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Türkiye’de Organik Tarım ile Tarımsal İstihdam İlişkisi Üzerine Bir İnceleme

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 658 - 674, 04.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1374321

Öz

Organik tarım birbirinden farklı prensipleri olan ve belirli kurallar çerçevesinde yürütülen sürdürülebilir tarım sistemidir. Organik girdilerin kimyasal girdilerle ikame edilmesi, ürünlerin satışa hazır duruma getirilmesi, yabancı ot kontrolü ve benzer işlerin elle yapılması gibi nedenlerden dolayı organik tarım yapan işletmeler daha fazla iş gücüne gereksinim duymaktadırlar. Bütün bu işler kırsal alanlarda istihdam olanaklarını artırarak küçük aile işletmelerinin üretime devam etmesine de olanak sağlamaktadır.Bu çalışmada Türkiye’de organik tarım ile tarımsal istihdam arasındaki ilişkinin bir ekonometrik model yardımıyla ortaya konulması ve organik tarımın istihdama etkisi belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır. Çalışmada, 2004-2021 yılları arası 17 yıllık zaman serisi verileri kullanılarak, organik tarım ürün sayısı, organik tarım çiftçi sayısı, organik yetiştiricilik yapılan alan (ha), organik doğal toplama alanı, organik tarım toplam üretim alanı, organik tarım üretim miktarı, organik tarım müteşebbis sayısı, organik tarım destekleme birim fiyatı, organik tarım destekleme tutarlarına ait değerler dikkate alınmış ve tarımsal istihdama etki eden faktörler belirlenmeye çalışılmıştır Elde edilen regresyon analizi sonuçlarına göre; organik ürün sayısının tarımsal istihdam üzerinde anlamlı etkiye sahip olmadığı tespit edilmiştir. Bununla birlikte doğal toplama alanının tarımsal istihdam üzerinde pozitif yönde anlamlı olduğu, organik tarım toplam üretim alanı ve destekleme tutarının ise negatif yönde anlamlı olduğu bulgusuna ulaşılmıştır. Araştırma sonucunda organik tarımla ilgili doğal toplama alanında meydana gelebilecek %1’lik artışın tarımsal istihdam oranında %0,28’den fazla artışa, toplam üretim alanında ve destekleme tutarında meydana gelebilecek %1’lik artışın sırasıyla tarımsal istihdam oranında %0,40 ve %0,44 oranında düşüşe neden olacağı ortaya konulmaktadır.

