Li-ion batteries vs photovoltaic – regenerative hydrogen fuel cell: Comprehensive review

Yıl 2025, Cilt: 11 Sayı: 1, 100 - 107, 22.12.2025

Kerem Bıkmaz

https://doi.org/10.31593/ijeat.1730316

https://izlik.org/JA25KJ67ME

Öz

This paper reviews and compares lithium-ion batteries and photovoltaic regenerative hydrogen fuel cell systems as energy storage solutions for solar power. Li-ion batteries offer high efficiency and are well-suited for short- term storage. PV–RHFC systems enable long-term and seasonal storage through hydrogen production and fuel cell conversion. The study highlights key differences in efficiency, cost, and scalability, providing insight into their roles in future energy systems.

Anahtar Kelimeler

Lithium-ion batteries , Regenerative hydrogen fuel cell , Photovoltaic systems , Energy storage , Short-term storage , long-term storage

Etik Beyan

This study does not require ethical approval as it is a review article and does not involve experiments on humans or animals. All sources are duly cited, and no ethical issues have been identified.

Destekleyen Kurum

No supporting institution.

Teşekkür

No additional acknowledgments.

Kaynakça

• Y. Huang and J. Li, “Key challenges for grid-scale lithium-ion battery energy storage,” Advanced Energy Materials, vol. 12, no. 48, p. 2202197, 2022.
• D. H. Adebayo, J. A. Ajiboye, U. D. Okwor, A. L. Muhammad, C. D. Ugwuijem, E. K. Agbo, and V. I. Stephen, “Optimizing energy storage for electric grids: Advances in hybrid technologies,” management, vol. 10, p. 11, 2025.
• B. el Ghossein, “Hydrogen fuel cells and lithium-ion batteries for solar energy balancing at varying climates: A review.” International Journal of High School Research, vol. 7, no. 3, 2025.
• P. Ravestein, G. Van der Schrier, R. Haarsma, R. Scheele, and M. Van den Broek, “Vulnerability of European intermittent renewable energy supply to climate change and climate variability,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 97, pp. 497–508, 2018.
• G. Giakoumakis and D. Sidiras, “Production and storage of hydrogen from biomass and other sources: Technologies and policies,” Energies, vol. 18, no. 3, 2025. Available: https://www.mdpi.com/1996-1073/18/3/650
• H. A. Aldawsari, “Energy storage systems for traction and renewable energy applications,” Master’s thesis, Marquette University, 2020.
• A. Gharehghani, M. Rabiei, S. Mehranfar, S. Saeedipour, A. M. Andwari, A. García, and C. M. Reche, “Progress in battery thermal management systems technologies for electric vehicles,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 202, p. 114654, 2024.
• E. M. Barhoumi, P. C. Okonkwo, S. Farhani, I. B. Belgacem, and F. Bacha, “Hydrogen production from renewable energy sources, storage, and conversion into electrical energy,” in Planning of Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems, Electric Vehicles and Microgrid: Modeling, Control and Optimization. Springer, 2022, pp. 151–176.
• K. Z. Rinaldi, A Technical and Systems Analysis of Hydrogen Fuel in Renewable Energy Systems. California Institute of Technology, 2022.
• N. R. Council, D. on Engineering, P. Sciences, B. on Energy, E. Systems, C. on Alternatives, and S. for Future Hydrogen Production, The hydrogen economy: opportunities, costs, barriers, and R&D needs. National Academies Press, 2004.
• P. Cavaliere, “Hydrogen: Energy vector and fuel,” in Hydrogen Embrittlement in Metals and Alloys. Springer, 2025, pp. 1–155.
• W. Chen, K. Meng, H. Zhou, Y. Zhou, Q. Deng, and B. Chen, “Optimization research on round-trip efficiency of a chp system based on 10 kw-grade unitized regenerative fuel cell,” Energy Conversion and Management, vol. 280, p. 116800, 2023.
• A. Arsalis, P. Papanastasiou, and G. E. Georghiou, “A comparative review of lithium-ion battery and regenerative hydrogen fuel cell technologies for integration with photovoltaic applications,” Renewable Energy, vol. 191, pp. 943–960, 2022.
• N. Juoperi, “Comparative analysis of battery and hydrogen systems for renewable energy integration,” 2025.
• M. Aziz, “Liquid hydrogen: A review on liquefaction, storage, transportation, and safety,” Energies, vol. 14, no. 18, p. 5917, 2021.
• H. A. Behabtu, “The application of energy storage technologies for grid integration of renewable systems: A focus on li-ion batteries for wind turbine generators,” 2024.
• X. Gong, X. Li, and Z. Zhong, “Strategic bidding of hydrogen-wind- photovoltaic energy system in integrated energy and flexible ramping markets with renewable energy uncertainty,” International Journal of Hydrogen Energy, vol. 80, pp. 1406–1423, 2024.
• S. Sahoo and P. Timmann, “Energy storage technologies for modern power systems: A detailed analysis of functionalities, potentials, and impacts,” IEEe Access, vol. 11, pp. 49 689–49 729, 2023.
• L. Jin et al., “Energy storage in multi-energy carrier communities: Li- ion batteries and hydrogen multi-physical details for integration into the planning stage,” 2024.
• Y. R. Li, F. Nejabatkhah, and H. Tian, Smart hybrid AC/DC microgrids: power management, energy management, and power quality control. John Wiley & Sons, 2022.
• A. Arsalis, G. E. Georghiou, and P. Papanastasiou, “Recent research progress in hybrid photovoltaic–regenerative hydrogen fuel cell microgrid systems,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 10, p. 3512, 2022.
• M. C. Möller and S. Krauter, “Hybrid energy system model in matlab/simulink based on solar energy, lithium-ion battery and hydrogen,” Energies, vol. 15, no. 6, p. 2201, 2022.
• S. T. Le, T. N. Nguyen, D.-K. Bui, and T. D. Ngo, “Optimal sizing of renewable energy storage: A comparative study of hydrogen and battery system considering degradation and seasonal storage,” arXiv preprint arXiv:2211.07833, 2022.
• A. Gulraiz, A. J. Al Bastaki, K. Magamal, M. Subhi, A. Hammad, Allanjawi, S. H. Zaidi, H. M. Khalid, A. Ismail, G. A. Hussain et al., “Energy advancements and integration strategies in hydrogen and battery storage for renewable energy systems,” iScience, 2025.