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Yeşil Açıklığın Çevresel Bozulma Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 19 - 34, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1068476

Öz

Bu çalışmanın amacı, yeşil açıklık endeksinin çevresel iyileşmeler üzerinde etkili olup olmadığını sorgulamaktır. Yeşil açıklık endeksi yeşil ürünleri dış ticaret bağlamında ayrıştırması bakımından hem dış ticaret hem de çevre literatüründe yeni bir değişkendir. Çalışma bu yönüyle literatürde ilk olma özelliği taşımaktadır. 2003-2016 dönemini kapsayan çalışma sofistike ürünler üretme potansiyeli yüksek olan ülkeleri incelemektedir. Yeşil ürünler gerek üretim gerekse ticaret esnasında bir takım kısıtlayıcı ve ekonomik maliyet gerektirir. Bu bağlamda düşünüldüğünde bu ürünlerin ticareti ve üretimi noktasında belirli bir ekonomik ve sosyal olgunluğa erişmiş ülekerin incelenmesi daha sağlıklı sonuçlar verir. Bu şarrtlar altında ülke grubu olarak IMF listesine göre gelişmiş ülkeler seçilmiş olup ampirik analize bu ülkeler dahil edilmiştir. Çalışmanın ampirik analizi ise panel eşbütünleşme analizleri yardımıyla yapılmış olup analiz neticesinde değişkenlerin eş bütünleşik oldukları tespit edilmştir. Modelin uzun dönem katsayıları da FMOLS, PMG ve MG ile tahmin edilmiş olup çalışma sonucunda EKC hipotezinin geçerli olduğu ve ayrıca yeşil açıklığın çevresel iyileşmeler üzerinde olumlu yönde etkili olduğu görülmüştür. Bir diğer deyişle yeşil açıklığın karbon emisyonlarını azalttığı tespit edilmiştir. Bu önemli bulgu ülkelerin yeşil ürünlere yönelmek suretiyle çevresel bozulmaları azaltacağı şeklinde yorumlanmıştır.

Teşekkür

İyi çalışmalar dilerim.