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous, (2022a). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.phptitle=Organic farming_ statistics (Date of access: 14.04. 2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022b). https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/organik-tarim-alanlari-ve-uretim-miktarlari-i-85837 (Date of access: 15.04. 2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022c). Organic Agriculture Statistics for 2002-2021. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Istatistikler. (Date of access: 03.03.2023).
  • Anonymous, (2023a). Organic Agriculture Supports.https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Tarimsal-Destekler/Alan-Bazli-Destekler/Organik-Tarim-Destegi (Date of access:15.04.2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022d). Organic Farming Statistics. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Istatistikler (Date of access:13.04. 2023).
  • Ataseven, Y. (2014). Evaluation of Developments in Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Chamber of Agricultural Engineers, Journal of Agriculture and Engineering, 106, 31-39, Ankara.
  • Balaban, Y. (2014). Organic Agriculture. Ankara: Elma Publishing House.
  • Başarır A. & Çetin A. (2006). Organic Agriculture and Rural Development, İ.H. Eraslan and F.Selli (ed.) Organic Agriculture Sector Sectoral Strategies and Practices in Acquiring Sustainable Competitive Advantage, in (442-451), Istanbul: URAK Publications.
  • Bulut, İ. (2006). General Agricultural Information and Geographical Fundamentals of Agriculture. Ankara: Daytime Education and Publishing.
  • Boz, İ. and Kılıç, O. (2021). Precautions to be Taken for the Development of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8 (3), 390-400. DOI: 10.19159/tutad.980688.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47(5), 1287-1294.
  • Çelik, F. (2019). Evaluation of the Impact of Gap Organic Agriculture Cluster on Regional Development. Journal of Aksaray University Social Sciences Institute, 3 (2), 220-242. DOI: 10.38122/ased.581831
  • Demirbaş, E. and Yılmaz, T. Ö. (2021). A Study on Organic Agriculture and Organic Food Consumption Habits of University Youth in Turkey. Lectio Socialis, 5 (2), 99-118. DOI: 10.47478/lectio.857253.
  • Demirci, R., Erkuş, A., Tanrıvermiş, H., Gündoğmuş, E., Parıltı, N. and Özü Doğru, H. (2002, September). Economic aspect and future of ecological agricultural products production in Turkey: Preliminary research discussion of the results. Türkiye 5th Agricultural Economics Congress, Erzurum.
  • Demiryürek, K. (2004). Organic Agriculture in the World and Turkey. Journal of Harran University Faculty of Agriculture, 8 (3-4), 63-71.
  • Emir, M. and Demiryürek, K. (2014). Developments in Organic Agriculture Legislation in the European Union and Turkey and Analysis of the Latest Regulations. Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 11(2), 21-28.
  • Eryılmaz, G. A., Kılıç, O. and Boz, İ. (2019). Evaluation of organic agriculture and good agricultural practices in Turkey in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 352-361.
  • Gündüz, D. A. and Kaya, D. (2007). European Union Agricultural Policy and Its Possible Impact on the Development of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (21), 305-330. Retrieved From https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6135/82289.
  • Godfrey, L. G. (1978). Testing against general autoregressive and moving average error models when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econometrica, 46(6), 1293-1302.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River.
  • Johnston, J. and Dinardo, J. (1997). Econometric methods (Fourth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Kahveci, Ş. and Ataseven, Y. (2020). Investigation of Organizational Models in Organic Agricultural Production in Turkey. Third Sector Journal of Social Economy, 55(4), 2341-2360.
  • Kırımhan, S. (2005). Organic Agriculture Systems and Environment Book. Ankara: Uğurer Tarım Books (Individual Publication).
  • Karabaş, S. and Gürler, A. Z. (2011). Businesses engaged in organic agriculture and conventional agriculture comparative analysis. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 13(21), 75-84. ISSN:1309-9132
  • Kurtar, E.S. and Ayan, A.K. (2004). Organic Agriculture and Its Situation in Turkey, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 19(1), 56-64.
  • Legislation, (2022). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/20.5.6243.pdf (Date of access: 18.04. 2023).
  • Merdan, K. (2014). Economic Analysis of Organic Agriculture: The Example of Eastern Black Sea. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Atatürk University Institute of Social Sciences, Erzurum.
  • Merdan, K. (2018). Evaluation of the Current Situation and Development Potential of Organic Agriculture in Turkey with the Help of SWOT Analysis. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(14), 523-536.
  • Morison, J., Hine, R. and Pretty, J. (2005). Survey and analysis of labor on organic farms in the UK and Republic of Ireland, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 3(1), 24-43.
  • Niggli, U. Earley, J. & Ogorzalek, K. (2007). Organıc Agrıculture and Envıronmental Stability Of The Food Supply, International Confference On Organic Agriculture and Food Security, 3-5 May 2007, OFS/2007/3, Fao, Rome, Italy.
  • Okudum, R., Alaeddinoğlu, F. and Şeremet, M. (2017). Organic Agriculture Terminology in Literature: A Content Analysis in Journals Related to Organic Agriculture. Karabuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7 (1), 14-28. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/joiss/issue/30785/323315.
  • Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D. and Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems, BioScience, 55(7), 573-582.
  • Reganold, J. P. and Wachter, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century, Nature Plants, 2, 1-8.
  • Rehber E. and Turhan, Ş. (2001). Prospects and Challenges for Developing Countries in Trade and Production of Organic Food and Fibers: The Case of Turkey, 72nd EAAE Seminar Organic Food and Marketing Trends, Chania, Greece, 7-10 June 2001.
  • Rende, S. (2012). Possible Share of Organic Agriculture in Turkish Tourism Economy. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Atılım University Institute of Social Sciences. Ankara.
  • Şahinkoç, E. M. and Öncel, K. (2022). Ecological Agriculture Principles and Türkiye Data, Internatıonal Conference on Eurasıan Economıes Sessıon 6A: Environmental Economics, 110-114.
  • Sirat, A. (2016). Organic Grain Agriculture. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Historical Sciences, 26(3), 455-474.
  • Türkan, M. and Gürcam, Ö. S. (2020). Organic Agriculture Supports: A Study Specific to Türkiye. Journal of Iğdır University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5, 59-72.
  • Yavuzer, Ü. and Bengisu, G. (2015). Organic Livestock. Ankara: Nobel Publishing House.
  • Yürüdür, E., Kara, H. and Arıbaş, K. (2010). Organic (Ecological) Agricultural Geography of Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (32), 402-424. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6146/82521.
  • Yolcu, N. (2013). Organic Agriculture and Employment Creation Potential of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, Trabzon.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (1990). A unified approach to robust, regression-based specification tests. Econometric Theory, 6(1), 17-43.

