An overview of fault tolerance techniques and energy consumption for real time embedded system

Öz

The progress of technology has led to an increase in processor performance, but this has also made them more vulnerable to faults These faults can be transient or permanent. A transient fault happens for a short period time and then disappears without caused physical damage to the processor. On the contrary, a permanent fault disables a processor permanently, it impacts on system reliability and increases the power consumption. Due to the emergence of various fault-tolerance techniques maintaining time constraints has become more difficult. Redundancy is one strategy employed for this (spatial and temporal redundancy). Since embedded systems require the satisfaction of several constraints such as energy which is considered as a limited resource (battery size and recharge interval) that must be conserved as much as possible, and while fault tolerance increases its consumption, dynamic power and energy management must be taken into account to ensure the dependability of these systems. There have been numerous proposed task distribution/scheduling policies: on the one hand techniques for ensure timing and reliability and on the other techniques for enforce reducing power/energy consumption while also satisfying timeliness and reliability simultaneously This paper gives an overview of research projects that use fault-tolerance methods while taking into account timing, reliability, power/energy in critical real-time embedded systems’ design.

Anahtar Kelimeler

• Energy minimization
• Real-time embedded systems
• Scheduling algorithms
• Fault tolerance

Kaynakça

1. A. Avizienis, J.-c. Laprie, and B. Ran- dell, “Fundamental concepts of depend- ability,” 09 2001.
2. M.BACHIR, Ordonnancement Tolérant Aux Fautes Pour Les Système Distribués Temps Réel Embarqués (Doctoral dissertation, Université de Batna 2),2019.
3. I. Assayad, A. Girault, and H. Kalla, “A bi-criteria scheduling heuristic for distributed embedded systems under reliability and real-time constraints,” in International Conference on Dependable Systems and Networks, 2004. IEEE, 2004, pp. 347–356.
4. A. Girault, H. Kalla, and Y. Sorel, “An active replication scheme that tolerates failures in distributed embedded real-time systems,” in IFIP Working Conference on Distributed and Parallel Embedded Systems. Springer, 2004, pp.83–92.
5. C. Arar and M. S. Khireddine, “Anefficient fault-tolerant multi- bus data scheduling algorithm based on replication and deallocation,” Cybernetics and Information Technologies, vol. 16, no. 2, pp. 69–84, 2016.
6. B. Malika and H. Kalla, “A fault tolerant scheduling heuristics for distributed real time embedded systems,” Cybernetics andInformation Technologies, vol. 18, pp. 48–61, 092018
7. B. Kada and H. Kalla, “A fault- tolerant scheduling algorithm based on checkpointing and redundancy for distributed real-time systems,” Int.J. Distrib. Syst. Technol., vol. 10, no. 3, p. 58–75, jul 2019. [Online]. Available: https://doi.org/10.4018/IJDST.2019070104
8. B. Malika, R. Hocine, N. Louchene, and H. Kalla, “A fault tolerant scheduling heuristics for distributed real time embedded system,” in 2021 International Conference on Engineering and Emerging Technologies (ICEET), 2021, pp. 1– 6.

9. I. Assayad, A. Girault, and H. Kalla, “Scheduling of real-time embedded systems under reliability and power constraints,” in 2012 IEEE International Conference on Complex Systems (ICCS). IEEE, 2012, pp.1–6.
10. B. Kada and H. Kalla, “An efficient fault-tolerant scheduling approach with energy minimization for hard real-time embedded systems,” in International Workshop on Distributed Computing for Emerging Smart Networks. Springer, 2019, pp. 102–117.
11. S. Kalla, R. Hocine, H. Kalla, and A. Chouki, “Graceful degradation for reducing jitter of battery life in fault- tolerant embedded systems,” Inter- national Journal of Systems Science, vol. 49, no. 11, pp. 2353–2361,2018.
12. S. Djosic and M. Jevtic, “Dynamic voltage and frequency scaling algorithm for fault-tolerant real-time systems,” Micro-electronics Re- liability, vol. 53, no. 7, pp. 1036–1042, 2013.
13. A. Yeganeh-Khaksar, M. Ansari, and A. Ejlali, “Remap: Reliability management of peak-power-aware real-time embedded systems through task replication,” IEEE Transactions on Emerging Topics in Computing,2020.
14. S. Bansal, R. K. Bansal, and K. Arora, “Energy efficient backup overloading schemes for fault tolerant scheduling of real-time tasks,” Journal of Systems Architecture, vol. 113, p. 101901, 2021.
15. M. K. Tavana, N. Teimouri, M. Abdollahi, and M. Goudarzi, “Simultaneous hardware and time redundancy with on-line task scheduling for low energy highly reliable standby-sparing system.” ACM Trans.Embed. Comput. Syst., vol. 13, no. 4, pp. 86–1, 2014