Kaynakça

  • Ali, H. S., Law, S. H. ve Zannah, T. I. (2016). Dynamic impact of urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12). doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6437-3
  • Bond, T. C. ve Sun, K. (2005). Can reducing black carbon emissions counteract global warming? Environmental Science and Technology, 39(16). doi:10.1021/es0480421
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1). doi:10.2307/2297111
  • Can, M. ve Gozgor, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(19). doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7
  • Can, M., Jebli, M. ben ve Brusselaers, J. (2021). Exploring the Impact of Trading Green Technology Products on the Environment: Introducing the Green Openness Index. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3804046
  • Choi, E., Heshmati, A. ve Cho, Y. (2010). An Empirical Study of the Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness. IZA DP No-5304.
  • Copeland, B. R. (2000). Trade and environment: policy linkages (C. 5). https://about.jstor.org/terms adresinden erişildi.
  • Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-South trade and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3). doi:10.2307/2118421
  • Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F. (2014). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2). doi:10.18657/yecbu.48366
  • Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. ve Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve.
  • Dogan, E. ve Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
  • Farhani, S., Chaibi, A. ve Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426–434. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.025
  • Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve AROURI, M. E. H. (2013). Panel Analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization for MENA Countries. MPRA, (49258).
  • Gozgor, G. ve Can, M. (2016). Export product diversification and the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21594–21603. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7403-9
  • Göçer, İ. (2013). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Bütçe Açıklarının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Eş-Bütünleşme Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 30(8).
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M. ve Peker, O. (2013). Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, 0(18).
  • Grossman, G. ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of economic research.
  • Hashem Pesaran, M. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1). doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Houghton, J. (2005). Global warming. Reports on Progress in Physics, 68(6). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/6/R02
  • IEA. (2020). Statistics report: Key World Energy Statistics 2020. IEA.
  • IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. Ipcc - Sr15 (C. 2).
  • Jun, W., Mahmood, H. ve Zakaria, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness on environment in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(4). doi:10.3846/jbem.2020.12050
  • Kalim, R. ve Shahbaz, M. (2009). Remittances and poverty nexus: Evidence from Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 1(29).
  • Karakaya, E. ve Özçağ, M. (2003). Türkiye Açısından Kyoto Protokolü’nün Değerlendirilmesi ve Ayrıştırma (Decomposition) Yöntemi ile CO2 Emisyonu Belirleyicilerinin Analizi. VII. ODTÜ Ekonomi Konferansı.
  • Kim, D. H., Suen, Y. B. ve Lin, S. C. (2019). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data. Energy Economics, 78. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kim, D.-H., Suen, Y.-B. ve Lin, S.-C. (2018). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data ☆. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kohler, M. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade: A South African perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042–1050. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.022
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality (C. 45).
  • Managi, S., Hibiki, A. ve Tsurumi, T. (2009). Does trade openness improve environmental quality? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3), 346–363. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2009.04.008
  • McGinnis, R., Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behren, W. W. (1973). The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Demography, 10(2). doi:10.2307/2060820
  • Mealy, P. ve Teytelboym, A. (2020). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948
  • Mutascu, M. (2018). A time-frequency analysis of trade openness and CO2 emissions in France. Energy Policy, 115, 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.034
  • Orman, H. L., Ceylan, S. ve Yılmaz Şahin, B. (2019). Dış Ti̇caret Ve Çevre Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ İli̇şki̇si̇: Panel Veri̇ Anali̇zi̇. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. doi:10.17755/esosder.538757
  • Ozturk, I. ve Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324–330. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.018
  • Özdemir, B. K. ve Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji Ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi Cilt, 11, 66–86. doi:10.18354/esam.665191
  • Özokcu, S. ve Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
  • Özşahin, Ş. ve Gerçeker, M. (2016). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel ARDL Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4).
  • Pata, U. K. ve Değer, M. K. (2017). Türkiye de Dış Ticaret ve Karbondioksit Salınımı Arasındaki İlişkilerin Simetrik ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Testleriyle Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(18). doi:10.31671/dogus.2018.20
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2). doi:10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H., Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446). doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156
  • Phillips, P. C. B. ve Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with i(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57(1). doi:10.2307/2297545
  • Sebri, M. ve Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14–23.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. ve Shabbir, M. S. (2012, Haziran). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A. ve Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K. ve Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H. ve Arouri, M. (2013). Does financial development reduce CO 2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.037
  • Sohag, K., Taşkın, F. D. ve Malik, M. N. (2019). Green economic growth, cleaner energy and militarization: Evidence from Turkey. Resources Policy, 63. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101407
  • The World Bank. (2021). CO2 Emissions from Electricity and Heat Production, Total (% of total fuel combustion) . The World Bank based on IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2). doi:10.1002/jae.967
  • Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton, D. L. (2008). A simple test for cointegration in dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 70(5), 665–704. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00513.x
  • Wu, C., Huang, X., Yang, H., Lu, Q., Xu, G., Li, L. ve Li, J. (2015). Embodied carbon emissions of foreign trade under the global financial crisis: A case study of Jiangsu province, China. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 7(4). doi:10.1063/1.4926803
  • Yin, J., Zheng, M. ve Chen, J. (2015). The effects of environmental regulation and technical progress on CO2 Kuznets curve: An evidence from China. Energy Policy, 77. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.008
Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 19 - 34, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1068476