A Study on The Relationship Between Organic Agriculture and Agricultural Employment in Türkiye

Yıl 2024, Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3, 658 - 674, 04.09.2024
https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1374321

Öz

Organic agriculture is a sustainable agricultural system with different principles that is carried out within the scope of certain rules. Due to the substitution of organic inputs with chemical inputs, getting the products ready for sale, weed control, and similar operations by hand, enterprises engaged in organic farming require a larger labor force. All these jobs increase employment opportunities in rural areas and allow small family businesses to continue production. In this study, it has been tried to reveal the relationship between organic agriculture and agricultural employment with the help of an econometric model and to determine the effect of organic agriculture on employment. The study analyzed a 17-year time series of data spanning from 2004 to 2021 to identify the factors influencing agricultural employment, taking into account various aspects of organic agriculture, including the number of organic agricultural products, the count of farmers engaged in organic agriculture, the area dedicated to organic agricultural production, the organic wild collection area, the total area allocated for organic agricultural production, the quantity of organic agricultural production, the number of entrepreneurs involved in organic agriculture, the unit price of subsidy for organic agriculture, and the total amount of subsidy provided to organic agriculture. Based on the results of the regression analysis, it was determined that the number of organic products does not have a significant effect on agricultural employment. In addition, it was found that the wild harvesting area is positively significant for agricultural employment and that the total production area of organic agriculture and the amount of subsidy are negatively significant. The results of the research reveal that a 1% increase in the wild harvesting area related to organic agriculture would lead to an increase of more than 0.28% in the agricultural employment rate, while a 1% increase in the total production area and the amount of subsidy would lead to a decrease of 0.40% and 0.44% in the agricultural employment rate, respectively.

