve Crossley, T. F. (2000). Luxuries are Easier to Postpone: A Proof. Journal of Political Economy, 108(5), 1022-1026.
  • Burgard, S. A., Brand, J. E., ve House J. S. (2007). Toward a Better Estimation of the Effect of Job Loss on Health. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 48(4), 369-384.
  • Card, D. (1999). The Causal Effect of Education on Earnings. In Handbook of Labor Economics, Vol. 3, 1801-1863.
  • Carroll, N. (2007). Unemployment and Psychological Well‐Being. Economic Record, 83(262), 287-302.
  • Catalano, R., Goldman-Mellor, S., Saxton K., Margerison-Zilka, C., Subbaraman, M., Lewinn, K., ve Anderson, E., (2011). The Health Effects of Economic Decline. Annual Review of Public Health, 32, 431-450.
  • Cha, Y., ve Morgan, S. L. (2010). Structural Earnings Losses and Between-Industry Mobility of Displaced Workers, Social Science Research, 39(6), 1137-1152.
  • Couch, K. A. (1998). Late Life Job Displacement. The Gerontologist, 38(1), 7-17.
  • Couch, K. A., Jolly, N. A., ve Placzek, D. W. (2010). Earning Losses of Displaced Workers Revisited. American Economic Review, 100(1), 572-89.
  • Couch, K. A., Jolly, N. A., ve Placzek, D. W. (2011). Earning Losses of Displaced Workers and the Business Cycle: An Analysis with Administrative Data, Economic Letters. 111(1), 16-19.
  • Cullinan, J., Gannon, B., ve Lyons, S. (2011). Estimating the Extra Cost Living for People with Disabilities. Health Economics, 20(5), 582-599.
  • Çizel, R.B., Güzeller, C. O., ve Mütevellioğlu, N. (2011). İşsizliğin Psikolojik Sonuçları: Antalya Örneği. Çalışma İlişkileri Dergisi, 2(1), 26-41.
  • Datt, G., Jolliffe, D., ve Sharma, M. P. (1998). A Profile of Poverty in Egypt: 1997. International Food Policy Research Institute (IFPRI) Working Paper, 49, 1-110.
  • Dooley, D., Fieldıng J., ve Levi, L. (1996). Health and Unemployment. Annual Review of Public Health, 17(1), 449-465
  • Epstein, L. H., Roemmich, J. N., Robinson, J. L., Paluch, R. A., Winiewicz, D. D., Fuerch, J. H., ve Robinson, T. N. (2008). A Randomized Trial of the Effects of Reducing Television Viewing and Computer Use on Body Mass Index in Young Children. Archives of Pediatrics & Adolescent Medicine, 162(3), 239-245.
  • Ferrie, J. E., Shipley, M. J., Marmaot, M. G., Stansfeld, S. A., Smith, G. D. (1998). An Uncertain Future: The Health Effect of Threats to Employment Security and White-Collar Men and Woman. American Journal of Public Health, 88(7), 1030-1036.
  • Franks, P.J., Adamson, C., Bulpitt, P.F., ve Bulpitt, C.J., (1991). Stroke Death and Unemployment in London. Journal Epidemiol Community Health, 45, 16–18.
  • Gagan, D., ve Gagan, R. (1990). Working-Class Standards of Living in Late-Victorian Urban Ontario: A Review of the Miscellaneous Evidence on the Quality of Material Life. Journal of the Canadian Historical Association/Revue de La Societe Historique du Canada, 1(1), 171-193.
  • Gallo, W. T., Bradley, E., Dubin, J., Jones, R., Flaba, T., Teng, H.M., ve Kasl, S.V. (2006). The Persistence of Depressive Symptoms in Older Workers who Experience Involuntary Job Loss: Results from the Health and Retirement Survey. Journal of Gerontology, Social Sciences. 55, 131–140.
  • Gallo, W.T., Bradley, E., Flaba, T., Dubin, J., Cramer L., Bogardus, S., ve Kasl, S.V. (2004). Involuntary Job Loss as a Risk Factor for Subsequent Myocardial Infarction and Stroke: Findings from the Health and Retirement. American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 45(5), 408-416.
  • Heckman, S.J., ve Hanna, S.D. (2015). Individual and Institutional Factors Related to Low-Income Household Saving Behavior. Journal of Financial Counseling and Planning, 26(2), 187-199.
  • Helliwell, J. F., ve Putnam, R. D. (2004). The Social Context of Well–Being. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences, 359(1449), 1435-1446.
  • Hurlbert, Jeanne S., ve Acock, A.C (1990). The Effects of Marital Status on the Form and Composition of Social Networks. Social Science Quarterly, 71(1), 163-174.
  • ILO (2019). World Employment Social Outlook: Trends 2019. International Labor Office, Genova. ISBN 978-92-2-132952-7.
  • Jacobson, T., Vredin A., ve Warne, A. (1993). Are Real Wages and Unemployment Related?. IIES.
  • Junankar, P. N., ve Kapuscinski C. A. (1991). Aboriginal Employment and Unemployment: An Overview. Economic Papers, 10 (4), 30-43.
  • KAMU-SEN (2004). İstihdam, İşsizlik ve Ücret Sorunlarına Çözüm Arayışları. Türkiye Kamu Sen AR-GE Yayınları, Yayın No: 10, Ankara.
  • Kletzer, L. G. (1998). Job Displacement. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 12(1), 115-136.
  • Kutal, M. (2003). Türk İşsizlik Sigortasında Sigortalılara Sağlanan Yardımlar ve Bunları Yapmakla Görevli Resmî Kurumlar, İşsizliğin İş Hukuku ve Sosyal Güvenlik Hukuku Açısından Sorunları Semineri. Kamu-İş Yayınları, Ankara.
  • Lusardı, A. (2008). Household Saving Behavior: The Role of Financial Literacy, Information, and Financial Education Programs No. w13824, National Bureau of Economic Research.
  • Macdonald, M., (2009). Income security for Women: What About Employment Insurance? Public Policy For Women In Canada: The State, Income Security and Labour Market Issues, (Ed. M.G. Cohen ve J. Pulkingham), Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 251–270.