Öz

Kaynakça

  • Ali, H. S., Law, S. H. ve Zannah, T. I. (2016). Dynamic impact of urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12). doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6437-3
  • Bond, T. C. ve Sun, K. (2005). Can reducing black carbon emissions counteract global warming? Environmental Science and Technology, 39(16). doi:10.1021/es0480421
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1). doi:10.2307/2297111
  • Can, M. ve Gozgor, G. (2017). The impact of economic complexity on carbon emissions: evidence from France. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 24(19). doi:10.1007/s11356-017-9219-7
  • Can, M., Jebli, M. ben ve Brusselaers, J. (2021). Exploring the Impact of Trading Green Technology Products on the Environment: Introducing the Green Openness Index. SSRN Electronic Journal. doi:10.2139/ssrn.3804046
  • Choi, E., Heshmati, A. ve Cho, Y. (2010). An Empirical Study of the Relationships between CO2 Emissions, Economic Growth and Openness. IZA DP No-5304.
  • Copeland, B. R. (2000). Trade and environment: policy linkages (C. 5). https://about.jstor.org/terms adresinden erişildi.
  • Copeland, B. R. ve Taylor, M. S. (1994). North-South trade and the environment. Quarterly Journal of Economics, 109(3). doi:10.2307/2118421
  • Çetin, M. ve Şeker, F. (2014). Ekonomik Büyüme ve Dış Ticaretin Çevre Kirliliği Üzerindeki Etkisi: Türkiye İçin Bir ARDL Sınır Testi Yaklaşımı. Yönetim ve Ekonomi: Celal Bayar Üniversitesi İktisadi ve İdari Bilimler Fakültesi Dergisi, 21(2). doi:10.18657/yecbu.48366
  • Dasgupta, S., Laplante, B., Wang, H. ve Wheeler, D. (2002). Confronting the Environmental Kuznets Curve.
  • Dogan, E. ve Seker, F. (2016). The influence of real output, renewable and non-renewable energy, trade and financial development on carbon emissions in the top renewable energy countries. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2016.02.006
  • Farhani, S., Chaibi, A. ve Rault, C. (2014). CO2 emissions, output, energy consumption, and trade in Tunisia. Economic Modelling, 38, 426–434. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2014.01.025
  • Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve AROURI, M. E. H. (2013). Panel Analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization for MENA Countries. MPRA, (49258).
  • Gozgor, G. ve Can, M. (2016). Export product diversification and the environmental Kuznets curve: evidence from Turkey. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(21), 21594–21603. doi:10.1007/s11356-016-7403-9
  • Göçer, İ. (2013). Seçilmiş OECD Ülkelerinde Bütçe Açıklarının Sürdürülebilirliği: Yatay Kesit Bağımlılığı Altında Panel Eş-Bütünleşme Analizi. Journal of Yaşar University, 30(8).
  • Göçer, İ., Mercan, M. ve Peker, O. (2013). Kredi Hacmi Artışının Cari Açığa Etkisi: Çoklu Yapısal Kırılmalı Eşbütünleşme Analizi. Ekonometri ve İstatistik e-Dergisi, 0(18).
  • Grossman, G. ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of economic research.
  • Hashem Pesaran, M. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1). doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
  • Houghton, J. (2005). Global warming. Reports on Progress in Physics, 68(6). doi:10.1088/0034-4885/68/6/R02
  • IEA. (2020). Statistics report: Key World Energy Statistics 2020. IEA.
  • IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. Ipcc - Sr15 (C. 2).
  • Jun, W., Mahmood, H. ve Zakaria, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness on environment in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(4). doi:10.3846/jbem.2020.12050
  • Kalim, R. ve Shahbaz, M. (2009). Remittances and poverty nexus: Evidence from Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 1(29).
  • Karakaya, E. ve Özçağ, M. (2003). Türkiye Açısından Kyoto Protokolü’nün Değerlendirilmesi ve Ayrıştırma (Decomposition) Yöntemi ile CO2 Emisyonu Belirleyicilerinin Analizi. VII. ODTÜ Ekonomi Konferansı.
  • Kim, D. H., Suen, Y. B. ve Lin, S. C. (2019). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data. Energy Economics, 78. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kim, D.-H., Suen, Y.-B. ve Lin, S.-C. (2018). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data ☆. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kohler, M. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade: A South African perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042–1050. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.022
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality (C. 45).
  • Managi, S., Hibiki, A. ve Tsurumi, T. (2009). Does trade openness improve environmental quality? Journal of Environmental Economics and Management, 58(3), 346–363. doi:10.1016/j.jeem.2009.04.008
  • McGinnis, R., Meadows, D. H., Meadows, D. L., Randers, J. ve Behren, W. W. (1973). The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome’s Project on the Predicament of Mankind. Demography, 10(2). doi:10.2307/2060820