Kaynakça

  • Anonymous, (2022a). https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statisticsexplained/index.phptitle=Organic farming_ statistics (Date of access: 14.04. 2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022b). https://cevreselgostergeler.csb.gov.tr/organik-tarim-alanlari-ve-uretim-miktarlari-i-85837 (Date of access: 15.04. 2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022c). Organic Agriculture Statistics for 2002-2021. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Istatistikler. (Date of access: 03.03.2023).
  • Anonymous, (2023a). Organic Agriculture Supports.https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Tarimsal-Destekler/Alan-Bazli-Destekler/Organik-Tarim-Destegi (Date of access:15.04.2023).
  • Anonymous, (2022d). Organic Farming Statistics. https://www.tarimorman.gov.tr/Konular/Bitkisel-Uretim/Organik-Tarim/Istatistikler (Date of access:13.04. 2023).
  • Ataseven, Y. (2014). Evaluation of Developments in Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Chamber of Agricultural Engineers, Journal of Agriculture and Engineering, 106, 31-39, Ankara.
  • Balaban, Y. (2014). Organic Agriculture. Ankara: Elma Publishing House.
  • Başarır A. & Çetin A. (2006). Organic Agriculture and Rural Development, İ.H. Eraslan and F.Selli (ed.) Organic Agriculture Sector Sectoral Strategies and Practices in Acquiring Sustainable Competitive Advantage, in (442-451), Istanbul: URAK Publications.
  • Bulut, İ. (2006). General Agricultural Information and Geographical Fundamentals of Agriculture. Ankara: Daytime Education and Publishing.
  • Boz, İ. and Kılıç, O. (2021). Precautions to be Taken for the Development of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Turkish Journal of Agricultural Research, 8 (3), 390-400. DOI: 10.19159/tutad.980688.
  • Breusch, T. S. and Pagan, A. R. (1979). A simple test for heteroscedasticity and random coefficient variation. Econometrica, 47(5), 1287-1294.
  • Çelik, F. (2019). Evaluation of the Impact of Gap Organic Agriculture Cluster on Regional Development. Journal of Aksaray University Social Sciences Institute, 3 (2), 220-242. DOI: 10.38122/ased.581831
  • Demirbaş, E. and Yılmaz, T. Ö. (2021). A Study on Organic Agriculture and Organic Food Consumption Habits of University Youth in Turkey. Lectio Socialis, 5 (2), 99-118. DOI: 10.47478/lectio.857253.
  • Demirci, R., Erkuş, A., Tanrıvermiş, H., Gündoğmuş, E., Parıltı, N. and Özü Doğru, H. (2002, September). Economic aspect and future of ecological agricultural products production in Turkey: Preliminary research discussion of the results. Türkiye 5th Agricultural Economics Congress, Erzurum.
  • Demiryürek, K. (2004). Organic Agriculture in the World and Turkey. Journal of Harran University Faculty of Agriculture, 8 (3-4), 63-71.
  • Emir, M. and Demiryürek, K. (2014). Developments in Organic Agriculture Legislation in the European Union and Turkey and Analysis of the Latest Regulations. Adnan Menderes University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 11(2), 21-28.
  • Eryılmaz, G. A., Kılıç, O. and Boz, İ. (2019). Evaluation of organic agriculture and good agricultural practices in Turkey in terms of economic, social and environmental sustainability. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Agricultural Sciences, 29(2), 352-361.
  • Gündüz, D. A. and Kaya, D. (2007). European Union Agricultural Policy and Its Possible Impact on the Development of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 6 (21), 305-330. Retrieved From https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6135/82289.
  • Godfrey, L. G. (1978). Testing against general autoregressive and moving average error models when the regressors include lagged dependent variables. Econometrica, 46(6), 1293-1302.
  • Hair, J. F., Anderson, R., Tatham, R. L. and Black, W. C. (2006). Multivariate data analysis. NJ: Prentice Hall: Upper Saddle River.
  • Johnston, J. and Dinardo, J. (1997). Econometric methods (Fourth Edition). New York: McGraw-Hill.
  • Kahveci, Ş. and Ataseven, Y. (2020). Investigation of Organizational Models in Organic Agricultural Production in Turkey. Third Sector Journal of Social Economy, 55(4), 2341-2360.