  • Marshall, S. J., Bıddle, S. J., Gorely, T., Cameron, N., ve Murdey, I. (2004). Relationships between Media Use, Body Fatness and Physical Activity in Children and Youth: A Meta-Analysis. International Journal of Obesity, 28(10), 1238-1246.
  • Morciano, M., Hancock, R. M., ve Pudney, S. E. (2015). Birth-Cohort Trends in Older-Age Functional Disability and Their Relationship with Socio-Economic Status: Evidence from a Pooling of Repeated Cross-Sectional Population-Based Studies for the UK. Social Science & Medicine, 136, 1-9.
  • Myers, D. A., Burkhauser, R. V., ve Holden, K. C. (1987). The Transition From Wife To Widow: The Importance of Survivor Benefits To Widows. Journal of Risk and Insurance, 54(4), 752-759.
  • Ogunleye, A. A., Voss, C., ve Sandercock, G. R. (2012), Prevalence of High Screen Time in English Youth: Association with Deprivation and Physical Activity. Journal of Public Health, 34(1), 46-53.
  • Ozdamar, O., Gıovanis, E., ve Özdaş B. (2019). The Effect of Unemployment Benefits on Health, Living Standards and Unemployment in Turkey: Evidence from Structural Equation Modelling and Regression Discontinuity Design. SSRN Working Papers, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3574286, (02.10.2019).
  • Paul, K. I., ve Moser, K. (2009). Unemployment Impairs Mental Health: Meta-Analyses. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 74(3), 264-282
  • Peet, E. D., Fink, G., ve Fawzi, W. (2015). Returns to Education in Developing Countries: Evidence from the Living Standards and Measurement Study Surveys. Economics of Education Review, 49, 69-90.
  • Pettee, K.K., Jennifer S. B., Andrea M. K., Robert B., Caroline R. R., Lisa H. C., ve Suzanne S. (2006). Influence of Marital Status on Physical Activity Levels among Older Adults. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise 38, no. 3: 541-546.
  • Pissarides, C. A. (1998). The Impact of Employment Tax Cuts on Unemployment and Wages: The Role of Unemployment Benefits and Tax Structure. European Economic Review, 42(1), 155-183.
  • Podgursky, M., Swaim, P. (1987), Job Displacement and Earnings Loss: Evidence from the Displaced Worker Survey. ILR Review, 41(1), 17-29.
  • Ruhm, C. J. (1991), Are Workers Permanently Scarred by Job Displacement. The American Economic Review, 81(1), 319-324.
  • Sager, E. W., ve Baskerville, P. (1997). Unemployment, Living Standards, and the Working-class family in Urban Canada in 1901. The History of the Family, 2(3), 229-254.
  • Sen, A. K. (1985). Commodities and Capabilities, Professor Dr. P. Hennipman Lectures in Economics, Amsterdam, New York, North-Holland: Elsevier Science.
  • Sherraden, M. S., ve Mcbride, A. M. (2010). Striving to Save: Creating Policies for Financial Security of Low-Income families. University of Michigan Press.
  • Strully, K. W. (2009). Job Loss and Health in the US Labor Market. Demography, 46(2), 221-246.
  • Topbaş, F. (2007), İşsizlik ve İntihar İlişkisi: 1975-2005 VAR Analizi. Karamanoğlu Mehmetbey Üniversitesi Sosyal ve Ekonomik Araştırmalar Dergisi, 2007(2), 161-172.
  • Topel, R. (1990). Specific Capital and Unemployment: Measuring the Costs and Consequences of Job Loss. In Carnegie-Rochester Conference Series on Public Policy, Vol. 33,181-214, North-Holland.
  • Tunstall-Pedoe H., Smith W. C. S, Crombie I. K., ve Tavendale R. (1989). Coronary Risk Factor and Lifestyle Variation Across Scotland: Results From the Scottish Heart Health Study. Scottish Medical Journal, 34:556–60.
  • Turner, J. B. (1995). Economic Context and the Health Effect of Unemployment. Journal of Health and Social Behavior, 36, 213-229.
  • TÜİK (2020). İşgücü İstatistikleri: Ocak 2020 http://tuik.gov.tr/PreHaberBultenleri.do?id=33785, (11.04.2020).
  • Vandewater, E. A., Shim, M. S., ve Caplovitz, A. G. (2004). Linking Obesity and Activity Level with Children's Television and Video Game Use. Journal of Adolescence, 27(1), 71-85.
  • Vodopivec, M., Worgotter, A., ve Raju, D. (2003). Unemployment Benefit Systems in Central and Eastern Europe: A Review of the 1990s. Washington DC: World Bank, Social Policy Discussion Paper, (0310).
  • Waite, L., ve Gallagher, M., (2000). The Case for Marriage, New York, Random House.
  • Wang, L. (2015). Fertility and Unemployment in a Social Security System. Economics Letters, 133(C), 19-23.
  • Webster, S. W., Benson, D. E., ve Spray, S. L. (1994). Gender, Marital Status and Social Support. Sociological Focus, 27(2), 131-146.
  • Yuh, Y., Hanna, S. D. (2010). Which Households Think They Save?. Journal of Consumer Affairs, 44(1), 70-97.
  • Yüksel, İ. (2003). İşsizliğin Psiko-Sosyal Sonuçlarının İncelenmesi (Ankara Örneği). Cumhuriyet Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Dergisi, 4 (2), 21-38.
  • Zaidi, A., ve Burchardt, T. (2005). Comparing Incomes When Needs Differ: Equivalization for the Extra Costs of Disability in the UK. Review of Income and Wealth, 51(1), 89-114.
Toplam 66 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Öznur Özdamar 0000-0002-2188-3733