  • Mealy, P. ve Teytelboym, A. (2020). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948
  • Mutascu, M. (2018). A time-frequency analysis of trade openness and CO2 emissions in France. Energy Policy, 115, 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.034
  • Orman, H. L., Ceylan, S. ve Yılmaz Şahin, B. (2019). Dış Ti̇caret Ve Çevre Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ İli̇şki̇si̇: Panel Veri̇ Anali̇zi̇. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. doi:10.17755/esosder.538757
  • Ozturk, I. ve Al-Mulali, U. (2015). Investigating the validity of the environmental Kuznets curve hypothesis in Cambodia. Ecological Indicators, 57, 324–330. doi:10.1016/j.ecolind.2015.05.018
  • Özdemir, B. K. ve Koç, K. (2020). Türkiye’de Karbon Emisyonları, Yenilenebilir Enerji Ve Ekonomik Büyüme. Ege Stratejik Araştırmalar Dergisi Cilt, 11, 66–86. doi:10.18354/esam.665191
  • Özokcu, S. ve Özdemir, Ö. (2017). Economic growth, energy, and environmental Kuznets curve. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. Elsevier Ltd. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2017.01.059
  • Özşahin, Ş. ve Gerçeker, M. (2016). Yenilenebilir Enerji ve Ekonomik Büyüme Arasındaki İlişki: BRICS-T Ülkeleri Üzerine Panel ARDL Analizi. Siyaset, Ekonomi ve Yönetim Araştırmaları Dergisi, 4(4).
  • Pata, U. K. ve Değer, M. K. (2017). Türkiye de Dış Ticaret ve Karbondioksit Salınımı Arasındaki İlişkilerin Simetrik ve Asimetrik Nedensellik Testleriyle Analizi. Doğuş Üniversitesi Dergisi, 1(18). doi:10.31671/dogus.2018.20
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2004). General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels General Diagnostic Tests for Cross Section Dependence in Panels. University of Cambridge.
  • Pesaran, M. H. (2007). A simple panel unit root test in the presence of cross-section dependence. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 22(2). doi:10.1002/jae.951
  • Pesaran, M. H., Pesaran, M. H., Shin, Y. ve Smith, R. P. (1999). Pooled Mean Group Estimation of Dynamic Heterogeneous Panels. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 94(446). doi:10.1080/01621459.1999.10474156
  • Phillips, P. C. B. ve Hansen, B. E. (1990). Statistical inference in instrumental variables regression with i(1) processes. Review of Economic Studies, 57(1). doi:10.2307/2297545
  • Sebri, M. ve Ben-Salha, O. (2014). On the causal dynamics between economic growth, renewable energy consumption, CO2 emissions and trade openness: Fresh evidence from BRICS countries. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 39, 14–23.
  • Shahbaz, M., Lean, H. H. ve Shabbir, M. S. (2012, Haziran). Environmental Kuznets Curve hypothesis in Pakistan: Cointegration and Granger causality. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews. doi:10.1016/j.rser.2012.02.015
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasir, M. A. ve Roubaud, D. (2018). Environmental degradation in France: The effects of FDI, financial development, and energy innovations. Energy Economics, 74. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.07.020
  • Shahbaz, M., Nasreen, S., Ahmed, K. ve Hammoudeh, S. (2017). Trade openness–carbon emissions nexus: The importance of turning points of trade openness for country panels. Energy Economics, 61. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2016.11.008
  • Shahbaz, M., Solarin, S. A., Mahmood, H. ve Arouri, M. (2013). Does financial development reduce CO 2 emissions in Malaysian economy? A time series analysis. doi:10.1016/j.econmod.2013.06.037
  • Sohag, K., Taşkın, F. D. ve Malik, M. N. (2019). Green economic growth, cleaner energy and militarization: Evidence from Turkey. Resources Policy, 63. doi:10.1016/j.resourpol.2019.101407
  • The World Bank. (2021). CO2 Emissions from Electricity and Heat Production, Total (% of total fuel combustion) . The World Bank based on IEA Statistics © OECD/IEA 2014.
  • Westerlund, J. (2008). Panel cointegration tests of the Fisher effect. Journal of Applied Econometrics, 23(2). doi:10.1002/jae.967
  • Westerlund, J. ve Edgerton, D. L. (2008). A simple test for cointegration in dependent panels with structural breaks. Oxford Bulletin of Economics and Statistics, 70(5), 665–704. doi:10.1111/j.1468-0084.2008.00513.x
  • Wu, C., Huang, X., Yang, H., Lu, Q., Xu, G., Li, L. ve Li, J. (2015). Embodied carbon emissions of foreign trade under the global financial crisis: A case study of Jiangsu province, China. Journal of Renewable and Sustainable Energy, 7(4). doi:10.1063/1.4926803
  • Yin, J., Zheng, M. ve Chen, J. (2015). The effects of environmental regulation and technical progress on CO2 Kuznets curve: An evidence from China. Energy Policy, 77. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2014.11.008