  • Kırımhan, S. (2005). Organic Agriculture Systems and Environment Book. Ankara: Uğurer Tarım Books (Individual Publication).
  • Karabaş, S. and Gürler, A. Z. (2011). Businesses engaged in organic agriculture and conventional agriculture comparative analysis. KMU Journal of Social and Economic Research, 13(21), 75-84. ISSN:1309-9132
  • Kurtar, E.S. and Ayan, A.K. (2004). Organic Agriculture and Its Situation in Turkey, Ondokuz Mayıs University Faculty of Agriculture Journal, 19(1), 56-64.
  • Legislation, (2022). https://www.mevzuat.gov.tr/MevzuatMetin/20.5.6243.pdf (Date of access: 18.04. 2023).
  • Merdan, K. (2014). Economic Analysis of Organic Agriculture: The Example of Eastern Black Sea. (Unpublished PhD Thesis). Atatürk University Institute of Social Sciences, Erzurum.
  • Merdan, K. (2018). Evaluation of the Current Situation and Development Potential of Organic Agriculture in Turkey with the Help of SWOT Analysis. Social Sciences Studies Journal, 4(14), 523-536.
  • Morison, J., Hine, R. and Pretty, J. (2005). Survey and analysis of labor on organic farms in the UK and Republic of Ireland, International Journal of Agricultural Sustainability, 3(1), 24-43.
  • Niggli, U. Earley, J. & Ogorzalek, K. (2007). Organıc Agrıculture and Envıronmental Stability Of The Food Supply, International Confference On Organic Agriculture and Food Security, 3-5 May 2007, OFS/2007/3, Fao, Rome, Italy.
  • Okudum, R., Alaeddinoğlu, F. and Şeremet, M. (2017). Organic Agriculture Terminology in Literature: A Content Analysis in Journals Related to Organic Agriculture. Karabuk University Journal of Social Sciences Institute, 7 (1), 14-28. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/joiss/issue/30785/323315.
  • Pimentel, D., Hepperly, P., Hanson, J., Douds, D. and Seidel, R. (2005). Environmental, energetic, and economic comparisons of organic and conventional farming systems, BioScience, 55(7), 573-582.
  • Reganold, J. P. and Wachter, J. M. (2016). Organic agriculture in the twenty-first century, Nature Plants, 2, 1-8.
  • Rehber E. and Turhan, Ş. (2001). Prospects and Challenges for Developing Countries in Trade and Production of Organic Food and Fibers: The Case of Turkey, 72nd EAAE Seminar Organic Food and Marketing Trends, Chania, Greece, 7-10 June 2001.
  • Rende, S. (2012). Possible Share of Organic Agriculture in Turkish Tourism Economy. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Atılım University Institute of Social Sciences. Ankara.
  • Şahinkoç, E. M. and Öncel, K. (2022). Ecological Agriculture Principles and Türkiye Data, Internatıonal Conference on Eurasıan Economıes Sessıon 6A: Environmental Economics, 110-114.
  • Sirat, A. (2016). Organic Grain Agriculture. Yüzüncü Yıl University Journal of Historical Sciences, 26(3), 455-474.
  • Türkan, M. and Gürcam, Ö. S. (2020). Organic Agriculture Supports: A Study Specific to Türkiye. Journal of Iğdır University Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, 5, 59-72.
  • Yavuzer, Ü. and Bengisu, G. (2015). Organic Livestock. Ankara: Nobel Publishing House.
  • Yürüdür, E., Kara, H. and Arıbaş, K. (2010). Organic (Ecological) Agricultural Geography of Turkey. Electronic Journal of Social Sciences, 9 (32), 402-424. Retrieved from https://dergipark.org.tr/tr/pub/esosder/issue/6146/82521.
  • Yolcu, N. (2013). Organic Agriculture and Employment Creation Potential of Organic Agriculture in Turkey. (Unpublished Master's Thesis). Karadeniz Technical University Institute of Social Sciences, Trabzon.
  • Wooldridge, J. M. (1990). A unified approach to robust, regression-based specification tests. Econometric Theory, 6(1), 17-43.
Toplam 42 adet kaynakça vardır.

Ayrıntılar

Birincil Dil İngilizce
Konular Uygulamalı Mikro Ekonometri, Ekolojik İktisat
Bölüm Makaleler
Yazarlar

Kurtuluş Merdan 0000-0002-4513-0920

Erken Görünüm Tarihi 9 Temmuz 2024
Yayımlanma Tarihi 4 Eylül 2024
Gönderilme Tarihi 11 Ekim 2023
Kabul Tarihi 13 Mart 2024
Yayımlandığı Sayı Yıl 2024 Cilt: 39 Sayı: 3

Kaynak Göster

APA Merdan, K. (2024). A Study on The Relationship Between Organic Agriculture and Agricultural Employment in Türkiye. İzmir İktisat Dergisi, 39(3), 658-674. https://doi.org/10.24988/ije.1374321

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