Zeliha Semra Kılınç Bu kişi benim 0000-0001-9837-1587

Eleftherios Giovanis 0000-0002-7492-7461

Yayımlanma Tarihi 2 Eylül 2021
Gönderilme Tarihi 3 Mayıs 2020
Kabul Tarihi 14 Ağustos 2021
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2021 Cilt: 36 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Özdamar, Ö., Kılınç, Z. S., & Giovanis, E. (2021). Türkiye’de İşsizliğin Ekstra Maliyeti ve İşsizlik Ödeneklerinin Maddi Yoksunluk Üzerine Etkisi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 36(3), 535-554. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.202136303

İzmir İktisat Dergisi
TR-DİZİN, DOAJ, EBSCO, ERIH PLUS, Index Copernicus, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, EconLit, Harvard Hollis, Google Scholar, OAJI, SOBIAD, CiteFactor, OJOP, Araştırmax, WordCat, OpenAIRE, Base, IAD, Academindex
tarafından taranmaktadır.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınevi Web Sitesi
https://kutuphane.deu.edu.tr/yayinevi/

Dergi İletişim Bilgileri Sayfası
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ije/contacts


İZMİR İKTİSAT DERGİSİ 2022 yılı 37. cilt 1. sayı ile birlikte sadece elektronik olarak yayınlanmaya başlamıştır.