Investigation of The Impact of Green Openness on Environmental Degradation

Yıl 2023, Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1, 19 - 34, 20.03.2023
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1068476

Öz

The aim of this study is to question whether the green openness index is effective on environmental improvements. The green openness index is a new variable in both foreign trade and environmental literature in terms of distinguishing green products in the context of foreign trade. In this respect, the study is the first in the literature. Covering the period 2003-2016, the study examines countries with high potential to produce sophisticated products. Green products require some restrictive and economic costs during both production and trade. Considering in this context, examining the countries that have reached a certain economic and social maturity at the point of trade and production of these products gives healthier results. Under these conditions, developed countries according to the IMF list were selected as the country group and these countries were included in the empirical analysis. The empirical analysis of the study was made with the help of panel cointegration analyzes and it was determined that the variables were cointegrated as a result of the analysis.The long-term coefficients of the model were also estimated with FMOLS, PMG and MG, and as a result of the study, it was seen that the EKC hypothesis was valid and green openness had a positive effect on environmental improvements. In other words, green openness has been found to reduce carbon emissions. This important finding has been interpreted as countries will reduce environmental degradation by turning to green products.

Kaynakça

  • Ali, H. S., Law, S. H. ve Zannah, T. I. (2016). Dynamic impact of urbanization, economic growth, energy consumption, and trade openness on CO 2 emissions in Nigeria. Environmental Science and Pollution Research, 23(12). doi:10.1007/s11356-016-6437-3
  • Bond, T. C. ve Sun, K. (2005). Can reducing black carbon emissions counteract global warming? Environmental Science and Technology, 39(16). doi:10.1021/es0480421
  • Breusch, T. S. ve Pagan, A. R. (1980). The Lagrange Multiplier Test and its Applications to Model Specification in Econometrics. The Review of Economic Studies, 47(1). doi:10.2307/2297111
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  • Farhani, S., Shahbaz, M. ve AROURI, M. E. H. (2013). Panel Analysis of CO2 Emissions, GDP, Energy Consumption, Trade Openness and Urbanization for MENA Countries. MPRA, (49258).
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  • Grossman, G. ve Krueger, A. (1991). Environmental Impacts of a North American Free Trade Agreement. National Bureau of Economic Research. doi:10.3386/w3914
  • Grossman, G. M. ve Krueger, A. B. (1991). Environmental impacts of a North American free trade agreement. National Bureau of economic research.
  • Hashem Pesaran, M. ve Yamagata, T. (2008). Testing slope homogeneity in large panels. Journal of Econometrics, 142(1). doi:10.1016/j.jeconom.2007.05.010
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  • IEA. (2020). Statistics report: Key World Energy Statistics 2020. IEA.
  • IPCC. (2018). Global warming of 1.5°C. Ipcc - Sr15 (C. 2).
  • Jun, W., Mahmood, H. ve Zakaria, M. (2020). Impact of trade openness on environment in China. Journal of Business Economics and Management, 21(4). doi:10.3846/jbem.2020.12050
  • Kalim, R. ve Shahbaz, M. (2009). Remittances and poverty nexus: Evidence from Pakistan. International Research Journal of Finance and Economics, 1(29).
  • Karakaya, E. ve Özçağ, M. (2003). Türkiye Açısından Kyoto Protokolü’nün Değerlendirilmesi ve Ayrıştırma (Decomposition) Yöntemi ile CO2 Emisyonu Belirleyicilerinin Analizi. VII. ODTÜ Ekonomi Konferansı.
  • Kim, D. H., Suen, Y. B. ve Lin, S. C. (2019). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data. Energy Economics, 78. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kim, D.-H., Suen, Y.-B. ve Lin, S.-C. (2018). Carbon dioxide emissions and trade: Evidence from disaggregate trade data ☆. doi:10.1016/j.eneco.2018.08.019
  • Kohler, M. (2013). CO2 emissions, energy consumption, income and foreign trade: A South African perspective. Energy Policy, 63, 1042–1050. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2013.09.022
  • Kuznets, S. (1955). Economic Growth and Income Inequality (C. 45).
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  • Mealy, P. ve Teytelboym, A. (2020). Economic complexity and the green economy. Research Policy. doi:10.1016/j.respol.2020.103948
  • Mutascu, M. (2018). A time-frequency analysis of trade openness and CO2 emissions in France. Energy Policy, 115, 443–455. doi:10.1016/j.enpol.2018.01.034
  • Orman, H. L., Ceylan, S. ve Yılmaz Şahin, B. (2019). Dış Ti̇caret Ve Çevre Ki̇rli̇li̇ği̇ İli̇şki̇si̇: Panel Veri̇ Anali̇zi̇. Elektronik Sosyal Bilimler Dergisi. doi:10.17755/esosder.538757
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Toplam 54 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil Türkçe
Konular Ekonomi
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

İhsan Güzel 0000-0002-9525-6628

İhsan Oluç 0000-0002-5167-1862

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 5 Mart 2023
Yayımlanma Tarihi 20 Mart 2023
Gönderilme Tarihi 4 Şubat 2022
Kabul Tarihi 14 Eylül 2022
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2023 Cilt: 38 Sayı: 1

Kaynak Göster

APA Güzel, İ., & Oluç, İ. (2023). Yeşil Açıklığın Çevresel Bozulma Üzerindeki Etkisinin İncelenmesi. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 38(1), 19-34. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1068476

İzmir İktisat Dergisi
TR-DİZİN, DOAJ, EBSCO, ERIH PLUS, Index Copernicus, Ulrich’s Periodicals Directory, EconLit, Harvard Hollis, Google Scholar, OAJI, SOBIAD, CiteFactor, OJOP, Araştırmax, WordCat, OpenAIRE, Base, IAD, Academindex
tarafından taranmaktadır.

Dokuz Eylül Üniversitesi Yayınevi Web Sitesi
https://kutuphane.deu.edu.tr/yayinevi/

Dergi İletişim Bilgileri Sayfası
https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/ije/contacts


İZMİR İKTİSAT DERGİSİ 2022 yılı 37. cilt 1. sayı ile birlikte sadece elektronik olarak yayınlanmaya başlamıştır.